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Enhanced antibacterial efficacy of new benzothiazole phthalimide hybrid compounds/methyl--cyclodextrin inclusion complexes compared to the free forms: insights into the possible mode of action
No full textWith the aim to gain further insights into the possible mechanism(s) involved in the cyclodextrin (CD)-mediated enhancement of antimicrobial activity, herein we report the preparation and fully characterization of a series of phenoxy-benzothiazole-phthalimide hybrid compounds and the corresponding complexes with methyl--CD (Me-β-CD). Next, these complexes were tested against selected Gram positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and the observed antibacterial activity compared to those of the free forms. Results from 1H-NMR and molecular modeling studies showed that in solution the chloro substituted compounds may give inclusion complex of 1:2 Drug-CD stoichiometry besides the 1:1 complexes, while the para-methyl derivative and the unsubstituted compound may provide complexes of 1:1 stoichiometry only. The antimicrobial tests against selected Gram positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains showed that the most active agents were the chloro substituted compounds/Me-β-CD complexes. Hence, it seems that improving of the efficacy of antimicrobial agents by CD complexation may be accomplished by formation of higher order complexes. Further, the hypothesized mode of action of CDs in reducing the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) values of antimicrobials should be related to their ability to make permeable the bacterial cell wall. This is now substantiated by the observed increased uptake of Propidium iodide in S. aureus ATCC 29213 strain incubated with the para-chloro substituted benzothiazole-phthalimide compound/Me-β-CD complex compared to the corresponding free form. Overall, such strategy to take advantage of inclusion complexes of higher order may constitute a promising methodology to overcome the microbial resistance issue
DEFORMATIONS OF MORPHISMS OF SHEAVES
No full textWe analyse infinitesimal deformations of morphisms of locally free sheaves on a smooth projective variety X over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. In particular, we describe a differential graded Lie algebra controlling the deformation problem. As an application, we study infinitesimal deformations of the pairs given by a locally free sheaf and a subspace of its sections with a view towards BrillNoether theory
Organizational Network Analysis: un approccio innovativo per le banche
No full textL’Organizational Network Analysis (Ona) è un approccio metodologico innovativo che
ha le potenzialità di consentire alle banche di analizzare e migliorare le interazioni e i
flussi di comunicazione all’interno delle strutture organizzative. In un settore caratterizzato
da complessità crescente, l’Ona fornisce un’opzione strategica in grado di
aiutare le banche a gestire le risorse umane e i processi in modo più efficiente, migliorando
la pianificazione strategica e rafforzando la loro capacità competitiva e la creazione
di valore. Sebbene l’Ona sia stata ampiamente analizzata in diversi campi
scientifici, il settore bancario rappresenta un’area ancora relativamente inesplorata,
sebbene le banche, con la loro struttura organizzativa complessa, rappresentino un
contesto ideale per l’applicazione di questo nuovo approccio.
The Organizational Network Analysis (Ona) is an innovative approach that has the potential to enable banks to
analyse and improve interactions and communication flows within organizational structures. In an industry of increasing
complexity, Ona provides a strategic option that can help banks in managing human resources and processes more
efficiently, by improving strategic planning and strengthening their competitive capacity and value creation. Although
the Ona has been widely analysed in several scientific fields, the banking sector is still a relatively unexplored area,
although banks, with their complex organizational structure, represent an ideal context for the application of this
new approach
Sostenibilità Finanza Mercati Ambiente. Spunti di riflessione.
