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The Mirage of Honesty in Cryptography: Secure Multi-Party Computation with Untrusted Devices
No full textSecure Multi-Party Computation (MPC) is a widely acknowledged framework enabling the design of multi-party protocols that preserve the privacy of parties' inputs while ensuring the correct evaluation of the desired functionality. Crucially, these security guarantees should hold even in the presence of external entities who are empowered with some adversarial capabilities, such as controlling the communication channels used throughout the protocol run or forcing a subset of the parties to behave arbitrarily (so-called ``malicious" or ``byzantine" corruptions). Concretely, a user can instantiate secure MPC protocols on a device to carry out computations involving sensitive information with other untrusted parties.
Despite capturing very general classes of real-world threats, one limitation of ``traditional" MPC lies in assuming at least one ``honest" party who, throughout the protocol run, behaves exactly as per the theoretical specification of the protocol itself. For several practical settings this may be unrealistic, as the devices used to run the protocol are themselves exposed to a plethora of threats, such as attacks on software or hardware components. Moreover, the security guarantees provided by secure MPC could be voided if a protocol is found to be faulty, be it from cryptographic assumptions falling short or from an incorrect formalization of the protocol itself.
In this composition, we explore more expressive frameworks that enable the design of secure MPC protocols and cryptographic primitives even in the presence of untrusted devices.
We first consider cryptographic reverse firewalls: lightweight devices that sanitize a party's traffic while preserving the correctness of the protocol. These objects were originally introduced by Mironov and Stephens-Davidowitz (EUROCRYPT'15) and later embedded in the framework of subversion-resilient Universal Composability (srUC) due to Chakraborty et al. (EUROCRYPT'22). Under the srUC framework, it is possible to design protocols that provide meaningful security guarantees even if the devices of honest parties have been tampered with in an undetectable manner with the goal of exfiltrating information (so-called ``specious subversion attacks"). In particular, we focus on the design of protocols for Password-Authenticated Key Exchange (PAKE): a cryptographic primitive that enables two parties to mutually authenticate by establishing a shared high-entropy key leveraging exclusively some (possibly low-entropy) pre-shared password.
(1) Our first contribution focuses on sanitizing the PAKE protocol from Oblivious Transfer (OT) due to Canetti et al. (PKC'12). For that, we design and instantiate novel cryptographic primitives with sanitation-friendly properties that may be of independent interest, including sanitizable variants of oblivious transfer, dual-mode cryptosystems, and signature schemes. As an additional contribution, we formalize the unauthenticated setting in the srUC framework by extending the framework of split-authentication due to Barak et al. (CRYPTO'05, JoC'07). This is the first PAKE protocol ever designed in the srUC framework.
(2) Our second contribution consists of sanitizing the PAKE protocol from trapdoor smooth-projective hashing due to Benhamouda and Pointcheval (CRYPTO'13). The sanitation requires non-trivial modifications to the original protocol, whose security relies on a CCA-secure encryption scheme - an inherently non-malleable primitive. Along the way, we bring advances to the field of malleable smooth-projective hash functions, originally introduced by Chen et al. (ASIACRYPT'16), and coin the notion of malleable trapdoor smooth-projective hashing. Our resulting PAKE protocol has better communication and round complexity compared to the aforementioned PAKE-from-OT.
We then shift our attention to t-out-of-n robust combiners: constructions that take as input n candidate instantiations of some cryptographic primitive to securely realize the same primitive, as long as at least t of the candidates are secure. These objects were first formalized by Harnik et al. (EUROCRYPT'05), where robustness is characterized by explicitly forbidding combiners from re-implementing the desired primitive from scratch. Here, we focus on Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge (NIZK): a cryptographic primitive that allows a prover to convince a verifier of the veracity of some NP-statement by using a single message (commonly referred to as a ``proof").
