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Applying SOFL to Enhance Requirements Gathering in Educational Technology: Case Study of Developing Course Plan Assistant
No full textThe purpose of this research paper is to present
the approach of applying the Structured Object-oriented
Formal Language (SOFL) method for requirements gathering
in the development of a Course Plan Assistant (CPA). This
system aimed at efficiently tracking and enhancing students’
academic progress. The study adopts the case study
methodology, focusing on the design and implementation of the CPA. The SOFL method is employed to systematically gather and document the requirements for the development of the system. This includes a detailed analysis and modeling of the educational context, stakeholder requirements, and system functionalities. The findings of the research indicate that the SOFL method significantly improves the clarity and completeness of the requirements gathering process. It facilitates better communication and understanding among stakeholders, leading to the identification of key features that enhance student progress tracking. The study demonstrates that the use of SOFL reduces ambiguities and misunderstandings during the requirements elicitation phase. This research contributes to the literature by providing insights into the
application of the SOFL method within an educational context.
It highlights the importance of a structured and rigorous
approach in requirements gathering for systems aimed at
improving academic performance. The findings of this case
study can serve as a reference for future projects in educational technology and requirement engineering
Re-Design New Front Page For Answer Sheet Book
No full textCurrent front page for Answer Sheet Book have two major problem; easy to tear and students' identification issue due to poor hand writing and no name imposed
The freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida) of Java: first island-wide assessment reveals new species, endemism, and urgent conservation needs
No full textThe freshwater mussel (Bivalvia: Unionida) fauna of Java has never been examined comprehensively in a modern context, leading to a lack of a species inventory and knowledge on current species distributions and how these have been impacted by human activities over the past 70 years.
In 2022/23, we surveyed 66 sites across 18 river basins of Java, and one site near the Rectidens sumatrensis type locality in Sumatra. Species were delineated and identified through an integrated morphological–molecular approach using COI-based phylogenetic and haplotype analyses. We
found and sequenced 76 populations (= species-site occurrences) across 42 sites and 16 river basins, comprising eight native and one non-native species. Whilst confirming the presence of Lens contradens, Physunio superbus, Pilsbryoconcha exilis, Pseudodon vondembuschianus stat. rev., Rectidens orientalis comb. rev., and Sinanodonta pacifica (non-native), we provide the first records of Lens lugens, Pilsbryoconcha linguaeformis, and Pseudodon
cokelatus sp. nov. Rectidens sumatrensis is absent from Java. Comparing our data to historical records indicates considerable population losses of most native species driven by the steep increase in urbanization, industrialization, mining, and other human activities. Conservation actions are
urgently needed, particularly in the species-rich Bengawan Solo and Brantas River basins
Weeds in oil palm plantations and their antifungal activity against Ganoderma boninense
No full textSinong GF, Sahrir MAS, Yusoff N, Adiwena M, Ali NS, Ibrahim MH, Awang A, Rakib MRM. 2026. Weeds in oil palm
plantations and their antifungal activity against Ganoderma boninense. Asian J Agric 10: g100102.
https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100102. Basal Stem Rot (BSR) caused by Ganoderma boninense remains the most destructive disease of oil palm, threatening global palm oil production. Current management strategies have proven largely ineffective in providing long-term disease control, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable approaches based on natural bioactive compounds. Plant-derived
metabolites represent a promising alternative due to their natural antifungal properties, environmental safety, and potential compatibility with integrated disease management systems. Weeds, in particular, are often resilient to pathogens and may serve as unexplored reservoirs of bioactive compounds with antifungal potential. The present study aimed to identify weed species associated with healthy
oil palm trees and evaluate their extracts’ in vitro antifungal properties against G. boninense. Three weed species, namely Hoya carnosa (W16), Ischaemum muticum (W18), and Polygala paniculata (W19), were found exclusively in association with healthy oil palm trees.