No full textIl volume raccoglie le relazioni del convegno: Sostenibilità Finanza Mercati Ambiente. Spunti di riflessione, tenutosi a Bari il 16-17 maggio 202
Enhancing Phishing Defenses: The Impact of Timing and Explanations in Warnings for Email Clients
No full textPhishing attacks continue to represent a significant risk to digital security due to their reliance on exploiting human vulnerabilities before those of computer systems. To try to limit the effectiveness of this threat, this paper explores new strategies to design warnings shown to users in the presence of suspicious phishing emails. A controlled experiment was conducted with 900 participants to investigate the impact of two factors on warning effectiveness: the warning activation timing (before or after the opening of an email) and the presence of explanation messages in the warning. The study results indicate that warnings displayed after users have read the content of the email significantly reduce click-through rates, demonstrating greater effectiveness in preventing phishing. Furthermore, the presence of explanations also determined a lower click-through rate. Nevertheless, displaying warnings without explanation and simpler warnings for false positive emails may be necessary. The details of these findings were presented as lessons learned that can drive the design of more effective warning systems
Selection Signatures in Italian Goat Populations Sharing the “facciuto” Phenotype
Get PDFThe presence of light-pigmented facial stripes, parallel on both
sides of the cranial region, is a widespread characteristic in various goat breeds of European
origin and beyond. In Italy, this phenotype is relatively common from the north to the south
of the peninsula. The availability of genotypic data at single-nucleotide polymorphism
(SNP) loci for breeds and populations characterized by such a pigmentation pattern enabled
us to study the genomic regions potentially correlated with this phenotype, for simplicity
referred to as “facciuto”. Methods: We adopted an FST-outlier approach to detect signals of
differential selection in 18 pairwise comparisons, each involving 6 genetic goat types with
the “facciuto” phenotype (Facciuta Lucana, Facciuta della Valnerina, Valfortorina, Teramana,
Capestrina, and Roccaverano) contrasted with each of 3 “non-facciuto” goat breeds selected
as reference populations (Red Mediterranean, light brown; Saanen, white; Malagueña,
mahogany solid). Results: The analysis of the region ±200 kbps upstream and downstream
of the two signifi cant signals on chromosome 13 and 15 allowed us to identify, among
the annotated genes, ASIP, AHCY, ITCH, DYNLRB1, MAP1LC3A, PIGU, LOC102177263,
and DTX4, whose functions could be related to several mechanisms underlying the phe-
notype under investigation. Conclusions: This study confi rmed the fundamental role of
ASIP in pigmentation, although additional pathways may concurrently contribute to the
determinism of the considered “facciuto” phenotype in Italian goats
The Tutor Teacher: a survey on the challenges and opportunities of the role Il Docente Tutor: un'indagine sulle sfide e sulle opportunità del ruolo
No full textIl presente contributo presenta i risultati di un'indagine esplorativa condotta dalle Università
pugliesi (UniBa, Unisalento, UniFg) e dall’Ufficio Scolastico Regionale per la Puglia, riguardante
le esperienze e i bisogni formativi dei tutor che affiancano i docenti neo immessi in ruolo. L'obiettivo
principale è comprendere il complesso ruolo del tutor nella scuola e raccogliere informazioni utili
per delineare percorsi di ricerca-formazione efficaci. Hanno partecipato 728 tutor, di cui l'82,3%
donne e il 70,5% con oltre 10 anni di servizio. Il questionario ha raccolto dati sociometrici e
informazioni sui percorsi formativi, con particolare attenzione alla valutazione delle competenze
percepite dai tutor. I risultati indicano che il 51,6% dei tutor è soddisfatto del proprio ruolo, mentre
il 62,4% è molto motivato. È emerso anche il desiderio di ulteriore supporto formativo nelle aree
della valutazione e del tutorato. Infine, è stata evidenziata la necessità di formazione specifica per
affrontare le difficoltà nel supportare docenti con disabilità o DSA. La ricerca offre un quadro chiaro
delle esigenze e delle sfide dei tutor dei neoassunti, suggerendo interventi formativi mirati
Psyche, soul and body: A scoping review on the Greek knowledge about the mental disorders in ancient imperial Rome
No full textThe sacred paleo medicine with superstitions and religious ceremonies, applied by shamans and magicians, not only in its organization but also in its therapeutic approach and its interpretative method was the first step for the therapy of mental illnesses. It was part of a mythological system, and its representatives were doctor-priests, who, slowly at the same time, collected clinical and semantic data, paving the way before Hippocrates. To investigate the evolution of such thoughts we extracted data from electronic data banks and ancient books from both public libraries and private collections. The texts of ancient medicine cover an extended period ranging from the “Iππoκρατικό Σώμα” (Corpus Hippocraticum) of the classical period (V-IV century BC) up to the authors of the late classical ages Roman Empire such as e.g., Aretaeus, Celsus, Galen, and others. This work aims to take a journey through the legacy of ancient Greek philosophy concerning the psyche that influenced medicine in Roman Classical age in its diagnosis and therapy for the mentally ill, thus laying the scientific foundations of modern neuropsychiatry
Il Formez, la regionalizzazione dello Stato e la crisi di identità dell’intervento straordinario (1977-1993)
No full textNel ventennio compreso tra la seconda metà degli anni Settanta e i primi anni Novanta, il Formez (Centro di Formazione e Studi) rappresentò un osservatorio privilegiato delle trasformazioni istituzionali, economiche e culturali che investirono il Mezzogiorno italiano. In un contesto segnato dal rilancio dell’ordinamento regionale, dalla crisi dell’intervento straordinario e dalla crescente complessità sociale e produttiva del Sud, l’istituto rielaborò in profondità le sue finalità originarie. Fondato in seno alla galassia degli enti collegati alla Cassa per il Mezzogiorno, il Formez si era distinto sin dall’inizio per il ruolo nella progettazione e nell’erogazione di servizi formativi rivolti alla pubblica amministrazione e al tessuto imprenditoriale meridionale, con l’obiettivo di potenziare competenze tecnico-scientifiche, manageriali e progettuali.
