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Movement ecology, landscape connectivity, and hunting-mortality risk in a transboundary European brown bear (Ursus arctos) population
No full textConserving large mammalian carnivores remains one of the greatest challenges for global biodiversity, due to their high energetic and spatial demands and their increasing exposure to habitat fragmentation and human-caused mortality, such as hunting. In Europe, the overall successful recovery of the brown bear Ursus arctos illustrates the complex task of fostering coexistence within heavily human-modified landscapes, for instance, by maintaining landscape connectivity and mitigating the spatially heterogeneous risk of mortality. The transboundary Finnish-Russian Karelian brown bear population, managed through legal hunting and facing limited connectivity to the Scandinavian peninsula, provides a representative case study for exploring these ecological dynamics. This thesis aimed to identify the spatial and temporal scales at which direct and indirect forms of human disturbance may affect movement behaviour, space-use patterns, and landscape connectivity in this population. The research comprises four chapters integrating behavioural, movement, and spatial ecology, and draws on long-term (2002–2014) GPS telemetry and hunting-mortality datasets. Specifically, I employed advanced analytical tools, including step-selection analysis for movement and habitat selection, Circuitscape for modelling connectivity, and resource selection functions for assessing mortality risk. First, I found that mating requirements strongly influenced male brown bear movements, leading to increased daily displacements within high-disturbance areas and indicating a behavioural response to elevated risk perception. Second, when comparing movement rates across two regions differing in human impact, bears in the more disturbed region showed lower overall movement, suggesting proactive spatial adjustments to minimise risk exposure. However, the absence of a temporal avoidance signal suggested that individuals may be approaching the limits of behavioural plasticity. Third, spatial modelling revealed that roughly 44% of the potential corridor area in Finland overlapped with zones of high hunting-mortality risk, implying that such risk may constrain intra-population connectivity toward Scandinavia by acting as a functional barrier to bear movements. Fourth, among four alternative approaches tested for modelling hunting-mortality risk, I found the random-background method yielded the highest predictive performance, suggesting that harvest primarily reflects landscape accessibility and human-use patterns rather than animal space use alone. Overall, the findings from this thesis support the hypothesis that human-caused mortality risk, arising from multiple anthropogenic activities, may significantly undermine landscape connectivity — a process of broad relevance for large-carnivore conservation worldwide. Moreover, this research provides practical methodological insights for wildlife managers, helping to design effective harvest management strategies and foster long-term human–wildlife coexistence
Biopsia liquida nel carcinoma della vescica in fase precoce: ruolo di test multi-analita su sangue ed altri fluidi biologici
No full textINTRODUZIONE: Il carcinoma vescicale non muscolo-invasivo (NMIBC) rappresenta circa il 75% dei tumori vescicali diagnosticati e sebbene abbia una prognosi iniziale più favorevole, si caratterizza per un alto tasso di recidiva e un rischio di progressione alla forma muscolo-invasiva del 30-50%. Ciò comporta la necessità di una stretta e prolungata sorveglianza, nonché di ripetute terapie intravescicali ed interventi invasivi. Allo scopo di ridurre la frequenza di ripetute cistoscopie invasive, nella gestione clinica del NMIBC permane una rilevante esigenza di biomarcatori non invasivi in grado di stratificare i pazienti in categorie di rischio, migliorare il monitoraggio della malattia, supportare le decisioni terapeutiche ed affinare la prognosi. Un numero crescente di studi scientifici sostiene l’impiego di approcci basati sulla