Their crude extracts were evaluated in vitro against G. boninense using solvents of varying polarity. Among them, P. paniculata exhibited the strongest antifungal activity, with both aerial and below-ground parts showing pronounced inhibition. Below-ground part extracts consistently outperformed aerial parts, particularly when extracted with methanol, which yielded the highest inhibition and
lowest EC50 values, suggesting a higher concentration of bioactive metabolites in root tissues. The observed antifungal efficacy correlated with solvent polarity, emphasizing the importance of targeted extraction in isolating effective phytochemicals. These findings
indicate that P. paniculata, especially its methanolic root extract, represents a promising source of natural antifungal compounds. The study highlights the potential of weed plants as unconventional reservoirs of bioactive metabolites and provides a foundation for developing eco-friendly, broad-spectrum fungicides to combat G. boninense, thereby advancing sustainable disease management in oil
palm plantations
Morphological and Molecular Studies and Toxin Gene Detection of Cyanobacteria in Selected Malaysian Water
No full textThe cyanobacteria or blue-green algae is a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms which existed in almost all kind of habitat on Earth. Malaysia, which is a country located at the tropical region with high humidity and warmer water served as an ideal habitat for cyanobacteria. However, the species composition of cyanobacteria is less studied in some places in Malaysia especially in Sarawak, representing a significant research gap. Understanding the cyanobacterial composition in these areas is crucial, as some species can form Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms (cyanoHAB) that threaten the ecological and health risks. In this study, sampling was conducted in freshwater and tidal influence habitats in Kuching, Kota Samarahan, Sibu, Lundu and Batang Ai, Sarawak, Malaysia Borneo to address the gap of study. Twenty species of cyanobacteria were identified where the genus Microcystis is the most abundant species appeared and caused cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Bloom (cyanoHAB) in Kuching and Sibu, Sarawak. The bloom species was confirmed as Microcystis aeruginosa by polyphasic approach, and the toxicity of the bloom was further assessed by molecular detection on the presence of mcy genes, mcyA and mcyE. The molecular systematic for the microcystin encoded gene confirmed the toxicity of the cyanoHAB occurred in Kuching and Sibu, Sarawak. At the same time, there are some unreported taxa where seven strains of filamentous cyanobacteria have been isolated and establish as unialgal culture from selected freshwater bodies of Kota Samarahan, Sarawak. All the cultures were investigated by microscopy observation and molecular characterisation. Based on the polyphasix approaches, three species belong to the family of Aerosakkonemataceae were found: Aerosakkonema funiforme, Cephalothrix komarekiana and a novel cyanobacterium, herein named as Cephalothrix magnus sp. nov. This is the first polyphasic study of the Aerosakkonemataceae from Sarawak water. The cell length and cell width of this novel cyanobacterium were significantly larger than all species under the genus Cephalothrix and the round shape calyptra was distinguishable from the similar species Cephalothrix lacustris. This novel cyanobacterium formed a monophyletic clade in 16S rRNA and 16S-23S ITS gene phylogenetic tree that highly supported by bootstrapping. The 16S-23S ITS secondary structures were predicted and modelled out, compensatory base change (CBC), single nucleotide polymorphism and insertion and deletion were detected when compared to C. komarekiana and C. lacustris further supported the proposal of this novel cyanobacterium. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay using mcyE gene primer of C. komarekiana and C. magnus sp. nov. were having positive amplicons responsible for microcystin production. The obtained nucleotide sequences were not corresponding to protein involved in microcystin production, further study is required for better understand in the toxigenesis of Cephalothrix. This study served as the first report of toxic M. aeruginosa blooms in freshwater lakes from Kuching and Sibu, as well as served as the first Aerosakkonemataceae study including novel cyanobacterium description in Sarawak, Malaysia Borneo. These findings contribute to the understanding (enhancement) of cyanobacterial composition and toxicity in the region, marking a novel discovery in the field
Consensus statement on standards for neurocritical care units in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs)
No full textThe disease burden of severe neurological and neurosurgical illnesses in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) is high. Management of these patients by a dedicated neurocritical care team can improve outcome. Globally, there is significant variation in organization, structure, and outcome of patients with neurocritical illnesses. This consensus statement aims to contextualize the standards for neurological critical care units (NCCUs) in LMICs. Recommendations were made about organization and infrastructure, personnel, logistics, training, education, and process for developing neurocritical care program appropriate for LMICs. Methods: The steering committee for the consensus statement was formed under the leadership of Society of Neurocritical Care (SNCC), India. With permission from Neurocritical Care Society (NCS) and the NCS guidelines committee, the previously published standards for NCCUs by NCS was used for a web-based survey. The Delphi method was used to gather consensus. A total of 28 experts from 21 nations, all from LMICs, participated in the Delphi. Responses were formally collated, reviewed, and incorporated into the final document. For Level 1 NCCUs, we found that
LMIC experts have recommended few parameters that were considered optional by NCS. However, for Level 2 and 3 ICUs, many recommendations from NCS were suggested to be considered as optional by LMIC experts. We have made attempts to explain the variation in recommendations. The recommendations should be tested for feasibility at the local settings before implementing them
Creative Visualization of Marine Life through 3D Animation as a Communication Medium for Preservation: A Case Study of Pulau Payar Marine Park, Malaysia
No full textThis research about creative visualization of marine life using Three-Dimensional (3D) animation as a communication
medium to enhance awareness, understanding, and immersive experience of marine ecosystems, focusing on
Pulau Payar Marine Park, Malaysia. Data were collected through participant observation (underwater photography
and video) and expert interviews in marine biology, conservation, underwater photography, and 3D animation.