(3) Our third contribution provides a comprehensive characterization of robust combiners for NIZK. We show the first formal definition of these objects, and prove that no robust NIZK combiner exists for t ≤ n/2 unless the polynomial hierarchy collapses. To complement our negative results, we provide three incomparable constructions: (i) A black-box combiner for {\em homomorphic} NP languages, where n,t are polynomial and t > n/2; (ii) A non-black-box combiner for any NP language, where n,t are constant and t > n/2; (iii) A non-black-box combiner for any NP language, where n,t are polynomial and t > 2n/3
Revisiting the Grammaticalization of Verbs in Chinese: A Perspective Inspired by Ma Beijia
No full textThis paper offers an insight on the approach to verbal grammaticalization in Chinese in the volume Hanyu dongci yufahua 汉语动词语法化 (Grammaticalization of verbs in Chinese), by Ma Beijia 马贝加. The innovative aspects of this study are highlighted in comparison with a previous study by Janet Xing on the same topic. While Xing emphasizes syntactic reanalysis and semantic abstraction within serial verb constructions, focusing on Classical Chinese texts, Ma broadens the scope of analysis by integrating standard and dialectal data. Her approach combines cognitive, syntactic, semantic, and typological perspectives, examining the changing combinability of verbs and nouns to explain the process of their transformation into grammatical markers. The comparison highlights the value of dialect data in tracing grammaticalization processes and suggests new directions for the study of grammaticalization in Sinitic languages
Porta San Paolo: HBIM per la documentazione e valorizzazione digitale del patrimonio fortificato romano Porta San Paolo: HBIM for the Digital Documentation and Enhancement of Rome’s Fortified Heritage
No full textIl contributo presenta l’applicazione della metodologia Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) al caso di Porta San Paolo a Roma, una delle principali testimonianze dell’architettura difensiva tardoantica della città. L’obiettivo è duplice: sviluppare un flusso di lavoro digitale integrato per la documentazione e la conservazione programmata del monumento, e sperimentare le potenzialità della modellazione informativa per la valorizzazione culturale e la fruizione pubblica del patrimonio architettonico.
Costruita tra il 271 e il 275 d.C. come porta delle Mura Aureliane sulla via Ostiensis, la struttura è il risultato di secoli di trasformazioni e stratificazioni. La ricerca ha affrontato la complessità del manufatto attraverso un rilievo digitale integrato, combinando laser scanning 3D, fotogrammetria aerea da drone e riferimenti storici e documentari, al fine di ottenere un modello tridimensionale coerente e georeferenziato. Il rilievo, con oltre 600 milioni di punti acquisiti e una risoluzione sub-centimetrica, ha permesso di restituire con estrema precisione la morfologia delle torri, dei fornici e dei paramenti murari, costituendo la base per la modellazione informativa.
Il modello HBIM elaborato, organizzato in un Common Data Environment (CDE), integra informazioni geometriche, materiche e diagnostiche, associando a ciascun elemento parametri relativi a cronologie costruttive, materiali, degradi e interventi di restauro. La modellazione ha richiesto la creazione di famiglie parametriche personalizzate, in grado di rappresentare le irregolarità delle strutture storiche. Tale modello, interoperabile tramite lo standard IFC, costituisce un database tridimensionale consultabile per livelli tematici, funzionale tanto alla ricerca scientifica quanto alla gestione operativa della conservazione.
Le analisi morfologico-materiche hanno evidenziato la sovrapposizione di fasi costruttive (aureliana, onoriana, medievale e moderna) e la diversità dei materiali impiegati: laterizi, tufo e travertino. L’integrazione dei dati fotogrammetrici e termografici ha consentito la mappatura dei degradi e l’individuazione di fenomeni di umidità e disgregamento, traducendo le informazioni diagnostiche in strumenti di monitoraggio e manutenzione predittiva. L’HBIM, in questo senso, si è configurato come una piattaforma conoscitiva e operativa capace di gestire e aggiornare le informazioni nel tempo.
Parallelamente, la ricerca ha esplorato le potenzialità comunicative del modello informativo. L’esportazione del modello in ambienti AR/VR (Unreal Engine) ha permesso di creare percorsi immersivi che consentono all’utente di esplorare la Porta in 3D, accedere ai dati storici e comprendere l’evoluzione del monumento attraverso contenuti multimediali. Sono stati inoltre sperimentati sistemi di realtà aumentata in situ, che consentono la sovrapposizione del modello digitale al bene reale, favorendo un approccio di musealizzazione diffusa e di accessibilità cognitiva per pubblici diversificati.
Dal punto di vista metodologico, il progetto ha dimostrato come l’HBIM possa fungere da ponte interdisciplinare tra rilievo, storia, scienza dei materiali e comunicazione visiva, configurandosi come una piattaforma di dialogo tra competenze diverse. Il modello informativo, concepito come un gemello digitale del monumento, si pone come base per futuri sistemi di monitoraggio e gestione integrata del patrimonio urbano, in linea con gli obiettivi dell’Agenda Digitale Europea e del PNRR – Missione 1, Componente 3.
