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From materials to management: The expanding role of design of experiments in advanced battery technologies
No full textThe transition toward sustainable and high-performance batteries requires not only advances in materials and architectures, but also the adoption of systematic approaches to experimental design. This review highlights the role of design of experiments (DoE) as a versatile and powerful methodology to accelerate innovation in the battery field. By replacing trial-and-error strategies with statistically sound frameworks, DoE enables the exploration of multiple variables and their interactions, offering deeper insights into complex phenomena that govern synthesis, performance, safety, recycling, and lifetime of batteries. Applications reviewed span from the optimization of electrode formulations and cathode synthesis to advanced thermal management strategies and recycling processes of end-of-life batteries. Across these domains, DoE has proven to reduce experimental redundancy, enhance reproducibility, and guide the identification of optimal operating conditions. The review also illustrates how DoE can act as a bridge between laboratory-scale research and industrial scalability, providing tools that are essential for the development of next-generation energy storage technologies. By presenting a comprehensive overview of its impact, this article aims to inspire researchers to embrace DoE as a cornerstone for systematic innovation, fostering both scientific progress and sustainable deployment of electrochemical energy storage
Near-infrared luminescence in titanate-germanate glasses co-doped with Cr3+/Ln3+ (Ln=Tm or Ho)
No full textNear-infrared luminescence in titanate-germanate glasses co-doped with Cr3+/Ln3+ (where Ln = Tm or Ho) have been investigated under different excitation wavelengths. Near-infrared emission spectra and their decays were analyzed for glass samples varying with TiO2 content. Several emission bands in the 950–1570 nm and 1570–2200 nm spectral ranges are observed for glass samples excited directly at 600 nm (Cr3+), which correspond to characteristic transitions of Cr3+ and Ln3+ (Ln = Tm, Ho) ions. It suggests that the energy transfer processes Cr3+ → Tm3+ and Cr3+ → Ho3+ occur. It was also confirmed by the excitation spectra measurements. The experimental results indicate that titanate-germanate glasses co-doped with Cr3+/Ln3+ (Ln = Tm or Ho) are promising for near-infrared luminescence applications
Permeability and tomography-based microstructural analysis of ultra-porous bioactive glass scaffolds
Full text linkGradient‐induced vibrations and motion‐induced Lenz effects on conductive nonmagnetic orthopedic implants in MRI
Full text linkPurpose: To quantify the extent of gradient-induced vibrations, and the magnitude of motion-induced displacement forces (“Lenz effect”), in conductive nonmagnetic orthopedic prostheses. Methods: The investigation is carried out through numerical simulations, for a 3 T scanner. For gradient-induced torques and vibrations, a knee and a shoulder implant are considered, at dB/dt equal to 42 T/s (rms). For motion-induced forces associated with the Lenz effect, a knee and a hip implant are studied, considering a patient who translates on the examination couch, or walks next to it. Results: Gradient-induced torques may be within the same order of magnitude as the worst case gravitational torque defined in the ASTM standards. However, for all investigated cases, they result to be lower. In vacuum, the extent of the corresponding vibration reduces with frequency. At the lowest investigated frequency (270 Hz), it keeps below 25 μm. For an implant partially embedded in bone, the extent of the vibration increases with frequency. Nevertheless, the displacement is far lower than the worst case observed in vacuum (negligible in contact with the bone; ̃1 μm or less where the implant emerges from the bone). The Lenz effect induced by the motion of the patient through the stationary magnetic field produces forces on the order of a few millinewtons (i.e., at least two orders of magnitude lower than the implant weight). Conclusion: Comparing the results with mechanical loads caused by ordinary activities of daily living, and with the levels of tolerable micromotions, a good safety margin is confirmed
Calibration of atomic force microscope cantilevers based on μ-LDV: Metrological insight on the constitutive experimental parameters of Sader's formula for spring constant
Full text linkAncora su guerra e ambiente
Full text linkAbstract. La “terza guerra mondiale a pezzi”, per cui ribadiamo il nostro ripudio, viene esaminata
in questo articolo a partire da un’analisi storica di lungo periodo del dominio dell’Occidente
dal XV secolo sulla base delle opere di Erich Hobsbawm, Immanuel Wallerstein e
Giovanni Arrighi e dalla costituzione di un altro “sistema-mondo” che si sta configurando
per opera dei BRICS. Con un’utile ricognizione dei movimenti pacifist
Magnetic Resonance-Based Electric Properties Tomography via Green’s Integral Identity