Thematic analysis identified key patterns, including the diversity of tropical species such as soft corals, hard corals,
and ornamental fish, and their integration into the animation development process. The animation pipeline
included field data collection, 3D modeling, texturing, rigging, rendering, and final animation, producing realistic
visual representations aligned with scientific data. Findings show that 3D animation effectively conveys complex
information in an engaging, interactive, and understandable way. While challenges remain regarding cost, time,
and audience accessibility, exploring future technologies such as AR, VR, and MR can further enrich educational
experiences and support marine biodiversity conservation.
KEYWORDS: Creative visualization, Marines life, 3D animatio
Chalcone as a versatile scaffold: An overview
No full textChalcone is a stable organic compound with an aromatic ring structure and α, β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety. It has a wide spectrum of bioactivities, including anti-HIV, antimicrobial, anticancer, antivirus, antitubercular, antioxidant, and antidiabetes properties. Chalcone derivatives are easily synthesized and have numerous applications in the pharmaceutical industry, liquid crystal sectors, dye-sensitized solar cell sectors, agricultural, cosmetic properties, corrosion inhibition, and many others. Chalcone can be synthesized in many ways, and researchers have been particularly interested in the Claisen–Schmidt condensation process because of its simple conditions and stable reactants. This chapter will cover a brief history of chalcone and its structural features, synthesis, and structural activity relationship of chalcones as active scaffolds for heterocyclic compounds with economical, eco-friendly, effective, and high-yield strategies
EVALUATION OF TOOL WEAR AND BURR FORMATION IN MICRO-DRILLING TITANIUM TI-6AL-7NB
No full textTitanium, renowned for its corrosion resistance and strength, is extensively utilized across various industries. Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-7Nb, also known as Titanium 367, is particularly favoured for total hip prostheses, especially in femoral stems, due to its excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. This alloy is also employed in knee replacements, dental procedures, and maxillofacial applications for screws, plates, and implants, highlighting its versatility in the medical field. However, machining titanium alloys presents significant challenges due to their poor machinability. This study investigates the impact of selected cutting parameters, including spindle speed and feed rate, as manipulated variables while maintaining point angle as a constant variable on micro-drilling using 2mm uncoated carbide drills. The experimental analysis identifies three phases of tool wear: initial, steady, and severe. The results indicate a linear increase in flank wear with higher spindle speeds and feed rates. Burr height is notably higher at increased spindle speeds and feed rates. Burr height is primarily influenced by feed rate, which determines chip load and material removal per revolution. The individual effects of these parameters on burr formation are significant. At the highest spindle speed, a crown burr with a drill cap is formed due to intense friction and heat, which softens the material and facilitates cap formation over the exit hole. This study validates a predictive model for burr height and tool wear, providing a foundation for parameter optimization in real-world applications
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR INCLUSIVE LEARNING IN CIRCUIT THEORY I USING AI AND DIGITAL SIMULATIONS
No full textThis study proposes a conceptual framework for inclusive learning in Chapter 2 of Circuit Theory I; Basic Laws. As the foundation for advanced topics and subsequent courses such as Circuit Theory II, mastery of the concepts in this chapter is crucial for student progression. The framework
redesigns traditional teaching by incorporating artificial intelligence (AI), digital simulations, and a flipped learning approach to address diverse learning challenges and improve conceptual understanding. The methodology combines simulation platforms (Multisim or LTSpice) with
Snorkl AI applications to create an adaptive, feedback-driven learning environment. Students are introduced to key theories through pre-class materials and guided modules, followed by hands on live demonstrations using both real circuits and software simulations. Snorkl AI provides real
time feedback, adaptive questioning, and personalized recommendations, ensuring that learners with varying abilities can progress at their own pace. This integration of flipped learning, digital simulations and AI-supported feedback aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice, while maintaining inclusivity in the classroom. Although this framework remains a proposed concept, its anticipated outcomes include improved comprehension of fundamental circuit laws, enhanced student engagement, and better preparedness for more advanced circuit analysis. In conclusion, this conceptual framework highlights how the strategic combination can transform the teaching of basic circuit theory into a more inclusive, engaging, and effective experience