Rajesh Varma
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Review on pharmacological therapies for management of gestational diabetes
No full textThe prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is increasing and is closely linked to numerous negative pregnancy outcomes. To mitigate these risks, early identification and management of GDM is critical. Treatment for GDM aims to maintain normal blood sugar levels and typically includes glucose monitoring, adjustments to diet, lifestyle changes, moderate physical activity, and medication as necessary. Insulin administration is generally the preferred choice for pharmacotherapy, but oral drugs such as metformin or glyburide may also be appropriate. Compared to glyburide, which has been linked to higher birth weight, neonatal hypoglycemia, raising the risk of shoulder dystocia, and necessitating a caesarean delivery, metformin is seen to be a safe first-line therapy. It should be emphasized that some expecting mothers choose complementary and alternative therapies, such as traditional herbal supplements and treatments. This review article will address present pharmacological options and considerations associated with treating GDM.</p
Performance characteristics and digestion of growing rabbits fed Corn Gluten Residue Meal (CGRM), Soybean Gluten Residue Meal (SGRM), and Sorghum Brewer Dry Grain (SBDG)
No full textContext: Grain by-products are nonconventional feed resources that can be used as supplemental diets for rabbits, especially during the dry season when native forages are scarce and limiting in essential nutrients. Hence, this present study is to determine the inclusion of residue, Corn Gluten Residue Meal (CGRM), Soybean Gluten Residue Meal (SGRM), and Sorghum Brewer Dry Grain (SBDG) as a replacement for maize on the performance and digestion coefficient of growing rabbits.Methods: Forty mixed breeds of rabbits (4 - 6 weeks old) were allotted into four experimental treatments in a completely randomized design. Four experimental diets were then compounded by replacing maize (40% inclusion level) with CGRM, SGRM, and SBDG then fed to the growing rabbits at 3% of their body weight. Results: The crude protein contents of diets containing grain by-products (19.06% – 20.87%) were better than maize (12.96%). Evidently, the maize diet (55.56%) was higher in carbohydrate fraction than these grain by-product-containing diets (42.20 – 49.98). Rabbits fed diets containing grain by-products had significantly higher (p < 0.05) feed intake and final weight compared to rabbits fed maize. Rabbits-fed diets containing CGRM (87.41%) and SGRM (92.09%) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in digestible crude protein than maize (76.79%) and SBDG (74.29%) diets. Also, diets containing maize and SGRM were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the digestible carbohydrate fraction than diets. Whereas, rabbits fed diets CGRM and SBDG had significantly better (p < 0.05) nitrogen balance and retention compared to rabbits fed diet SGRM and maize. Conclusion: It could be concluded that the inclusion of CGRM, SGRM, and SBDG led to better performances and digestion but with inferior carbohydrate fractions and digestion percentages compared to the maize diet.</p
Lymphography technique for detecting metastasis in canine malignancies
No full textCancer in animals and human beings spread through both hematogenous and lymphatic routes. While detection of cancer through the hematogenous route is easy delineating the different pathways in lymphatic and lymph nodes involves skill and an advanced imaging system. The present review highlights different techniques for outlining the lymphatic in canine cancer patients. The Sentinel Lymph Node (SLN) is the first or echelon or initial draining node from the primary tumor mass in a regional lymphocentre. Positive (SLN) needs to be evaluated, and surgical planning for its removal along with local tumor control affects the prognosis of any carcinoma or sarcoma. This review discusses different indirect lymphography procedure and their importance to detect the sentinel lymph node in a lymphatic basin both preoperatively and intraoperatively for better surgical assessment of various canine malignancies. </p
Evaluation of corrosion characteristics of mild steel in the acidic environment using Cocoyam and Almond leaves extracts as inhibitors
No full textThe inhibition characteristics of Almond and Cocoyam leaves extracts on mild steel immersed in 1 M H2SO4 at immersion times of 24 h to 144 h have been investigated experimentally. The effects of various concentrations of the extracts on the corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency were also explored. The average corrosion rates (in mm yr-1) and inhibition efficiencies (in %) were determined at each extract concentration and immersion time. Results show that both extracts demonstrated excellent inhibition characteristics for mild steel in H2SO4 media as the corrosion rate of the mild steel decreased from 43.0096 mm yr-1 to 4.7019 mm yr-1 and 4.9528 mm yr-1 after adding 8 g/L of Cocoyam and Almond leaves extracts respectively. This can be linked with the adsorption of molecules of oxidative phytochemical constituents of the extracts on the mild steel surfaces which shielded the mild steel surfaces from further attack by the acid. Within the time range of the study, the inhibition efficiency of both Cocoyam and Almond leaves extracts increased with an increase in inhibitor concentration with maximum inhibition efficiencies of 70.15% and 56.67% recorded by Almond and Cocoyam leaves extracts respectively at concentrations of 8 g/L. Conclusively, Almond leaves extracts are better mild steel corrosion inhibitors than cocoyam leaves extracts, due to the lower pH value of Cocoyam leaf extract.</p
