Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università dell'Insubria
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Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990-2023
Get PDFBackground: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality and are among the foremost causes of disability globally. CVD burden has continued to increase in most countries since 1990, with trends driven by changing exposures to harmful risk factors, population growth, and population aging. Objectives: We report estimates of global, national, and subnational CVD burden, including 18 subdiseases and 12 associated modifiable risk factors. We analyzed change in CVD burden from 1990 to 2023 and identified drivers of change including population growth, population aging, and risk factor exposure. Methods: The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2023 study, a multinational collaborative research study, quantified burden due to 375 diseases including CVD burden and identified drivers of change from 1990 to 2023 using all available data and statistical models. GBD 2023 estimated the population-level burden of diseases in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023. Results: CVDs were the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths estimated in the GBD. As of 2023, there were 437 million (95% UI: 401 to 465 million) CVD DALYs globally, a 1.4-fold increase from the number in 1990 of 320 million (292 to 344 million). Ischemic heart disease, intracerebral hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, and hypertensive heart disease were the leading cardiovascular causes of DALYs in 2023 globally. As of 2023, age-standardized CVD DALY rates were highest in low and low-middle Socio-demographic Index (SDI) settings and lowest in high SDI settings. The number of CVD deaths increased globally from 13.1 million (95% UI: 12.2 to 14.0 million) in 1990 to 19.2 million (95% UI: 17.4 to 20.4 million) in 2023. The number of prevalent cases of CVD more than doubled since 1990, with 311 million (95% UI: 294 to 333 million) prevalent cases of CVD in 1990 and 626 million (95% UI: 591 to 672 million) prevalent cases in 2023 globally. A total of 79.6% (95% UI: 75.7% to 82.5%) of CVD burden is attributable to modifiable risk factors 347 million [95% UI: 318 to 373 million] DALYs in 2023). Globally, high systolic blood pressure, dietary risks, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and air pollution were the modifiable risks responsible for most attributable CVD burden in 2023. Since 1990, changes in exposure to modifiable risk factors have had mixed effects on CVD burden, with increases in high body mass index, high fasting plasma glucose, and low physical activity leading to higher burden, while reductions in tobacco usage have mitigated some of these increases. Population growth and population aging were the main drivers of the increasing burden since 1990, adding 128 million (95% UI: 115 to 139 million) and 139 million (95% UI: 126 to 151 million) CVD DALYs to the increase in CVD burden since 1990. Conclusions: CVD remains the leading cause of disease burden and death worldwide with the greatest burden in low, low-middle, and middle SDI regions. Large variation exists in CVD burden even for countries at similar levels of development, a gap explained substantially by known, modifiable risk factors that are inadequately controlled. The decades-long increase in CVD burden was the result of population growth, population aging, and increased exposure to a subset of risk factors led by metabolic risks. Countries will need to adopt effective health system and public health strategies if they are to progress in achieving global goals to reduce the burden of CVD
Recensione a Cristiana Cianitto, Minoranze e simboli religiosi: I sikh tra identità e cittadinanza. Giappichelli, 2024
No full textRecensione alla recente monografia della prof.ssa Cristiana Cianitto dal titolo «Minoranze e simboli religiosi: I sikh tra identità e cittadinanza», Giappichelli, 2024
Successione intestata, costituzioni del Codex Theodosianus e loro interpretationes: alcune riflessioni
No full textIl contributo affronta l’argomento della successione intestata così come risulta dalle costituzioni imperiali contenute nel Codice Teodosiano e dalle relative interpretationes presenti nel Breviarium. Nel Teodosiano il tema è presente in più luoghi. Ad esempio, il titolo C.Th. 5.1, De legitimis hereditatibus, ne tratteggia alcuni aspetti generali, ma toccano la materia della successione intestata anche il titolo 8.18, specificamente dedicato ai bona materna e, nella prospettiva più specifica e circoscritta del rapporto fra bonorum possessio e accettazione dell’eredità, il titolo 4.1. Nel saggio si compie una ricognizione prevalentemente incentrata sulla struttura e sui contenuti del provvedimento di Valentiniano e Teodosio del 426, che nel Codice Teodosiano appare suddiviso fra più titoli. Si dedica poi un’attenzione specifica alle interpretationes, in parecchie delle
quali le singole regole di prevalenza tra successibili sono oggetto di spiegazioni assai particolareggiate.
L’indagine sul rapporto, in questa materia, tra fonti di matrice romana e legislazione visigotica mette in evidenza un cambiamento di mentalità giuridica, nel quale si colgono le radici del passaggio a un sistema successorio di stampo più moderno
Architettura, arti figurative e iconografia nelle chiese oratoriane del Piemonte: ricorrenze e discontinuità
No full textIl panorama degli studi sulle vicende costruttive, di decorazione e di arredo delle sedi oratoriane del territorio piemontese presenta considerevoli varianti dal punto di vista dell’approfondimento della ricerca, connessa anche alle differenti disponibilità di fonti, con una netta polarizzazione, sino a tempi recenti, nei confronti della “chiesa grande” torinese. Solamente negli ultimi vent’anni circa, si è assistito a un risveglio di interesse nei confronti di quegli edifici di culto, si pensi a Casale Monferrato, Chieri, Fossano e Biella, che hanno visto, nel corso della loro storia, la presenza di mecenati, artisti o figure di religiosi di rilievo. Pertanto, il saggio propone una disamina che analizza, per la prima rivolta l’insieme delle Case della Congregazione nell’area subalpina, presentate mantenendo l’ordine cronologico di fondazione, cercando di colmare lacune evidenti
Nuclear stellar discs
No full textWe review our current understanding of nuclear stellar discs (NSDs), rotating, and flattened stellar structures found in the central regions of both early and late-type galaxies. We examine their demographics, kinematics, stellar populations, metallicity gradients and star formation histories. We derive scaling relations linking NSDs to properties of their host galaxies, and compare them with analogous relations for nuclear star clusters. The relationship between NSDs and other central galactic components, including nuclear rings, nuclear bars, and nuclear star clusters, is explored. The role of NSDs as tracers of the secular evolution of barred galaxies is highlighted, emphasising how they can be used to constrain properties of galactic bars such as their ages. Special attention is given to the Milky Way’s NSD, which serves as a unique case study thanks to its proximity and the ability to resolve individual stars. The review covers the Milky Way’s NSD structure, kinematics, dynamics and stellar content, addressing ongoing debates about the presence of a nuclear bar and implications of the latter for central gas dynamics. We argue that NSDs form by in-situ star formation, most of them because of bar-driven gas inflow, but possibly in some cases because of external acquisition of gas during a gas-rich merger. The review concludes by outlining open questions, future research directions and the exciting prospects provided by upcoming observational facilities
Sui caratteri "esistenziali" del fattore produttivo lavoro
No full textIntroduzione; Gli elementi relazionali essenziali; Il lavoro serve a
comunicare; Il lavoro serve a costruire; Il lavoro serve a guadagnarsi la dignità
di stare al mondo; La “giusta mercede”; Il vero lavoro è quello non pagato?; Il
lavoro rende liberi?; Il lavoro è anche una variabile economica; Conclusioni
