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    Ciberodio y su tratamiento legal: un estudio sobre la regulación penal del discurso de odio en España

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    [spa] Las acciones que realizamos a través de internet acarrean las mismas consecuencias que si fuesen realizadas en el plano físico. Por ende, cuando dichas acciones suponen una transgresión, han de ser merecedoras de reproche penal del mismo modo que lo serían de haber sido cometidas fuera de la red. No obstante, en lo que respecta a las publicaciones hirientes online, dentro de la categoría del discurso de odio, la regulación vigente en España deja espacio para la duda, ya que determinados aspectos colisionan con varios principios del Derecho penal. Este trabajo de investigación tratará de dar visibilidad a este tema y arrojar una perspectiva crítica y propositiva sobre los desafíos actuales que implica la tipificación penal del discurso de odio en internet o ciberodio.[eus] Internet bidez burutzen ditugun ekintzek ondorio berberak dituzte, ekintza horiek eremu fisikoan gauzatuko balira bezala. Horrenbestez, ekintza horiek arau-hauste bat dakartenean, zigor penalaren bidez gaitzetsi beharko lirateke, sarearen kanpoan egin izan balira bezala. Hala ere, gorroto-diskurtsoaren kategorian sartzen diren online argitalpen iraingarriei dagokienez, Espainian indarrean dagoen araudiak zalantzarako tartea uzten du, zenbait alderdi zuzenbide penalaren oinarrizko printzipioekin kontraesanean baitago. Ikerlan honek gai honi ikusgarritasuna eman nahi dio eta Interneteko gorroto-diskurtsoaren —edo ziber-gorrotoaren— tipifikazio penalak dakartzan egungo erronkei buruzko ikuspegi kritiko eta proposatzaile bat eskaini.[eng] Actions carried out via the internet entail the same consequences as those performed in the physical realm. Therefore, when such actions constitute a transgression, they should be subject to criminal sanction in the same way as if they had occurred offline. Nevertheless, with regard to offensive online publications falling within the scope of hate speech, the current legal framework in Spain leaves room for uncertainty, as certain elements come into conflict with several principles of criminal law. This research paper seeks to shed light on this issue and offer a critical and constructive perspective on the current challenges posed by the criminalisation of online hate speech, or cyberhate

    Mothers do write: a thematic analysis of cultural products about motherhood in Spain

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    This article analyses the proliferation of cultural products on motherhood in Spain between 2018 and 2023, examining various forms of cultural expression, such as literature, comics, documentaries, performing and/or artistic arts, social networks, and podcasts, created by women. The study shows how these products question hegemonic motherhood, while proposing alternative ways of experiencing motherhood. It highlights the visibility of the difficulties of reconciling work and family life and the questioning of the role of experts in parenting. Motherhood in its bodily dimension also gets great attention, including obstetric violence, breastfeeding, and reproductive technologies. In addition, there is a vindication of personal experience as a form of knowledge and a maternal activism that seeks to subvert the social order. The analysis concludes that motherhood is redefined as a space of diversity with multiple ways of understanding and experiencing it, connecting these changes with feminist mobilizations and the visibility of care workThis work was supported by the University of the Basque Country under Grant PIF19/130 and the Basque Government Department of Education PRE_2018_1_0213 MOD.:A