biopsia liquida, che utilizzano biomarcatori circolanti allo scopo di migliorare la precisione diagnostica, supportare decisione terapeutiche più mirate e fornire una prognosi più accurata, riducendo al contempo la necessità di procedure invasive ripetute e il disagio per i pazienti. Sebbene il ruolo della biopsia liquida sia ben consolidato nel contesto metastatico, il suo ruolo nel NMIBC rimane ad oggi poco esplorato. Lo scopo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato quello di valutare l’utilità clinica di una biopsia liquida multi-analita effettuata su diversi fluidi biologici (sangue ed urina) in due coorti indipendenti di pazienti affetti da NMIBC, con l’obiettivo di contribuire allo sviluppo di nuove strategie di stratificazione del rischio e di monitoraggio della malattia. MATERIALI E METODI: Nel seguente studio sono state arruolate due diverse coorti di pazienti con NMIBC: una coorte prospettica (32 pazienti) ed una retrospettiva (93 pazienti). La prima è stata arruolata allo scopo di 1) investigare l’applicabilità della piattaforma Myriapod NGS alla matrice urinaria e 2) verificare la concordanza urina-tessuto per mutazioni clinicamente rilevanti a scopo predittivo. La coorte retrospettiva è stata analizzata allo scopo di rivalutare il valore prognostico delle CTC, alla luce della nuova classificazione delle stesse, e di altri analiti (DP,EV) attraverso l’uso combinato di CellSearch® e di un software (ACCEPT) recentemente integrato nella piattaforma. Per lo studio prospettico, il DNA urinario (utDNA) è stato estratto mediante la piattaforma Maxwell® RSC, mentre per il DNA da tessuto (tDNA) è stato utilizzato kit QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue. Il sequenziamento di utDNA e tDNA è stato eseguito mediante la piattaforma Myriapod NGS, utilizzando il kit Myriapod NGS Cancer panel DNA, compatibile con iSeq 100, che permette l’analisi di polimorfismo a singolo nucleotide ed indels in 17 geni (ALK, BRAF, EGFR, ERBB2, FGFR3, HRAS, IDH1, IDH2, KIT, KRAS, MET, NRAS, PDGFRA, PIK3CA, POLE, RET, ROS1) le cui alterazioni hanno rilevanza clinica. Per lo studio retrospettivo, sono state rivalutate, sia manualmente che attraverso l’uso integrato di ACCEPT, immagini archiviate e generate dal sistema CellSearch® ottenute processando 7,5 mL di sangue di pazienti con NMIBC tra il 2010 ed il 2012 (follow-up mediano 65 mesi). Per l’analisi occhiometrica le CTC sono state identificate come eventi con morfologia tondeggiante, con diametro maggiore o uguale a 4 m, positivi per DAPI e CK, negativi per CD45, e con l’area del nucleo più piccola di quella citoplasmatica e inclusa per più del 50% nel citoplasma. Attraverso l’uso di ACCEPT, sono stati definiti i parametri per il rilevamento automatico di CTC, DP ed EV. I dati raccolti sono stati messi in relazione ai seguenti outcome clinici: tempo alla progressione (TTP) e sopravvivenza cancro-specifica (CSS). Per lo studio prospettico sono state condotte analisi descrittive delle variabili categoriali e continue, e i risultati del sequenziamento NGS su tDNA e utDNA sono stati confrontati calcolando sensibilità, specificità, VPP, VPN e concordanza. Le mutazioni comuni ai due test, insieme ai valori di frequenza allelica mutante (MAF), sono state ulteriormente analizzate. Le variabili continue sono state confrontate mediante test U di Mann-Whitney. Per lo studio retrospettivo la correlazione tra CTC, DP ed EV e gli endpoint clinici è stata valutata con curve di Kaplan-Meier e modelli di regressione di Cox univariati e multivariati, includendo età e multifocalità come covariate. Per entrambe le popolazioni, i risultati sono stati espressi come Hazard Ratio (HR) con indice di confidenza 95% (IC95%), e sono state considerate significative le differenze con p < 0,05. Tutte le analisi sono state condotte con R (v.4.4.0). RISULTATI: Nello studio prospettico sono stati arruolati 32 pazienti con NMIBC di età compresa tra 62 e 80 anni, di cui il 68,8% uomini e il 31,2% donne.. L’analisi molecolare mediante NGS ha permesso di delineare i profili mutazionali a partire da tDNA e da utDNA. Le mutazioni più frequenti identificate su tessuto hanno interessato