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La igualdad sustantiva en la era del backlash: neoliberalismo, globalización y giros iliberales
No full textSUMARIO: INTRODUCCIÓN. 1. DEL COLAPSO DEL LIBERALISMO CLÁSICO AL BACKLASH CONTEMPORÁNEO. 2. MUTACIONES DEL PACTO DEMOCRÁTICO: DEL ESTADO SOCIAL AL NEOLIBERAL. 3. EL GIRO REACCIONARIO: NUEVAS DERECHAS Y DESMANTELAMIENTO DE CONSENSOS. 4. LA PARADOJA DEMOCRÁTICA. 5. RESISTENCIAS Y HORIZONTES POSNEOLIBERALES FRENTE AL BACKLASH. 6. CONCLUSIONES. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS.La igualdad sustantiva ha constituido, desde mediados del siglo XX, uno de los pilares esenciales del constitucionalismo europeo. Frente a las insuficiencias del modelo liberal clásico -incapaz de afrontar las profundas desigualdades sociales y económicas que alimentaron los conflictos y totalitarismos del siglo pasado-, el Estado Social y democrático de derecho se concibió como un marco constitucional orientado a garantizar no solo las libertades formales, sino también las condiciones materiales necesarias para su ejercicio real y efectivo.
Durante la denominada "edad de oro del capitalismo” -especialmente entre las décadas de 1950 y 1970-el Estado de bienestar se consolidó como modelo dominante en Europa con el objetivo de proporcionar un marco estable de protección social, derechos laborales sólidos y políticas redistributivas eficaces. No obstante, y a pesar de sus avances en la reducción de la pobreza y la ampliación de derechos sociales, mantuvo intactas muchas de las estructuras de poder económico, de sexo y clase, dejando sin resolver desigualdades estructurales.
A partir de la década de 1970, el tránsito hacia el neoliberalismo supuso una redefinición ideológica que erosionó la legitimidad del principio de igualdad sustantiva en el pacto democrático. La igualdad dejó de concebirse como un objetivo estructural del orden constitucional y pasó a ser sustituida por criterios asociados a la reducción del gasto público, la contracción de las competencias estatales, la privatización de sectores estratégicos y la subordinación de los derechos a la lógica del mercado.
Durante las últimas décadas del siglo XX y las primeras del XXI, la consolidación de este modelo ha generado un terreno propicio para el fortalecimiento de las desigualdades, debilitando las bases institucionales del constitucionalismo social y vaciando de contenido los compromisos internacionales en materia de derechos humanos. Como consecuencia, los sistemas multilaterales de protección construidos en el periodo de posguerra -incluidos aquellos vinculados a Naciones Unidas y a los tratados internacionales de derechos- se han visto progresivamente erosionados.
La crisis financiera de 2008 y, más recientemente, la pandemia de COVID-19, aceleraron e intensificaron las tendencias de debilitamiento del Estado Social, poniendo de relieve la fragilidad de unas estructuras de protección cada vez más residuales. Un escenario de vulnerabilidad que ha favorecido la irrupción y consolidación de fuerzas políticas reaccionarias, iliberales y autoritarias, que han capitalizado el malestar social derivado de las promesas incumplidas de la socialdemocracia y de la creciente precarización de las condiciones de vida . Liderazgos como los de Donald Trump, Jair Bolsonaro, Viktor Orbán, Giorgia Meloni o Javier Milei no solo cuestionan los avances democráticos en materia de igualdad, sino que promueven políticas dirigidas a su progresivo desmantelamiento, tanto en el ámbito estatal como en el internacional.