    Hizkuntza-paisaia Haur Hezkuntzatik begiratuta

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    [EU] Euskaraz eginiko lan honek hizkuntza-paisaiak (HP) Haur Hezkuntzako (0-6 urte) hizkuntzaren garapenean duen rolari buruzko berrikuspen sistematikoa aurkezten du, testuinguru eleaniztunei eta euskara bezalako hizkuntza gutxituei arreta berezia eskainiz. Helburua eskolako hizkuntza paisaiak, ingurune semiotiko eta baliabide pedagogiko gisa ulertuta, hizkuntzaren jabekuntzan, ikasleen identitatean eta aniztasunarekiko jarreretan nola eragiten duen aztertzea da. PRISMA ereduan oinarritutako metodologia kualitatiboa erabili da; berrikusitako 1.187 dokumenturen artean 77 ikerketa gako iragazteko aukera eman zuen. Emaitzek erakusten dutenez, asmo pedagogikoz ezartzen denean, hizkuntza-paisaiak hizkuntza-ikaskuntzari, inklusioari eta hizkuntzen aintzatespen sinbolikoari laguntzen die. Horrez gain, literaturan gabezia nabarmenak identifikatu dira, hala nola, ikerketa kuantitatiboen presentzia urria, hizkuntza-paisaia digitalaren garapena eta irakasleek hizkuntza-paisaiaren sorkuntzan, mantentzean eta interpretazioan duten rola esploratzeko beharra.[ES] Este trabajo presenta una revisión sistemática sobre el papel del paisaje lingüístico (PL) en el desarrollo del lenguaje en Educación Infantil (0–6 años), con atención especial a contextos multilingües y a lenguas minorizadas como el euskera. El objetivo es analizar cómo el PL escolar, entendido como entorno semiótico y recurso pedagógico, influye en la adquisición lingüística, la identidad del alumnado y las actitudes hacia la diversidad. Se ha utilizado una metodología cualitativa basada en el modelo PRISMA, que permitió filtrar 77 estudios clave entre 1.187 documentos revisados. Los resultados muestran que, cuando se implementa con intencionalidad pedagógica, el PL favorece el aprendizaje lingüístico, la inclusión y el reconocimiento simbólico de las lenguas. Además, se identifican carencias significativas en la literatura, como la escasa presencia de estudios cuantitativos, el desarrollo del paisaje lingüístico digital y la necesidad de explorar el rol del profesorado en su creación, mantenimiento e interpretación.[EN] This paper presents a systematic review of the role of the linguistic landscape (LL) in language development in Early Childhood Education (0-6 years), with special attention to multilingual contexts and minority languages such as Basque. The aim is to analyse how the school LL, understood as a semiotic environment and pedagogical resource, influences language acquisition, pupils' identity and attitudes towards diversity. A qualitative methodology based on the PRISMA model was used, which made it possible to filter 77 key studies from among 1,187 documents reviewed. The results show that, when implemented with pedagogical intentions, LL favours language learning, inclusion and symbolic recognition of languages. In addition, significant gaps in the literature are identified, such as the scarce presence of quantitative studies, the development of the digital linguistic landscape and the need to explore the role of teachers in its creation, maintenance and interpretation

    La cueva de Oilaskoa (Saint Michel / Eiheralarre, Baja Navarra, Francia), puesta en valor de un conjunto de Ursus spelaeus Rosenmüller (1794) en el Pirineo Occidental

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    RESUMEN En este trabajo se presentan los resultados del estudio de un conjunto paleontológico recuperado en la cueva de Oilaskoa entre 1981 y 1986. La ubicación de esta cueva en el extremo occidental del Pirineo, a 1036 metros de altitud y su aislamiento con respecto a otras acumulaciones del mismo tipo, hacen de este conjunto una oportunidad única para conocer la población de Ursus spelaeus Rosenmüller que pobló el occidente del Pirineo durante el Pleistoceno superior. LABURPENA Lan honetan, 1981 eta 1986 artean Oilaskoa kobazuloan berreskuratutako multzo paleontologiko baten azterketako emaitzak azaltzen dira. Kobazuloa Pirinioetako mendebaldeko muturrean dago, 1036 metroko altitudean, eta era bere bereko beste metaketa batzuekiko isolatuta dago. Hori dela eta, multzoa aukera paregabea da Goi Pleistozenoan Pirinioetako mendebaldean bizi izan zen Ursus spelaeus Rosenmüller-en populazioa ezagutzeko. ABSTRACT This work presents the results of the study of a paleontological group recovered in the Oilaskoa cave between 1981 and 1986. The location of this sit in the western end of the Pyrenees at 1036 meters of altitude and its isolation with respect to other accumulations of the same type, Oilaskoa a unique opportunity to get to know the population of Ursus spelaeus Rosenmüller. In the following pages, this accumulation of 3310 remains is contextualized and analyzed. A series of numerical dating (AAR) have made possible to locate its formation between MIS 4 and MIS 3. Subsequently, we proceed to a description detailed analysis of the remains studied, including an analysis of the Ursus spelaeus population, based on dental wear and a biometric analysis. All this allows a comparative analysis carried out with other groups of similar characteristics located in the Iberian Peninsula