Recent advances in nanotechnology
No full textIntroduction: Recent advances in nanotechnology have shown significant progress in various fields. Nanotechnology involves the manipulation and control of matter at the nanoscale, typically ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers. This field has the potential to revolutionize industries such as electronics, medicine, energy, and materials science. Nanotechnology has led to the development of smaller and more efficient devices in electronics. Nanoscale transistors and memory chips have increased computing power and storage capacity. Additionally, nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes and graphene have shown promise in creating flexible and transparent electronics. Method and materials: In medicine, nanotechnology has opened new possibilities for targeted drug delivery and imaging. Nanoparticles can be designed to specifically target cancer cells, delivering drugs directly to the affected area while minimizing side effects. Nano-sensors can also be used for early detection of diseases and monitoring of patient health. Energy is another area where nanotechnology has made significant advancements. Nanomaterials such as quantum dots and nanowires have improved the efficiency of solar cells, making them more cost-effective and sustainable. Nanotechnology also plays a role in energy storage, with the development of high-capacity batteries and supercapacitors. Materials science has also benefited from nanotechnology. Nanocomposites, which are materials with nanoscale fillers, have enhanced mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. These materials find applications in the aerospace, automotive, and construction industries. Conclusion: Overall, recent advances in nanotechnology have paved the way for exciting possibilities in various fields. Continued research and development in this area hold the potential for further breakthroughs and advancements in the future.</p
Porous carbon derived from <em>Zea mays</em> cobs as excellent electrodes for supercapacitor applications
No full textImproving the efficiency of the electrode materials is critical for achieving high performance in supercapacitors. Porous carbon with appropriate designs is dependable for better electrochemical capacitors. In this work, we improved Zea mays (maize) cobs as a potentially plentiful precursor for generating porous carbon supercapacitor applications. The physical and chemical properties of the synthesized materials were determined using several approaches, including structure, morphology, chemical composition, and electrochemical performance. The chemical analyses revealed an oxygen-based surface structure, while structural analysis revealed a BET-specific surface area of 1443.94 m3/g and a pore volume of 0.7915 cm3/g. Symmetric devices based on the materials generated had a specific capacitance of 358.7F/g, an energy density of 12.45 Wh/kg and a power density of 250 W/kg at 0.5A/g. The as-prepared electrodes demonstrated exceptional stability, with a capacitance retention of 99% at the maximum potential for a total of 130 hours of testing.</p
Biogenesis of <em>Melia Azedarach</em> silver nanoparticles using leaves and fruits in breast and ovarian cancer cell lines
No full textFolk medicine has been considered one of the novel remedies for treating cancers. Women's cancers are increasing worldwide, and disease recurrence has been a major threat all over the world. Our current study focused on the formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by organic methods and their chemo-preventive capacity against the breast (MCF-7) and ovarian cancer (PA-1) cell lines from humans by employing MTT, Flow cytometry, and migration assays. Plant extracts in organic nanoparticle production have become more common in recent years due to their benefits, including affordability, effectiveness, simplicity and briefness. Melia azedarach leaf and fruit methanolic extracts were used to successfully create silver nanoparticles simultaneously to evaluate the potency and efficacy of the extracts. Characterization studies were performed using synthesized M. azedarach silver nanoparticles (MA-AgNPs). A typical SPR peak was discovered ranging from 400 nm (leaf) and 427 nm (fruit) using absorption spectroscopy, with an average particle size of 92.5 nm (leaf) and 124.1 (fruit) nm. The zeta potential for Melia leaves and fruits was found to be -20.9 and -31.2 mV for the extracts. The relevant functional groups for the capping agent found in the extracts and silver nanoparticles formed as a result of the reduction of silver nitrate were identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumonia would be useful in new antimicrobial medications being developed. MCF-7 and PA-1 cell lines were found to be more susceptible to the cytotoxic action of the biosynthesized nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles that were synthesized exhibited extremely positive anti-cancer activity. </p
Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity of the active pharmaceutical ingredient nevirapine and a nevirapine-based drug on the plant species Allium cepa
No full textThe toxicity of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and nevirapine-based drug at analytical concentrations was evaluated under laboratory conditions, using Allium cepa seeds as a model. The germination index of the negative control was 86.8 ± 2.1. The concentrations of 6.42 and 9.54 mg/L of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and 11.20 mg/L of the nevirapine-based drug showed a statistically higher germination index than the negative control. We found that the root growth of the negative control was 1.7 ± 0.6 mm and that the root growth was statistically lower than the negative control at concentrations of 9.54 and 17.73 mg/L of active pharmaceutical ingredient and 5.48, 11.20, and 17.68 mg/L of the drug. The mitotic index of negative control and methyl methanesulfonate were 7.4 ± 2.7 and 12.8 ± 4.5, respectively. At a concentration of 17.68 mg/L of the nevirapine-based drug, the mitotic index of 12.7 ± 2.7 was statistically higher than the negative control and like the methyl methanesulfonate, which indicated that nevirapine was cytotoxic at this concentration. At all concentrations tested the chromosome abnormality indices were statistically higher than negative control, suggesting that nevirapine was genotoxic. The mutagenicity index of the negative control was 0.2 ± 0.3. At concentrations of 6.42, 9.54, and 17.73 mg/L of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and 17.68 mg/L of the nevirapine-based drug, the mutagenicity index was statistically higher than the negative control, indicating that nevirapine was mutagenic for A. cespa at these concentrations. The chromosomal adhesion was the most frequent chromosomal aberration in the groups exposed to nevirapine, suggesting that it has an aneugenic effect on the A. cepa species.</p
Exploring the user’s preferences of different adaptation policies in adaptive menu design
No full textAdaptive User Interfaces (AUIs) have been developed to improve the usability of products by adapting to the user, the platform, and the environment. However, there is a limited understanding of how different adaptation policies impact personalization and usability in adaptive menus. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of different adaptation policies in adaptive menu design. The study surveyed computer science students at Kathmandu University and conducted a usability study to gather data. The results of the study showed that a majority of participants were neutral in their perception of the ease of use of the websites they regularly visit, but a strong majority (83%) indicated a preference for personalized menu options. Personalization was found to be a key factor in the effectiveness of adaptive menus. Participants valued the ability of adaptive menus to tailor their options based on their specific needs or preferences. The findings of this study provide insight into users’ preferences for adaptation policies in adaptive menus and suggest that a recency-frequency-based menu is most effective in meeting users’ needs. Similarly, findings also suggest users’ preference for adaptation policy also changes based on the context of use. Future research could further investigate the effectiveness of different adaptation policies in different contexts of use.</p
General determinants of aging: The size and geometry of living beings
No full textThe relationship between basal metabolic rate and weight changes which are a normal part of the human aging process can be represented in holographic form. The purpose of the study is to verify the validity of said representation through the development of the objectives, which are to examine the relationship between the total amount of energy lost and the amount of energy lost per unit of body mass, as well as the relationship that exists between the total amount of energy lost and body mass. There are previous studies that relate the size of living beings with their metabolic rate. Our study provides the foundation for the holographic description of that relationship. The analysis of the data allowed us to generate a coherent description of our notion using the tools at our disposal. According to the results of the study, there is a correlation that can be considered statistically significant between the basal metabolic rate per dry kilogram of an organism and the total amount of energy it expends. Based on this observation, we can conclude that the biological system in question satisfies the conditions of the holographic principle.</p