In conclusione, la ricerca su Porta San Paolo propone un paradigma metodologico replicabile per la documentazione e la valorizzazione del patrimonio architettonico storico. L’integrazione di rilievo strumentale, modellazione informativa e fruizione digitale rappresenta non solo un’evoluzione tecnologica, ma un atto culturale, volto a preservare e rinnovare la memoria della città attraverso il linguaggio del digitale. Porta San Paolo, simbolo della Roma fortificata, diventa così un laboratorio di innovazione, in cui il modello HBIM non è soltanto uno strumento tecnico, ma un dispositivo cognitivo e comunicativo per una conservazione consapevole, interdisciplinare e condivisa.This paper presents the application of an Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) methodology to the case of Porta San Paolo in Rome, one of the most significant examples of the city’s late-antique defensive architecture. The research pursues a dual objective: first, to develop an integrated digital workflow for the documentation and preventive conservation of the monument; second, to explore the potential of the information model for cultural valorization and public dissemination of architectural heritage.
Built between 271 and 275 CE as the Porta Ostiensis along the Aurelian Walls, the structure bears the marks of centuries of architectural and functional transformations. The project addressed this complexity through an integrated digital survey, combining 3D laser scanning, aerial photogrammetry by drone, and historical-documentary analysis to generate a coherent, georeferenced 3D model. The survey, comprising over 600 million points with sub-centimeter accuracy, faithfully captured the geometry of towers, arches, and masonry textures, forming the basis for the subsequent information modeling.
The resulting HBIM model, organized within a Common Data Environment (CDE), integrates geometric, material, and diagnostic data, associating each component with parameters concerning construction chronology, materials, decay phenomena, and restoration history. Modeling required the creation of custom parametric families capable of representing irregular and non-standardized architectural features. The model, interoperable via the IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) standard, acts as an interactive 3D database that supports both scientific analysis and the operational management of conservation efforts.
Morphological and material analyses revealed a complex stratigraphy encompassing Aurelian, Honorian, medieval, and modern construction phases, characterized by varying use of brickwork, tuff, and travertine. Integrating photogrammetric and thermographic data enabled the mapping of material decay and the detection of moisture and disaggregation phenomena, effectively transforming diagnostic information into a dynamic monitoring and predictive maintenance tool. In this sense, HBIM functions as both an analytical and operational platform, capable of managing and updating heritage data over time.
In parallel, the project explored the communicative potential of the HBIM model. By exporting the model into AR/VR environments (via Unreal Engine), immersive interactive pathways were developed, allowing users to explore the monument in 3D, access historical data, and understand its evolution through multimedia content. On-site augmented reality applications further enabled users to overlay the digital model onto the physical monument, promoting a form of diffused musealization and cognitive accessibility for diverse audiences.
Methodologically, the project demonstrates how HBIM can serve as an interdisciplinary bridge connecting architectural history, surveying, materials science, and visual communication—an information platform enabling dialogue among different expertise domains. The model, conceived as a digital twin of the monument, provides a foundation for future monitoring systems and integrated heritage management, aligning with the objectives of the European Digital Agenda and Italy’s National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR – Mission 1, Component 3).
In conclusion, the Porta San Paolo project defines a replicable methodological paradigm for the documentation and digital enhancement of historic architecture. The integration of instrumental surveying, information modeling, and digital visualization represents not only a technological innovation but also a cultural act aimed at preserving and renewing the city’s memory through digital means. Porta San Paolo—symbol of fortified Rome—thus becomes a laboratory for innovation, where HBIM transcends its technical function to become a cognitive and communicative tool for a conscious, interdisciplinary, and shared form of digital conservation
Indagine esplorativa sui consumi mediali della popolazione sorda in Italia
No full textL'evoluzione esponenziale delle tecnologie digitali e delle piattaforme di comunicazione ha
ridefinito radicalmente il panorama mediatico globale. Nell'attuale ecosistema
dell'informazione, caratterizzato da una fruizione ubiqua e multicanale, si manifesta con
urgenza la necessità di garantire l'accesso ai contenuti a tutte le fasce di pubblico. Tra queste,
la comunità delle persone sorde e ipoacusiche rappresenta un segmento specifico i cui
modelli di consumo mediale meritano un'analisi approfondita e mirata.
I progressi in campi quali la trascrizione automatica, i servizi di interpretariato a distanza e
l'ampia diffusione di contenuti visivi e video (con sottotitoli e didascalie), hanno offerto
opportunità senza precedenti per superare le barriere comunicative storicamente legate ai
media tradizionali. Tuttavia, l'esistenza di strumenti non garantisce automaticamente
l'inclusione effettiva.