FGFR3, BRAF, KIT ed EGFR, mentre le alterazioni in PIK3CA, KRAS, IDH2 e RET sono risultate meno comuni. L’utDNA, invece, ha mostrato un panorama mutazionale più ampio e complesso, con la comparsa di mutazioni non osservate nel tessuto, come NRAS, HRAS, IDH1, POLE, PDGFRA e ROS1. Complessivamente, le urine hanno rivelato un numero di mutazioni più elevato (102) rispetto ai campioni tissutali (39). La concordanza complessiva tra i due approcci è risultata del 56,3%: in oltre un quarto dei pazienti (28,1%) sono state identificate mutazioni esclusivamente nell’utDNA, confermandone la maggiore sensibilità. Le analisi delle frequenze alleliche hanno evidenziato come le mutazioni nel tDNA presentassero frequenze alleliche più alte, indicativo di cloni dominanti, mentre l’utDNA fosse in grado di intercettare varianti subclonali a bassa frequenza. Dal punto di vista quantitativo, le concentrazioni mediane di DNA sono risultate significativamente più basse nei campioni urinari (1,28 ng/μL) rispetto a quelli tessutali (13,17 ng/μL). Tuttavia, l’indice di frammentazione (IF) ha mostrato una tendenza opposta: l’utDNA era caratterizzato da una frammentazione più bassa rispetto al tDNA, suggerendo una migliore integrità del DNA nelle urine. È stata inoltre osservata un’associazione significativa tra IF urinario e grado della lesione tumorale, con valori più bassi nei tumori ad alto grado. In particolare, la mutazione di FGFR3 si è associata sia al tipo di lesione sia a valori più bassi di frammentazione. Lo studio retrospettivo ha incluso 93 pazienti con NMIBC a rischio alto o molto alto secondo EAU Risk Calculator. La rivalutazione manuale delle CTC con CellSearch® ha identificato 20 pazienti con almeno una CTC (CTC +), i quali mostravano un TTP e una CSS significativamente peggiori rispetto ai CTC− (TTP mediana 18 vs 147 mesi; CSS mediana 70 mesi vs non raggiunta). Inoltre, i pazienti sono stati stratificati in base alla presenza delle CTC in rischio alto (CTC -) e molto alto (CTC +). Confrontando i dati ottenuti con l’EAU Risk Calculator, i due sistemi di stratificazione del rischio sono risultati concordanti nella quasi totalità della popolazione, mentre hanno dato risultati discordanti in 14 pazienti. Dalla correlazione con gli outcome clinici è emerso che il sistema EAU ha sovrastimato il rischio nel 57,14% dei pazienti discordanti e sottostimato il rischio nel 28,6%, mentre le CTC hanno sottostimando il rischio solo nel 14,3%. L’analisi automatizzata con ACCEPT, pur identificando un numero minore di eventi, ha confermato il ruolo prognostico negativo delle CTC e ha inoltre consentito l’identificazione delle cellule DP e delle vescicole extracellulari. La presenza di DP è stata riscontrata associata a un rischio raddoppiato di progressione e mortalità, mentre EV elevate hanno mostrato associazione prognostica negativa solo in analisi univariate. All’analisi multivariata, le CTC sono risultate essere un fattore indipendente più forte sia per la progressione sia per la sopravvivenza (HR = 11), mentre le DP hanno mostrato un impatto significativo ma meno marcato. Le EV non sono invece risultate predittori indipendenti. CONCLUSIONI: Questo studio evidenzia il potenziale di un approccio multi-analita di biopsia liquida, applicato a sangue e urina, come strumento non invasivo per la gestione del NMIBC. L’integrazione di diverse fonti informative, comprendenti DNA tumorale, cellule circolanti, cellule ibride e vescicole extracellulari è in grado di migliorare la predizione del rischio di recidiva/progressione e di orientare le decisioni terapeutiche. In prospettiva, la combinazione tra sequenziamento dell’utDNA e analisi multiparametrica di CTC, DP ed EV nella stessa coorte prospettica di pazienti potrebbe rafforzare l’affidabilità dei biomarcatori e supportare una stratificazione prognostica più accurata
Multidimensional fluids of light in nonlinear physics: bridging theory and experiment in integrable and non-integrable regimes
No full textAbstract
The nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLS) plays a central role in nonlinear physics,
bridging classical and quantum frameworks through a unified mathematical model.