    Topics in harmonic analysis related to Rubio de Francia square functions and directional singular integrals

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    126 p.This thesis focuses on the Lp-boundedness of maximal directional singular integral operators and Rubio de Francia square functions. A key technique is a time-frequency analysis discretization of the operators of interest. Firstly, we study maximal directional singular integral operators in ¿n defined by a Hörmander-Mihlin multiplier on an (n-1)-dimensional subspace which act trivially in the perpendicular direction. The choice of subspace depends measurably on the first n-1 variables of ¿n. Assuming the subspace to be non-degenerate in the sense that it is contained in a subspace of ¿n away of a cone around en and the function f to be frequency supported in a cone away from ¿n-1, we prove Lp bounds for these operators when p>3/2. If we assume, additionally, that f is frequency supported in a single frequency band, we are able to extend the boundedness range to p>1. The non-degeneracy assumption cannot, in general, be removed, even in the band-limited case. Secondly, we study one-dimensional square functions in the spirit of Rubio de Francia. In this thesis we prove pointwise bounds for the smooth and rough Rubio de Francia square functions by sparse operators involving local L2-averages. These pointwise localization principles lead to quantitative Lp(w), p>2, and weighted weak-type (p,p), p¿2, norm inequalities for the square functions. The thesis also contains two results related to the outstanding conjecture that the Rubio de Francia square function is bounded on L2(w) if and only if w¿A1. The conjecture is verified for radially decreasing, even A1 weights, and in full generality for the Walsh group analogue of the square functio

    Haurra hezkuntza- ekintza ororen abiapuntua eta jomuga. Tailer pedagogikoetan antolatzen diren Eskola Txikien esperientziak

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    205 p.Gizarte, kultura, politika, ekonomia zein teknologia arloko aldaketek ezaugarritzen duten testuinguru honetan, orokortuak diren hezkuntza esperientziek inguratzen gaituen errealitate aldakorrari erantzun egokia ematen diotela zalantzagarria da. Egoera honen aurrean, hezkuntza erakunde ezberdinen eskutik hezkuntza berrikuntzaren beharra adierazi da. Eginbide honetan, haurra hezkuntza-ekintza ororen erdigunean ezartzen duten esperientzien alde aldarri eginez. Haurra hezkuntza eraldaketa ororen foku zein abiapuntu bihurtzen den honetan, haurraren gaitasunen zein eskubideen aldeko ikuskeran jarduten duten esperientzietan sakontzea beharrezkoa da. Hutsune hau gainditzean eta haurra eskolaren erdigunean kokatzen duten esperientzien sakonketan datza doktorego-tesi honen ekarpenak. Euskal landa-eremuan kokatutako Eskola Txikien Sareko sei eskola ikerketa agertoki bihurtuz, ikerlan honek ondorengo helburuak biltzen baititu. Batetik, tailerretan antolatzen diren Eskola Txikien praktika pedagogikoa aztertzea, haurra ikaskuntzaren erdigunean ezartzeko eta horren baitan jarduteko oinarritzat dituzten estrategia pedagogikoak identifikatuz. Bestetik, tailerretan antolatzen diren Eskola Txikien praktika zein estrategia pedagogikoek haurrei zein irakasleei eragiten dizkieten onurak eta erronkak azaleratzea. Ikerketa etnografiko kritiko hau elkar loturik dauden baina modu bereizian garatu diren lau estudioen bidez garatu da. Aitzitik, hauek guztiak, landa lan beraren emari izan dira. Hots, behaketa parte-hartzaileetan, dokumentuen analisian eta haurrekin zein irakasleekin eginiko Focus Group-etan oinarritu da. Lau estudio izanik, kategorizazio zein kodifikazio prozesuak jarraituz, lau analisi osatu dira. Doktorego tesi honen bidez, haurrak eskubideak zein gaitasunak duten pertsona gisa ulertzen dituzten eskola hauetan, hezkuntza-metodologia aldatu ez ezik, eskola-antolakuntza, haurren taldekatzeak, irakasleen funtzioak eta denbora zein espazioak birmoldatzea dakarrela ikusi dugu. Honek guztiak haurrei zein irakasleei zenbait onura eragiten dizkiela erakutsiz, besteak beste, ikaskuntza pertsonalizatuagoa, motibatzaileagoa zein sortzaileagoa. Bere bidez, ongizatea, elkar ikaskuntza, autonomía zein autodiziplina aratzen den