La comprensione delle abitudini di consumo mediale di questo pubblico specifico, quali
piattaforme prediligono, con quale frequenza le utilizzano, quali fonti ritengono più
affidabili e in che modo accedono a servizi chiave come l'informazione e l'intrattenimento,
è fondamentale.
L'imperativo categorico per Istituzioni, aziende e operatori del settore è, oggi più che mai,
quello di utilizzare ogni mezzo e strumento disponibile per raggiungere pubblici specifici,
adattando i contenuti e le modalità di erogazione.
Questo studio si propone di mappare i flussi di consumo mediale della comunità sorda,
identificando le lacune esistenti e proponendo strategie concrete affinché l'innovazione
tecnologica si traduca pienamente in equità comunicativa e partecipazione sociale
Generalized random processes related to Hadamard operators and Le Roy measures
No full textThe definition of generalized random processes in Gel’fand sense allows to extend well-known stochastic models, such as the fractional Brownian motion, and study the related fractional pde’s, as well as stochastic differential equations in distributional sense. By analogy with the construction (in the infinite-dimensional white-noise space) of the latter, we introduce two processes defined by means of Hadamard-type fractional operators. When used to replace the time derivative in the governing p.d.e.’s, the Hadamard-type derivatives are usually associated with ultra-slow diffusions. On the other hand, in our construction, they directly determine the memory properties of the so-called Hadamard fractional Brownian motion (H-fBm) and its long-time behaviour. Still, for any finite time horizon, the H-fBm displays a standard diffusing feature. We then extend the definition of the H-fBm from the white noise space to an infinite dimensional grey-noise space built on the Le Roy measure, so that our model represents an alternative to the generalized grey Brownian motion. In this case, we prove that the one-dimensional distribution of the process satisfies a heat equation with non-constant coefficients and fractional Hadamard time-derivative. Finally, once proved the existence of the distributional derivative of the above defined processes and derived an integral formula for it, we construct an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck type process and evaluate its distribution
Litotrissia laser intraduttale con Holmium-YAG laser per le ghiandole salivari maggiori. Anestesia locale o anestesia generale? Intraductal Holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy for the major salivary glands. Local anesthesia or general anesthesia?
No full textIntroduzione
La litotrissia intradu9ale delle ghiandole salivari maggiori con Holmium-Yag
laser consente il tra9amento delle scialolitiasi cara9erizzate da scialoliti di
importanti dimensioni (4-8 mm). La quasi totalità della a9uale le9eratura
scientifica inerente all’argomento di questa tesi include pazienti so9oposti a
liltrissia laser in anestesia generale che viene scelta come standard di cura anche
se la procedura chirurgica risulta poco più invasiva rispe9o ad una
scialoendoscopia diagnostico/operativa. Negli ultimi anni si è registrato un
aumento di procedure chirurgiche “in office” in anestesia locale o in sedazione
dato dalla necessità di ridurre la degenza ospedaliera per procedure mininvasive,
abba9ere i costi derivanti da ricovero e ospedalizzazione del paziente e snellire
le liste d’a9esa. Questa tesi si pone l’obie9ivo di confrontare l'efficacia della
litotrissia intracorporea con laser Holmium:YAG delle ghiandole salivari
maggiori eseguita in anestesia locale (AL) rispe9o a quella eseguita in anestesia
generale (AG).
Materiali e metodi
È stato eseguito uno studio osservazionale retrospe9ivo in un gruppo di pazienti
che, da gennaio 2017 a giugno 2025 è stato so9oposto ad intervento chirurgico di
litotrissia intradu9ale per calcoli delle ghiandole salivari maggiori con Holmium-
Yag laser in anestesia generale o anestesia locale presso la UOC Universitaria di
Otorinolaringoiatria dell’ASL di Latina. Sono stati eliminati dallo studio i
pazienti minorenni e i pazienti che avevano subito in precedenza l’asportazione
di calcoli salivari mediante frammentazione intradu9ale (pneumatica o laser) o
che erano stati so9oposti a chirurgia del pavimento orale o del collo.