Nel nuovo scenario post-1975, segnato dalla riforma regionale e dal progressivo declino della Casmez, il Formez cercò di conciliare l’eredità del paradigma sviluppista di matrice newdealista, reinterpretato in Italia da figure come Paronetto, Martinoli e Ceriani Sebregondi, con le istanze emergenti di pluralismo istituzionale, decentramento e innovazione amministrativa. Tale sforzo fu sostenuto da un dialogo intenso con importanti esponenti della scienza dell’amministrazione e del diritto pubblico, da Vittorio Bachelet a Massimo Severo Giannini, impegnati anch’essi nella riflessione sulla riforma dello Stato e sulla regionalizzazione. La collaborazione con queste comunità epistemiche contribuì a definire una visione della pubblica amministrazione come attore centrale dello sviluppo in un contesto democratico, complesso e aperto al conflitto regolato.
Parallelamente, il Formez divenne anche luogo di confronto e sperimentazione per una generazione di economisti italiani che, tra ispirazioni keynesiane e influssi cantabrigensi, si interrogavano sulla revisione delle tecniche di programmazione e sugli strumenti dell’intervento pubblico. Studiosi come Pedone, Spaventa, Giarda e Cerea offrirono contributi fondamentali nella definizione di nuove politiche per la spesa pubblica, la finanza locale, le analisi costi-benefici e il rapporto tra economia e istituzioni. Il Centro costituì così uno snodo tra riflessione teorica e pratiche operative, dando forma a un’intensa produzione scientifica, condensata nei “Quaderni regionali”, e a un complesso sistema di formazione e consulenza rivolto alle amministrazioni locali.
La regionalizzazione rappresentò la principale sfida e opportunità: la legge 382/1975 e il Dpr 616/1977 collocavano il Formez nel cuore del processo di costruzione del nuovo ordinamento territoriale, affidandogli un ruolo strategico nella formazione dei quadri regionali e nella definizione dei programmi esecutivi. In questo quadro, il Centro fu progressivamente attratto nell’orbita delle Regioni, in un rapporto dialettico con il Mism e il Cipe, che ne ridefinì compiti, equilibri e missione. La crisi dell’intervento straordinario, culminata con la chiusura della Casmez nel 1984, e il progressivo disimpegno dello Stato centrale, spinsero il Formez a riposizionarsi come ente a metà tra pubblico e mercato, rinnovando la propria offerta formativa e la propria funzione di supporto allo sviluppo locale in sintonia con le esigenze emergenti dei territori.
In questo scenario, il Centro intercettò e rappresentò una “doppia transizione” nella civilizzazione meridionale: da un lato, la lenta dissoluzione del retaggio contadino e l’adozione di modelli industriali razionali; dall’altro, l’avvento di una società post-moderna, affluente e individualista, ancora segnata però da vincoli di dipendenza esterna. La riflessione promossa dal Formez si mosse consapevolmente lungo la linea di frattura tra vecchio e nuovo, in un contesto attraversato da crisi e riconfigurazioni, interpretando la regionalizzazione non come semplice redistribuzione di competenze, ma come dispositivo per affrontare il pluralismo e la differenziazione socio-territoriale.
L’esperienza del Formez in questo periodo, tuttora poco indagata dalla storiografia, invita a riconsiderare la narrazione binaria dell’intervento straordinario come progressiva degenerazione post-anni Settanta. Essa mostra invece l’esistenza di segmenti consapevoli e riformatori, impegnati in un tentativo – per quanto non privo di ambiguità e contraddizioni – di aggiornare lo strumentario concettuale e operativo delle politiche pubbliche meridionalistiche. L’attività del Centro si pose come laboratorio di sperimentazione di nuove forme di intervento, in cui formazione, programmazione e cultura manageriale si saldavano alla volontà di accompagnare un Mezzogiorno in trasformazione verso la modernità avanzata, senza rinunciare a interrogarsi criticamente sulle forme del potere pubblico e sulle sfide dell’autonomia regionale.Between the mid-1970s and the early 1990s, the profound and often contradictory transformations of southern Italian society, combined with the relaunch of the regional system and attempts to revise the extraordinary intervention policies, brought new urgency to the need for a skilled administrative and entrepreneurial class capable of facing contemporary challenges. In this context, the Formez (Centre for Training and Studies for the Development of the South) began to reinterpret its foundational mission. Initially part of the ecosystem of development bodies tied to the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno (Casmez)—alongside IASIM, INSUD, Finam, and Fime—Formez had been charged with planning and delivering training services for public administration and enterprises, aiming to enhance technical, organizational, and project-oriented skills while promoting a rational culture of efficiency.