Frente a esta amenaza, el presente capítulo examina la evolución histórica del principio de igualdad sustantiva, desde su consolidación en el marco del Estado Social y democrático de derecho hasta su actual cuestionamiento en el contexto del giro reaccionario contemporáneo anteriormente apuntado. El análisis aborda, por un lado, los procesos internos de erosión democrática y, por otro, el debilitamiento deliberado del sistema internacional de protección de los derechos humanos, situando ambos fenómenos en un marco histórico y estructural que permite comprender sus interrelaciones. Asimismo, se explora el papel de los movimientos sociales -con especial atención al feminismo transnacional- y de los procesos constitucionales recientes que, en distintas latitudes, han buscado reinstalar la igualdad sustantiva como núcleo normativo del pacto democrático. Examen que se realiza a la luz del concepto de backlash, formulado por Susan Faludi , para describir las ofensivas políticas, culturales y mediáticas destinadas a revertir los avances logrados por los movimientos feministas y de derechos civiles. Estas reacciones, lejos de plantear una restauración abierta del pasado, operan mediante estrategias más sutiles pero igualmente efectivas: la deslegitimación simbólica, el vaciamiento normativo y la distorsión del sentido original de las conquistas igualitarias. De este modo, el backlash erosiona simultáneamente la eficacia jurídica y la legitimidad social de dichos avances, poniendo en cuestión los cimientos mismos del constitucionalismo democrático contemporáneo
NeuroTessMesh: A Tool for the Generation and Visualization of Neuron Meshes and Adaptive On-the-Fly Refinement
No full textGaining a better understanding of the human brain continues to be one of the greatest challenges for science, largely because of the overwhelming complexity of the brain and the difficulty of analyzing the features and behavior of dense neural networks. Regarding analysis, 3D visualization has proven to be a useful tool for the evaluation of complex systems. However, the large number of neurons in non-trivial circuits, together with their intricate geometry, makes the visualization of a neuronal scenario an extremely challenging computational problem. Previous work in this area dealt with the generation of 3D polygonal meshes that approximated the cells' overall anatomy but did not attempt to deal with the extremely high storage and computational cost required to manage a complex scene. This paper presents NeuroTessMesh, a tool specifically designed to cope with many of the problems associated with the visualization of neural circuits that are comprised of large numbers of cells. In addition, this method facilitates the recovery and visualization of the 3D geometry of cells included in databases, such as NeuroMorpho, and provides the tools needed to approximate missing information such as the soma's morphology. This method takes as its only input the available compact, yet incomplete, morphological tracings of the cells as acquired by neuroscientists. It uses a multiresolution approach that combines an initial, coarse mesh generation with subsequent on-the-fly adaptive mesh refinement stages using tessellation shaders. For the coarse mesh generation, a novel approach, based on the Finite Element Method, allows approximation of the 3D shape of the soma from its incomplete description. Subsequently, the adaptive refinement process performed in the graphic card generates meshes that provide good visual quality geometries at a reasonable computational cost, both in terms of memory and rendering time. All the described techniques have been integrated into NeuroTessMesh, available to the scientific community, to generate, visualize, and save the adaptive resolution meshes
La “inteligencia artificial (IA) autónoma” en el órgano de administración
No full textEs una realidad inminente la incorporación en el órgano de administración del “Ciber-consejero” o “robot-administrador”- basado en el software de IA más desarrollado - “IA autónoma”- que emula el actuar de la persona física y, por tanto, podría ser capaz de sustituirlo. En un futuro cercano podrán incorporarse administradores robots de IA autónoma que reemplazarán a los humanos en el órgano de administración. Será previsible que sustituyan al íntegro consejo y conviertan en unipersonal la estructura del órgano de administración -el “IA administrador único”- que potencialmente podría absorber incluso funciones de la alta dirección, o llegar a convertir todo el ente societario en un fenómeno de IA -“entidades algorítmicas”-. Consideramos estas repercusiones derivadas de la incorporación de AI autónomo en el órgano de administración. Analizamos el alcance en el funcionamiento de las sociedades, la definición de las actividades de gestión y administración, la concreción del interés de la sociedad y previsibles modificaciones de la estructura del órgano de administración
Prioritization of health resources in contexts of scarcity. SESPAS Report 2022 [Priorización de recursos sanitarios en contextos de escasez. Informe SESPAS 2022]
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic has been a clinical challenge, but also a legal and bioethical one. These three fundamental pillars are developed in the approach to prioritizing health resources in pandemic, clinical criteria, corresponding legal framework and applicable ethical principles. Initially, clinical criteria were applied to identify patients with the best survival prognosis, combining a clinical evaluation and the use of short-term and long-term prognostic variables. But the decision to prioritize the care of one patient over another has a legal–political burden, which poses a risk of falling into discrimination since fundamental rights are at stake. The prioritization criteria must be based on principles that reflect as a vehicle philosophy that which we have constitutionally assumed as a social and democratic State of Law, which did not respond to utilitarianism but to personalism. Any philosophy of resource distribution must bear in mind the scientific and constitutional perspective and, with them, those of fundamental rights and bioethical principles. In the prioritization of resources, ethical principles must be consolidated such as respect for the human dignity, the principle of necessity (equal need, equal access to the resource), the principle of equity (which advises prioritizing the most vulnerable population groups), transparency (fundamental in society's trust) and the principle of reciprocity (which requires protecting the sectors of the population that take more risks), among others. © 2022 SESPA