Full text linkA new approach to Magnetic Resonance-based Electric Properties Tomography (EPT) is presented. The method applies Green's integral identity to the equation that regulates the EPT problem. The resultant integral equations are used to impose the consistency of the measured values of the radiofrequency field. This is achieved by seeking dielectric properties values that allow satisfying the identity within suitable kernels of voxels. In each kernel, an overdetermined system of equations is written, and the corresponding problem is solved in the least squares sense, providing an index of trustworthiness of the solution. Both the complete formulation and its phase-based approximation are presented. The application of a filter, which post-processes the raw results based on the index of trustworthiness, is also discussed. The performance of the method is evaluated on synthetic data and experimental measurements acquired on a heterogeneous brain phantom and on four human volunteers. The reconstructions are compared to those produced through a Helmholtz-EPT with adaptive kernel. The new EPT method performs well in all tests
The Reference and Fiducial gravity networks in Italy
No full textThe Italian area is affected by on-going deformations and/or mass transfers both of geophysical and human origin, which act at very different temporal scales and modify significantly the gravity field over time. The current Italian gravity database contains gravimetric measurements taken on land and sea by various Research Institutions and Services. Data were acquired at very different epochs, with different instruments, some now obsolete and mostly lacking inter-comparison, also with non-uniform operational procedures of data acquisition and analysis. Thus, these data are not homogeneous and do not represent an updated image of the Italian gravity field. This paper shows the main steps followed toward the realization of a new reference network for absolute gravity in the Italian area. The choices are in line with the resolutions approved by the International Association of Geodesy during its 2015 General Assembly. The goal is to update the existing absolute gravity network by adding gravity stations according to the new standards to align this infrastructure to the highest level of precision and accuracy. Based on that, an overall revision of the Italian gravity database will be possible thus leading to a better estimate of the gravity potential
Structural and luminescent properties of Er3+-doped tellurite-phosphate oxide/oxyfluoride glasses and glass-ceramics modified with Sr2+
No full textIn this study, tellurite-phosphate glasses and transparent glass-ceramics (GCs) in the oxide TeO2–P2O5–BaO–SrO–ZnO–Na2O–Er2O3 and oxyfluoride TeO2–P2O5–BaF2–SrF2–ZnF2–Na2O–Er2O3 systems were investigated. The effect of BaO/SrO and BaF2/SrF2 molar ratios on the structure and luminescent properties of the synthesized glasses and GCs was analyzed. The amorphous nature and thermal stability of the parent glasses were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and differential thermal analysis (DTA). As assessed from the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, the network of the oxide and oxyfluoride glasses was primarily composed of Te(F)O4, Te(F)O3, Te(F)O3+1, and phosphate Q0, Q1, Q2 units. The addition and increase in SrO/SrF2 content promoted depolymerization of the oxide and oxyfluoride tellurite-phosphate parent glass networks. Upon heat-treatment, controlled crystallization occurred in the flexible glasses network with many broken bonds due to SrO/SrF2 addition, resulting in the nucleation and growth of BaSrEr3O8 (∼75 nm) and Ba4Er3F17 (∼85 nm) nanocrystals. The crystallization mechanisms were driven by the initial structural depolymerization of network of parent glasses and the mobility of nucleating agents during heat-treatment, facilitated by the presence of SrO/SrF2. Incorporation of the erbium (Er3+) ions into the nanocrystals caused increased emission of Er3+ ions in transparent GCs compared to that in the parent glasses. This research contributes to the understanding of the relationship between composition, structure, and luminescent properties in tellurite-phosphate glasses and GCs. The findings highlight the potential of adjusting molar ratios of BaO/SrO and BaF2/SrF2 to enhance the luminescence of GC materials doped with erbium ions compared to parent glasses, which could be valuable for applications in optics and photonics
Design and development of the Moore three axis measuring machine control system
No full textThe aim of this work is to update an existing interferometric three-axis measuring machine, used for measuring diameters and optical scales, by completely re-designing and implementing a new control system. The project involves the integration of new motors and drivers, along with the development of a C++ software program to manage the instrumentation. The upgraded machine features an advanced movement system and instruments for reading environmental parameters, which are crucial for calculating the refractive index of air for the correction of the laser wavelength and for compensating thermal errors.
By incorporating these innovations, this research aims to minimize uncertainty in both positioning and interferometric measurements of the samples, thereby enhancing the reliability, traceability to the International System of Units (SI) and precision of the measurements.
This technical report will explore the challenges encountered during the modernization process, including the selection of appropriate components and the calibration of the system. Additionally, it will present the methodologies employed to ensure accurate data acquisition and processing. Finally, this work aims to optimize the performance of the renewed measuring machine, improving the quality and the timing of the calibration service provided and opening the way to novel precise geometric measurements in various research applications (e.g. semiconductor, automotive, energy, etc.)