While the integrability of the one-dimensional (1D) NLS has yielded profound
insights and exact analytical solutions, such as solitons and breathers, the dynamics
of the non-integrable two-dimensional (2D) NLS remain largely unexplored, both
theoretically and experimentally. This thesis investigates the 2D NLS from an
experimental perspective, in a 2D fluid of light realized by propagating a laser
beam in a photorefractive nonlinear crystal. We have developed an innovative
experimental platform for the investigation of 2D fluids of light, whose main key
points are a holographic method for the precise shape of the optical wavefront and
the tunability of the nonlinear response of the crystal. By precisely shaping the
optical wavefront and tuning the nonlinear response of the medium, we explore
both self-focusing and self-defocusing regimes with controlled initial conditions. Two
main experiments are presented. The first explores the evolution of a non-analytical
initial condition, the 2D dam-break problem, in the focusing regime. By comparing
with the integrable 1D dynamics, we reveal that the phenomenology is partially
conserved and new features unique to higher-dimensional systems emerge. The
second experiment demonstrates the emergence of an integrable regime within a
non-integrable system, confirmed by the observation of a 2D lump soliton, an exact
solution of the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation. This discovery shows that
under specific conditions, integrable-like behavior can be observed even in a 2D nonintegrable
system. Beyond fundamental insights into nonlinear wave dynamics, the
thesis also explores the potential of nonlinear systems for neuromorphic computing.
In particular, we present a platform based on exciton-polaritons as a quantum fluid of
light, and discuss its application for implementing reservoir computing architectures
aimed at quantum state reconstruction. This opens avenues toward the use of
wave-based nonlinear systems as fast and efficient physical neural networks
Autonomic small fiber involvement in painful long COVID: a histological and clinical study
No full textBackground: Despite growing recognition of painful long COVID syndrome as a chronic neurological condition marked by pain and autonomic symptoms, the precise contribution of autonomic small fiber involvement is still not well characterized and understood. In this retrospective study, we aimed to identify autonomic small fiber involvement in patients with painful long COVID syndrome by analyzing skin biopsy data. We used nerve fiber density in the piloerector muscles (PMNFD) and sweat glands (SGNFD) as the primary histological outcomes of autonomic innervation. Methods: We reviewed skin biopsy samples from 50 patients with painful long COVID syndrome and included 31 patients with available PMNFD and SGNFD data for analysis. PMNFD and SGNFD were compared with an age-and sex-matched healthy control group (n = 42). To evaluate whether autonomic involvement was independent of somatic nerve fiber reduction, a subgroup analysis was performed in patients with normal intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) (n = 23). Correlations between histological findings and autonomic symptoms, assessed with the COMPASS-31 questionnaire, were also analyzed. Results: Piloerector muscle nerve fiber density and SGNFD were significantly reduced in patients with long COVID compared with controls, both in the full sample (p = 0.0135; p < 0.0001) and in the subgroup with normal IENFD (p = 0.0003; p = 0.0005). Neither PMNFD nor SGNFD correlated with COMPASS-31 scores (p = 0.27; p = 0.46) and no association with disease onset, duration and COVID-19 severity was found. Conclusion: These findings provide histological evidence that autonomic small fiber damage is a prominent and measurable feature of painful long COVID syndrome. Importantly, this pathology was also observed in patients with preserved IENFD, indicating that autonomic involvement may occur independently of somatic small fiber loss
Behavioral modeling of social bots: from detection to simulation
No full textThe proliferation of bots on Online Social Networks (OSNs) represents a growing threat to public discourse, misinformation, and the manipulation of public opinion. The challenge of detecting these bots has intensified with the advent of Large Language Model (LLM), which can generate content nearly indistinguishable from that produced by humans, rendering many traditional detection methods obsolete. This thesis addresses the problem through the study and development of new techniques for both bot detection and simulation.
The work is grounded in the concept of Digital DNA, from which several contributions are presented. The first contribution involves image-based detection, where, in a completely novel approach, D-DNA sequences are transformed into images and subsequently classified using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The underlying hypothesis, confirmed by the results, is that the behavioral patterns of bots and humans generate discriminative visual features, demonstrating effectiveness comparable to the state-of-the-art methods, particularly against LLM-based bots. The second main contribution consists of an efficient, training-free classification methodology based on hashing techniques. This approach proves to be computationally lightweight, practical even with limited data, and suitable for early detection, outperforming several complex machine learning and deep
learning models across multiple datasets. Finally, the third main contribution is GenBot, a framework for simulating LLM bots whose behavior is based on the Digital DNA of real users. This controlled environment was used to evaluate the robustness of security mechanisms in various open-source LLMs, revealing a significant tendency to
generate toxic content. Overall, this thesis contributes to the Social Bot Detection (SBD) field with innovative, efficient, and robust techniques, while providing a critical analysis of the emerging challenges posed by the new generation of AI-enhanced bots
I musei universitari, da giacimenti di oggetti ad attualità dei saperi
No full textI musei universitari costituiscono un patrimonio di grande valore storico, scientifico e culturale, in grado di documentare l’evoluzione della ricerca e dei saperi nei diversi ambiti disciplinari. Dopo una fase di crisi nella seconda metà del Novecento, a partire dagli anni Duemila si è sviluppata una rinnovata consapevolezza del loro ruolo, sostenuta in Italia dall’azione della Commissione Musei della CRUI, che ha promosso il coordinamento delle strutture museali, la nascita dei Sistemi Museali di Ateneo e la loro integrazione in una rete nazionale. In questo contesto si inserisce negli ultimi anni la crescente attenzione dell’ANVUR al ruolo dei musei universitari nella Terza Missione, sostanziata dalla consapevolezza del loro valore strategico nella divulgazione scientifica, nella formazione permanente e nella costruzione di relazioni con la società e il territorio.