NeuroScheme: Efficient multiscale representations for the visual exploration of morphological data in the human brain neocortex
No full textThe analysis of data sets from such a complex domain as neuroscience is severely hampered by the brain complexity and by the huge amount of data originated in current experiments and simulations. The complexity of the brain stems not only from the enormous number of relevant entities that integrate it (for example, around 1015 synapses), but also from the complex interrelations among brain structures, which have to be analyzed at the many different organizational levels of the brain. Visualization techniques have proven to be valuable in order to explore and analyze complex systems from a wide variety of areas. Nevertheless, their application to the field of neuroscience must face some domain specific difficulties. In particular, the overwhelming amount of data poses a challenge to the current storage and processing capabilities, calling for compact data descriptions. Furthermore, the visual analysis of neural scenes requires the design of novel visual representations and techniques that help experts in their data exploration and interpretation activities, assisting them in fighting complexity. In this paper we propose a visual exploratory framework that facilitates the process of knowledge extraction from complex neural scenes. This framework contains a multilevel structure, following the different organizational levels of the brain. Schematic or iconic symbols have been designed to portray the entities at each level, providing graphical representations that emphasize relevant features while hiding less important information. These schematic views, together with a multilevel organization, allow the exploration of the brain at different scales, combining in the same view different levels of abstraction whose entities can be either schematically represented (at different abstraction levels) or geometrically depicted at the finest level of detail. The fact that users can choose high geometric detail for just a fraction of brain structures results in a dramatic reduction of visual clutter, decreasing the difficulty of the visual exploration and interpretation task. The complexity due to sheer data size can be also reduced by generating the visual representations on the fly from compact data representations. This work presents a first implementation of this framework, focused on the representation of the morphological aspects of the brain cortex. The underlying multilevel structure and the design of the graphical schematic representations constitute an approach that provides organized and uncluttered views that facilitate visual analysis, a task much more difficult (even unapproachable) if all brain structures were depicted at full geometric detail. © The Eurographics Association 2015
Information Suppression; Supresión de información
No full textInformation manipulation and foreign interference (FIMI) has evolved as a strategic tool of power in the current geopolitical context. While the tools of information disorder within FIMI have been extensively studied, this article introduces Information Suppression (IS) as a crucial concept within these operations. Unlike disinformation, which intentionally introduces misleading content, IS focuses on eliminating, concealing, or delegitimizing critical information and its sources through tactics leading to censorship and self-censorship applied on a global scale. This article develops an operational definition of IS, conceptually distinguishing it these concepts and exploring its role within FIMI. It concludes that IS not only complements disinformation but also operates as an autonomous strategy with implications for democratic rights and freedoms in a technologically globalized environment. © Este trabajo se publica bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-SinDerivadas 3.0 España (CC BY-ND 3.0 ES)
From invention to mobility and from niches to global races: Organizational leadership in hydrogen- and lithium-powered transport
No full textThe global transition toward cleaner energy systems has positioned hydrogen- and lithium battery–based technologies as key enablers of sustainable transport. However, their comparative innovation dynamics remain poorly understood, as studies of this kind have been scarce, despite the strategic importance of both energy carriers for the decarbonization of mobility, industrial competitiveness, and long-term energy security. By examining both technologies within a unified analytical framework, this study offers novel comparative evidence on how organizational leadership and inventor mobility jointly shape their technological trajectories. To address this gap, the study conducts a quantitative patent-based analysis of innovation outcomes in hydrogen- and lithium–battery–powered transport, emphasizing the role of leading organizations in shaping these trajectories. Using data from the European Patent Office for 2010–2022, the study applies two complementary indicators to assess technological leadership, specialization, and inventor mobility as mechanisms of knowledge diffusion. The results show that leadership in both technologies is concentrated among firms headquartered in Germany, China, South Korea, Japan, and the United States, with marked differences across technological classes and subclasses. Moreover, the study shows that knowledge diffusion occurs primarily through the mobility of inventors across organizations, suggesting that human capital flows are a key driver of clean-technology transfer. The study concludes by outlining three plausible future scenarios—dominated respectively by lithium batteries, by hydrogen, or by their coexistence—and discusses their implications for sustainable innovation and for the long-term evolution of clean transport systems
Temas de sociología para estudiantes de ciencias sociales. Segunda edicición corregida y aumentada
No full textSe trata del temario de las asignaturas Sociología impartida en el Grado en Ciencia Política y Gestión Pública y de Introducción a la sociología impartida en el Grado en Criminología
Guia de Estudio de la asignatura Criptografia
No full textGuía docente detallada con cronograma para la asignatura de Criptografía del Grado en Ingeniería de la Ciberseguridad. Material docente presentado para la Convocatoria de Reconocimiento de publicación de asignaturas en abierto 2025-2026