In responding to the economic, social, and institutional transformations of the late twentieth century, the Centre retained the legacy of New Deal-inspired approaches to development, as they had been reinterpreted in Italy between the 1940s and 1960s by figures such as Sergio Paronetto, Gino Martinoli, and Giorgio Ceriani Sebregondi. These intellectuals had emphasized the importance of recognizing the internal diversity of the South and of supporting not only productivity but also the development of institutional and cultural factors. The convergence of Christian democratic and socialist reformist cultures remained central in this phase. Leadership roles at the Centre were held by long-standing collaborators of Giulio Pastore—Sergio Zoppi, who succeeded Giovanni Marongiu in 1976, and Anna De Lauro Matera, who remained vice-president.
Formez was closely linked to the public and semi-public institutions engaged in southern development through its shareholders—Casmez, IRI, IASIM, and SVIMEZ. It operated from three main offices: Rome (strategic direction), Naples and Cagliari (programming and implementation). The institution was particularly involved in the “completion” of regionalization initiated by Law No. 382 of 1975 and DPR No. 616 of 1977, which transferred a number of competencies to ordinary-statute regions. This process forced Formez to place its mission at the intersection of a failed state reform (from the center-left era) and a revision of public intervention strategies in the South.
The Centre cultivated strong ties with public law scholars and the community of administrative science experts engaged in designing the regional system. Key influences included the Christian humanism of Vittorio Bachelet and the anti-dogmatic, historicist approach of Massimo Severo Giannini. Both recognized the expanding role of public administration in response to complex societal demands and the importance of negotiation-based governance models. In their view, regional structures and local autonomy—provided they were managed by functionally competent cadres—could address the economic and institutional diversification taking place in the South. This led Formez to deepen its collaboration with jurists such as Giannini, Marongiu, Massimo Annesi, Giorgio Pastori, Sabino Cassese, and Donatello Serrani.
At the same time, Formez became a hub for a segment of Italian economists influenced by Keynes and Sraffa, who sought to rethink public programming and neokeynesian paradigms. Figures such as Antonio Pedone, Piero Giarda, and Gianfranco Cerea contributed to new approaches on public finance, fiscal policy, cost-benefit analysis, and the interaction between economic planning and regional development. Their insights fed into the Centre’s studies and were reflected in the “Quaderni regionali” publication series. By the early 1990s, the technical staff of Formez had grown to over 200 professionals operating across disciplines, from law to economics to administrative science.
Formez's increasing focus on regionalization was shaped by changes in southern development policy. Legislative reforms in 1976 and 1978 reshaped the system of development agencies, placing the Centre under stricter oversight by the Ministry for Extraordinary Interventions and aligning its goals with regional plans. While the Casmez gradually declined and was eventually shut down in 1984, Formez began to redefine itself as an institution straddling the boundary between public intervention and market responsiveness. The 1980–1982 downturn in extraordinary funding prompted a pivot toward regional governments and local authorities. The legislative decree of April 3, 1993 (No. 96) placed the Centre under the Ministry for Public Administration, formally confirming its role in civil service training.
The history of Formez between the late 1970s and early 1990s highlights the presence of intellectually active and reform-oriented sectors within the apparatus of extraordinary intervention. This experience challenges conventional narratives that divide southern development policy into a “heroic” early phase and a later era of decline. Instead, Formez’s trajectory illustrates how attempts at reform, though often unsuccessful, were shaped by an acute awareness of the evolving socio-economic context: a South caught between rural tradition, industrial modernization, and post-industrial complexity. It was a time of “double transition,” as agrarian legacies gave way to both industrial and post-modern influences, coexisting and clashing in new and unstable configurations.
What makes the Formez experience significant is its clear recognition of the intersections between transition, marginality, and dependency. Rather than a monolithic or degenerative apparatus, it appears as a site of critical engagement and experimentation within a changing southern Italy. Its commitment to training, administrative reform, and the support of decentralized governance models stands as a testament to the complexity—and the potential—of public intervention in a society undergoing radical transformation
Funghi entomopatogeni per il controllo del fitoptide del nocciolo Phytoptus avellanae Nalepa (Acari: Eriophyoidea)
No full textFunghi entomopatogeni per il controllo del fitoptide del nocciolo Phytoptus avellanae Nalepa (Acari: Eriophyoidea)