L’istituzione del Sistema Museale Nazionale ha ulteriormente rafforzato questo percorso, equiparando i musei universitari agli altri istituti museali secondo standard condivisi di qualità, accessibilità e sostenibilità. Oggi essi sono chiamati a superare la sola funzione conservativa, proponendo narrazioni aggiornate capaci di raccontare non solo i saperi del passato, ma anche l’attualità della ricerca scientifica.
Su queste basi, molti atenei hanno avviato progetti di riqualificazione dei musei, spesso legati a ricorrenze istituzionali o ai finanziamenti del PNRR, intervenendo sia sugli aspetti architettonici e museografici sia su quelli narrativi e comunicativi, con l’obiettivo di rendere le collezioni accessibili a un pubblico più ampio.
In questo scenario, le competenze scientifiche e progettuali del personale universitario rappresentano una risorsa fondamentale per trasformare gli spazi accademici in luoghi dinamici di condivisione del sapere e di coinvolgimento attivo delle comunità.University museums constitute a great historical, scientific, and cultural value heritage, capable of documenting the evolution of research and knowledge in various disciplinary fields. After a period of crisis in the second half of the twentieth century, a renewed awareness of their role has developed since the 2000s, supported in Italy by the work of the CRUI Museums Commission, which promoted the coordination of museum structures, the creation of University Museum Systems, and their integration into a national network. This context has seen ANVUR's growing attention in recent years to the role of university museums in the Third Mission, underpinned by an awareness of their strategic value in scientific dissemination, lifelong learning, and building relationships with society and city.
The establishment of the Sistema Museale Nazionale has further strengthened this process, placing university museums on a par with other museums according to shared standards of quality, accessibility, and sustainability. Today, they are called upon to transcend their mere conservation function, proposing updated narratives capable of recounting not only past knowledge but also contemporary scientific research.
On this basis, many universities have launched museum renewal projects, often tied to institutional anniversaries or PNRR funding, concerning both architectural and museographic aspects as well as narrative and communication aspects, with the aim of making collections accessible to a wider audience.
In this scenario, the scientific and design expertise of university staff represents a fundamental resource for transforming academic spaces into dynamic places for sharing knowledge and actively engaging communities
Global existence for a Leibenson type equation with reaction on Riemannian manifolds
No full textWe show a global existence result for a doubly nonlinear porous medium type equation of the form ut=Δpum+uq on a complete and non-compact Riemannian manifold M of infinite volume. Here, for 11 and q>m(p−1). In particular, under the assumptions that M supports the Sobolev inequality, we prove that a solution for such a problem exists globally in time provided [Formula presented] and the initial datum is small enough; namely, we establish an explicit bound on the L∞ norm of the solution at all positive times, in terms of the L1 norm of the data. Under the additional assumption that a Poincaré-type inequality also holds in M, we can establish the same result in the larger interval, i.e. q>m(p−1). This result has no Euclidean counterpart, as it differs entirely from the case of a bounded Euclidean domain due to the fact that M is non-compact and has infinite measure
A comprehensive evaluation of cardiac reverse remodeling before and after SGLT2i therapy in a real-world cohort of patients with heart failure: an advanced imaging study
No full textBACKGROUND: Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have demonstrated beneficial effects on cardiac reverse remodeling (RR) in patients with heart failure (HF). However, current imaging evidence mainly focuses on single cardiac chambers, particularly the left ventricle (LV) or left atrium (LA), while integrated biventricular and atrial remodeling remains poorly explored. In addition, real-world HF data are limited, flow–myocardial coupling parameters such as hemodynamic forces (HDFs) are scarcely investigated, and sex-specific differences are still unclear.