Risultati
Sono stati individuati un totale di 34 pazienti so9oposti a litotrissia laser con
Holmium-Yag laser per le ghiandole salivari maggiori e, di questi, 4 sono stati
eliminati dallo studio perché non in linea con i criteri di inclusione giungendo ad
un totale di 30 pazienti. I pazienti, dopo la raccolta dei dati, sono stati quindi
suddivisi in due gruppi: 16 pazienti tra9ati in anestesia generale (AG) e 14
pazienti tra9ati in anestesia locale (AL).
nel gruppo dei pazienti tra9ati in AL è stato riscontrato un successo terapeutico
del 71,4% e nei pazienti tra9ati in AG del 87,5%. Non sono state identificate
differenze statisticamente significative (p=:0,387) in termini di successo
terapeutico, di durata della procedura chirurgica (p: 0,084), di presenza di
complicanze (p= 0,586) e di dolore post-operatorio (p= 0,634) tra i due gruppi di
pazienti (AG vs AL).
Conclusione
La litrotrissia intradu9ale con Holmium-YAG laser per il tra9amento della
patologia litiasica delle ghiandole salivari maggiori eseguita in anestesia locale,
quando possibile, rappresenta un tra9amento efficace e sicuro. Un aumento
dell’utilizzo di questa tecnica non può che portare ad una riduzione della spesa
per il paziente e per il sistema sanitario e, quindi, ad una riduzione dei tempi di
a9esa previsti per il tra9amento della patologia.Introduction
Intraductal lithotripsy of the major salivary glands using a Holmium:YAG laser
allows for the treatment of large sialoliths (4–8 mm). In the
current scientific literature, the majority of studies include patients who
underwent laser lithotripsy under general anesthesia (GA), which is considered
the standard of care, even though the procedure is only slightly more invasive
than diagnostic or operative sialoendoscopy. In recent years, there has been an
increase in office-based surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia
(LA) or sedation. This trend aims to decrease hospital stays in minimally
invasive surgery, reduce hospitalization costs, and shorten surgical waiting lists.
The objective of this study is to compare the efficacy of intracorporeal lithotripsy
of the major salivary glands using a Holmium:YAG laser performed
under LA versus GA.
Materials and Methods
A retrospective observational study was conducted on a cohort of patients who,
between January 2017 and June 2025, underwent intraductal lithotripsy for
salivary gland stones using a Holmium:YAG laser under either GA or LA at the
University ENT Department of the ASL of Latina. Pediatric patients and those
who had previously undergone salivary stone removal via intraductal
fragmentation (pneumatic or laser), or prior surgery of the floor of the mouth or
neck, were excluded from the study.
Results
A total of 34 patients underwent Holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy for major
salivary gland stones. Four patients were excluded for not meeting the inclusion
criteria, leaving a final sample of 30 patients. Patients were divided into two
groups: 16 treated under GA and 14 under LA. In the LA group, a therapeutic
success rate of 71.4% was observed, compared to 87.5% in the GA group. No
statistically significant differences were found between the two groups (GA vs.
LA) in terms of therapeutic success (p=:0,387), duration of the surgical procedure
(p: 0,084), occurrence of complications (p= 0,586), or postoperative pain (p=
0,634).
Conclusion
Intraductal lithotripsy with the Holmium:YAG laser for the treatment of major
salivary gland sialolithiasis performed under local anesthesia represents an
effective and safe therapeutic option. Expanding the use of this technique could
lead to a reduction in costs for both the patient and the healthcare system, while
simultaneously decreasing waiting times
Integrated Revealing GIS Models to Monitor, Understand and Foresee the Spread of Diseases and Support Emergency Response
No full textThe importance of GIS models to monitor the spread of infectious diseases and support
emergency response has been underlined by a large body of literature and strengthened by
the COVID-19 pandemic to identify possible solutions able to recognise spatio-temporal
clusters and patterns, evaluate the presence of acceleration factors and define specific
actions. In the field of applied research on health geography and geography of safety, this
work briefly displays the main aims of the project “Integrated revealing GIS models to
monitor, understand and foresee the spread of diseases and support emergency response”
and shows some illustrative applications. The basic assumption of the project is to test
revealing models regarding key objectives of social utility, and one of its main aims is
to elaborate GIS applications able to understand the spread of COVID-19, relating the
geocalisations of the cases with specific variables. In order to provide targeted evidence
able to better highlight local differences, a number of elaborations derived from (Arc)GIS
models and based on data regarding COVID-19 according to sex, age and healthcare
facilities in the Rome municipality (Italy) are presented and contextualised as examples,
also replicable for precision preparedness
The role of cumulative adverse childhood experiences in the interrelationships among addictive behaviors: A network analysis study
No full textBackground: Adverse childhood experiences have been identified as important risk factors for addictive behaviors, particularly when cumulatively occurring. The present cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the differences and interrelationships of addictive behaviors (both substance and behavior-related, such as gaming and overeating) according to adverse childhood experiences.