    Modeling inmune responses mediated by antibodies: unravelling within-host dynamics of dengue reinfections

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    202 p.Dengue fever, caused by the dengue virus (DENV), has emerged as a major global health concern, with millions of cases reported annually. The virus exists in four distinct serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4), each capable of inducing a range of symptoms. Clinical outcomes are heavily influenced by the host immune response, especially during secondary infections, where antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) increases the risk of severe disease. ADE occurs when non-neutralizing antibodies from a previous infection facilitate viral entry during a subsequent infection with a different serotype, leading to more severe manifestations of the disease.This dissertation investigates the within-host dynamics of dengue infections, focusing on immune responses during primary and secondary exposures to DENV. Using mathematical models, the research explores the role of IgM and IgG antibodies in mediating viral load, as well as the dynamics of antibody production, immune memory, and infection clearance. The models examine the effects of ADE on viral dynamics in primary, secondary homologous, and secondary heterologous infections. Sensitivity analyses assess how variations in immune response parameters impact infection outcomes, particularly under conditions that promote ADE, while integrating empirical data on viral load and antibody kinetics to better understand dengue immunopathogenesis. Stochastic models account for individual variation, providing a more refined view of the disease dynamics.Additionally, this ongoing research explores the implications of within-host dynamics for population-level transmission, including the role of temporary cross-immunity and homologous reinfections. By examining how individual immune profiles influence epidemiological trends, this work bridges the gap between immunology and epidemiology, offering insights into dengue control strategies. The findings will provide valuable guidance for vaccine development and public health interventions, aiming to improve disease management and reduce the global burden of dengue. Future research will further refine these models and extend their application to better inform disease control and prevention efforts

    Mecanismos de reconciliación y de represión penal ante el crimen en la España medieval: un estado de la cuestión

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    Este estudio se centra en los tres escenarios que se abrían tras la comisión de un delito. El primero, la reconciliación y el perdón, elementos clave en un contexto de reconstrucción de la paz social rota por el delito. El segundo, el castigo, básico, a su vez, para mantener el orden, especialmente a partir del siglo XIII, cuando el sistema judicial público implementó un planteamiento punitivo, y para fortalecer el poder monárquico, al demostrar su victoria sobre los reos ante la comunidad y resarcir a las víctimas. Y, el tercero, tras la sentencia de imposición de una pena, la gracia real, que suponía el perdón o la reducción de la condena impuesta al reo. Con ella los monarcas demostraban piedad y fortalecían el poder del incipiente Estado.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación: PID2021-124356NB-100 y Gobierno Vasco: ref. IT1465-22

    NAc-DBS selectively enhances memory updating without effect on retrieval

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    Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a widely used therapeutic option when pharmacological treatments prove ineffective or refractory for psychiatric patients. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) represents a frequently targeted site in DBS interventions due to its demonstrated safety profile and therapeutic efficacy in obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depression, and anorexia nervosa. However, limited mechanistic understanding hampers its broader clinical applicability. This study sought to delineate the distinct behavioural dimensions modulated by NAc-DBS, its impact on distinct facets of memory, and to elucidate the underlying brain-network mechanism of action. We developed a novel spatial navigation task for rats and employed a high-dimensional behavioural analysis complemented by fMRI to dissect the cognitive, behavioural and neurobiological effects of NAc-DBS. Active NAc-DBS in male rats produced a selective enhancement of long-term memory encoding without affecting memory recall or working memory. We found a small but statistically significant rewarding effect of NAc-DBS, with no detectable impact on motor or stress-related behaviours. Sustained neuronal activation in the NAc, septum, entorhinal and insular cortex demonstrated no desensitisation to chronic NAc-DBS, which triggered a functional reorganisation among dopaminergic-related structures. These findings suggest that NAc-DBS induces a functional reorganisation in the mesocorticolimbic system, potentially mimicking a dopaminergic novelty signal to enhance memory updating. This provides a mechanistic basis for the therapeutic use of NAc-DBS, particularly in improving cognitive flexibility in psychiatric disorders.We acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n, Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n PID2021-128158NB-C21 (SC), PRE2019-087450 (APS), DYNDEEP EUR2021-122007 (LL), MISLAND PID2020-114324GB-C22 (LL), PID2021-128158NB-C22 (CRM), funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033. We also acknowledge the Program for Centres of Excellence in R&D Severo Ochoa CEX2021-001165-S (SC, APS) and Maria de Maeztu project CEX2021-001164-M (LL, CRM, JM), Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit MDM-2017-0711 (JM) funded by the MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033