PURPOSE: To evaluate cardiac RR after initiation of SGLT2i in a real-world HF population. Secondary aims were to assess whether changes in HDFs provide complementary functional information and to descriptively explore sex-related differences in echocardiographic remodeling patterns.
METHODS: HF patients with ejection fraction (EF) <45%, naive to SGLT2i and on optimized HF therapy for at least 3 months, were enrolled. Cardiac chamber dimensions and function were assessed using standard and advanced echocardiography, including speckle-tracking and HDFs. NYHA class and NT-proBNP were collected. Patients were analyzed overall and stratified by sex.
RESULTS: Eighty-eight patients were included. After 6 months, significant RR was observed across all three chambers. LV RR occurred in 37 patients (42%), right ventricular (RV) RR in 45 (51%), biventricular RR in 20 (23%), and LA RR in 17 (19%). HDFs showed a significative realignment. RR effects were comparable between sexes (p > 0.05). NYHA class and NT-proBNP significantly decreased.
CONCLUSIONS: SGLT2i therapy was associated with significant multi-chamber cardiac RR and realignment of HDFs, indicating improved myocardial–flow coupling, without sex-related differences. Larger and longer-term randomized studies are warranted
Redistribution and social investments. a soft power perspective on european welfare
No full textAmid overlapping crises and growing territorial disparities, the European Union increasingly relies on social policy as a tool of cohesion. Internally, redistribution through welfare plays a key role in stabilizing peripheral regions and mitigating tensions between more affluent “frugal” countries and less wealthy Member States. Externally, Europe’s social model can be understood as a form of global soft power, offering a normative alternative to the neoliberal governance of the United States and the state-driven model of China. Against this backdrop, while substantial literature addresses regional disparities and EU social investment strategies, less attention has been paid to welfare policy as a geopolitical instrument, both in terms of internal stabilization within the EU and as a global cultural project competing with other governance models. This research seeks to fill the gap by investigating how redistributive welfare policies act as internal geopolitical tools for stabilizing intra-European asymmetries, and function externally as instruments of soft power, positioning the “Social Europe” model within a global competition of governance regimes. The study adopts a qualitative, reflexive approach: it combines discourse analysis (policy narratives and normative frames) with comparative examination of selected EU cases (e.g. “frugal” versus “peripheral” Member States) to trace the spatial and temporal evolution of EU welfare strategies, with a focus on cohesion policy and social investment within broader power dynamics. The study is expected to illustrate how: i) the “Social Europe” model holds soft power potential as a normative and cultural alternative to dominant global governance styles; ii) a minimal shared principle of solidarity and reciprocity
is necessary for a sustainable and integrated European social model; iii) contrary to expectations, current welfare arrangements produce clear distinctions between “insiders” and “outsiders”, with implications for the coherence of EU citizenship and for the stability of the Union itself
Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Thapsia garganica L. Different Parts: HPLC-DAD Profiling,Cholinesterase Inhibition, and Antioxidant Potential
No full textThis study investigates the biological properties of methanolic and petroleum ether (PE) extracts from the roots and flowers of Thapsia garganica L., providing new insights into its potential medicinal uses. Although T. garganica has a long history in traditional medicine, the anticholinesterase and tyrosinase-inhibiting activities of this species have been poorly documented and remain insufficiently explored in the scientific literature. The antioxidant activity was assessed using three complementary assays: DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS cation radical scavenging, and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity. Anticholinesterase activity was tested against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), key enzymes involved in Alzheimer’s disease, while tyrosinase inhibitory activity was measured using the L-DOPA method. The HPLC-DAD analysis revealed that the methanolic extract from the roots contained curcumin, epicatechin, and propyl gallate as principal components. The methanolic extract of the flowers was primarily dominated by rutin, chlorogenic acid, and luteolin. Meanwhile, the methanolic extract from the leaves contained rutin, chlorogenic acid, and hesperetin. The methanolic flower extract demonstrated high antioxidant activity in all tests. In contrast, the PE extract from the roots showed significant BChE inhibitory activity. This study suggests that T. garganica L. may offer potent natural compounds useful for the treatment of conditions like Alzheimer’s disease