Method: A total of 802 participants recruited from the Italian general population completed the brief Screener for Substance and Behavioral Addiction and Childhood Traumatic Events Scale. Based on reported adverse childhood experiences, participants were divided into three groups: no adverse experience, single adverse experience, and multiple adverse experiences. The interrelationships among addictive behaviors in the groups were assessed using a network analysis approach.
Results: The multiple adverse experiences group reported significantly higher levels of addictive behaviors related to tobacco, overeating, and sex. Network analysis showed that in the multiple adverse experiences group, addictive behaviors were more interrelated, displaying a greater number of associations among each other than in the no adverse experience and single adverse experience groups. Particularly, in the multiple adverse experiences group, substance-related addictive behaviors (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, cocaine) showed strong interrelationships, suggesting a pattern of polysubstance use. Moreover, in the multiple adverse experiences group, overeating showed associations with the other types of addictive behaviors. Lastly, in each group, compulsive sex was associated with most of the other types of addictive behaviors, and, specifically, in the multiple adverse experiences group, it showed connections with shopping and overworking, while in the no adverse experience group, with cannabis, videogaming, and overeating.
Conclusions: The main findings of the study showed that individuals with cumulative adverse childhood experiences not only reported higher severity of single addictive behaviors, but also greater interrelationships among each other, highlighting in these individuals a potential pattern of mutual reinforcement and links between several addictive behaviors
Impact of Interdental Brushing on Pregnancy‐Associated Gingivitis: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomised Controlled Trial
No full textAim: To assess whether daily use of calibrated interdental brushes can reduce gingival bleeding in pregnant women at high risk of preeclampsia. Materials and methods: In this multi-centre randomised controlled trial, 323 nulliparous women at risk of preeclampsia and with an intact periodontium were enrolled at 12 weeks of gestation. Participants were randomly allocated (1:1) to either: (i) the intervention group receiving individualised interdental hygiene instructions and calibrated interdental brushes for daily use, or (ii) the control group: receiving routine antenatal care. All participants were recalled at 1 week after baseline, 4, 5 and 8 months of pregnancy for assessments of bleeding on probing (BOP) and other periodontal indices. Linear mixed models were used to assess changes in bleeding over time, and logistic regression was used to evaluate predictors of bleeding resolution at the final follow-up. Results: At 8 months of pregnancy, the intervention group showed a significant reduction in gingival bleeding, from 56% at baseline to 12% (-79.9%, p < 0.001), whereas the control group remained stable. Most of the improvement occurred during the first week (-56.8%). Among participants with severe baseline bleeding (> 81%), the reduction reached 84.3% (p < 0.05). Longitudinal analysis confirmed sustained reductions at each follow-up. Interdental brushing was the strongest independent predictor of bleeding reduction (OR = 3.14; 95% CI: 2.01-4.90). Conclusions: Daily use of calibrated interdental brushes, introduced early in pregnancy, significantly reduced gingival bleeding with rapid and sustained effects. These findings support the feasibility and clinical relevance of individualised interdental hygiene as a preventive strategy within standard antenatal oral health care. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04989075 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04989075)
Dentro la black box. Come spiegare la matematica dell’IA a scuola?
No full textL’articolo descrive un laboratorio didattico svolto in un liceo scientifico matematico per introdurre agli studenti i principi di base del Natural Language Processing e del machine learning, utilizzando un semplice algoritmo di classificazione testuale. Attraverso il modello Bag-of-Words e il classificatore Naive Bayes, gli studenti hanno costruito un sistema capace di distinguere versi poetici di Leopardi e Montale, comprendendo come le macchine riconoscano pattern linguistici senza interpretare il significato. L’esperienza mostra come “aprire” modelli semplificati analoghi agli LLM favorisca la consapevolezza del ruolo della matematica nell’intelligenza artificiale e promuova un uso più critico e informato di questi strumenti.The article presents a classroom laboratory conducted in a mathematics-oriented high school to introduce students to basic concepts of Natural Language Processing and machine learning through a simple text-classification task. Using the Bag-of-Words model and a Naive Bayes classifier, students built an algorithm capable of distinguishing poetic verses by Leopardi and Montale, learning how machines identify linguistic patterns without understanding meaning. The activity demonstrates how simplified models analogous to large language models can enhance students’ awareness of the mathematical foundations of artificial intelligence and encourage a more critical and informed use of AI tools