    Errestaurazio jardunbideak, sexu erasoen ikuspuntutik aztertuta

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    [EU] Lan honetan, Sexu askatasunaren aurkako delituak jasan dituzten pertsonak Zigor Zuzenbideko jatorrizko sisteman izan ohi duten ibilbidea aztertuko da, baita gizarteak erreproduzitzen dituen estereotipoak ere, bai delitua jasan duen pertsonarekiko, bai burutu duenarekiko. Gizartean ematen diren delituen artean sexu askatasunaren aurkako delituak kokatzen dira. Zigor Zuzenbideak emandako erantzunaz at, delitua jasaten duten, zein burutzen duten pertsonek, bestelako ondorioak ere jasaten dituzte. Zigor Sistema tradizionalarekin, bigarren mailako biktimizazioa sortzen da, esaterako, biktimen kasuan. Sistema orokorrak izan ditzakeen arazo edo falten aurrean, errestaurazio jardunbideak sortu dira, justizia ulertzeko beste modu bat sortuz. Helburua delitugile, biktima, zein komunitateari garrantzia ematea izanez. Lehenengo, oinarrizko kontzeptu batzuk azalduko dira, bai delituekin orokorrean lotura dutenak, eta baita sexu erasoekin zehazki lotura duten kontzeptuak ere. Hurrengo, errestauraziorako beste modu batzuei dagozkien kontzeptu eta ibilbideak azalduko dira. Sexu askatasunaren kontrako delituen ondorioz justizia errestauratzailea burutu den hiru kasu aztertzeaz gain, sexu-erasoen kasuen aurrean feminismoan gaur egun sortzen diren eztabaida edo adar nagusi bi aztertuko dira. Azkenik, errestaurazio prozedurak kasu zehatz hauetan duen erabilgarritasuna baloratzeko, gaiarekin zerikusia duten pertsonekin elkarrizketak egingo dira.[ES] En este trabajo se analiza la trayectoria habitual de las personas que han sufrido delitos contra la libertad sexual en el sistema actual de Derecho Penal, así como los estereotipos que la sociedad reproduce, tanto hacia la persona que ha sufrido el delito como hacia quien lo ha cometido. Entre los delitos que se dan en la sociedad se encuentran los delitos contra la libertad sexual. Al margen de la respuesta dada por el Derecho Penal, las personas que sufren el delito, así como quienes lo cometen, sufren otras consecuencias. Con el tradicional Sistema Penal se genera una victimización secundaria, por ejemplo, en el caso de las víctimas. Ante los posibles problemas o faltas del sistema general, se han creado prácticas restaurativas, creando una nueva forma de entender la justicia. El objetivo es dar importancia al delincuente, a la víctima y a la comunidad. En primer lugar, se expondrán algunos conceptos básicos, tanto los relacionados con los delitos en general, como los relacionados específicamente con las agresiones sexuales. A continuación se exponen los conceptos e itinerarios correspondientes a otras formas de restauración. Además de analizar tres casos donde se han llevado a cabo procesos de justicia restaurativa tras delitos contra la libertad sexual, se analizarán dos de los principales debates o ramificaciones que surgen en la actualidad en el feminismo ante los casos de agresiones sexuales. Por último, para valorar la utilidad del procedimiento de restauración en estos casos concretos, se realizarán entrevistas con personas relacionadas con el tema

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