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    Dissecting Small-Molecule Inhibition And Biological Perturbations Of Ciliary Hedgehog Signaling Using Chemical And Genetic Tools

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    The primary cilium is a microtubule-based organelle that extends from the cell surface. It serves as a sensory hub, detecting external stimuli and orchestrating key signaling pathways, like the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. It has been extensively studied due to its critical role in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Its dysregulation can contribute to the development of various cancers. Additionally, the primary cilium structure and function are highly regulated and defects can lead to a broad range of disorders known as ciliopathies. As aberrant Hedgehog pathway is a driving force in tumor development, phenotypic screening campaigns have been conducted successfully, with discovery of various small molecule inhibitors. Not only their usage as anti-cancer drugs is relevant, they serve as essential tools to uncover signaling biology. However, the identification of the cellular target and mechanism-of-action (MoA) of compound hits is often challenging, vastly reducing their potential. CRISPR-based screens have also shown great potential to identify novel modulators of the Hh pathway. However, many screen hits lack validation and mechanistic insights into their involvement in the signaling cascade remain unresolved. Additionally, as much as discovery of novel pathway modulators is important, the exact role of known key components of the pathway is yet to be fully characterized. The first project centers on the development of a CRISPR-based screening approach to decipher the MoA of novel Hh pathway inhibitors. After successfully conducting the CRISPR-KO screen, we identified and validated resistance mechanisms against both upstream and downstream Hh pathway inhibitors, through KO of Mosmo and Paxip1, respectively. We used the screening strategy to investigate a novel Hh pathway inhibitor, hit 7, demonstrating its similarity to SMO inhibitors and its effect on the protein itself. As treatment resistance remains a major obstacle in cancer therapy, our findings provide new insight to develop preventive strategies to bypass such issue. We expect this screening strategy to become an important complement to existing methodologies for MoA studies of novel inhibitors. In the second project, we utilized the CRISPR-KO screening approach to confirm the importance of previously discovered, but unvalidated, gene hits. We focused on characterizing the regulatory function of NF2 on different steps of Hedgehog pathway transduction. We demonstrated that NF2 not only is required for Hedgehog pathway responsiveness to stimulation but is also important for proper function and maintenance of the primary cilium. Identifying these novel pathway components is fundamental as it expands our understanding of both the Hedgehog pathway and the organelle. Finally, we developed tools to study the ciliary membrane tension, by combining the HaloFlipper and ciliary expression of the HaloTag. We successfully monitored membrane tension differences in the inner leaflet of the primary cilium upon pathway activation. Apart from further dissecting PTCH1 inhibitory function in the Hh pathway, the role of ciliary membrane tension remains unexplored, yet it could be a key factor in the organelle mechano-sensory function. In conclusion, the work described herein advances several genetic and chemical technologies to enhance our understanding of ciliary signaling - and inhibition thereof - at a molecular level.</p

    Enjeux pharmaceutiques autour de la pénicilline G : exemple de la syphilis

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    Discovered in the early 20th century, penicillin gained prominence during World War II, enabling the treatment of infections that were previously fatal. Now one of the most widely used families of antibiotics, penicillins and their derivatives are considered essential medications by the WHO, being the main reference for empirical treatment of respiratory infections or specific ones such as syphilis. Regular shortages of benzathine benzylpenicillin hinder the proper management of this sexually transmitted infection. Hospital pharmacies adapt to both local and international constraints. Here, the logistics set up by the pharmacy at HUG (Geneva University Hospitals) are illustrated to prevent any risk of supply disruptions, thanks to interprofessional collaboration.Découverte au début du 20e siècle, la pénicilline connaît son moment de gloire durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale permettant de soigner des infections jusque-là mortelles. Devenue l’une des familles d’antibiotiques les plus utilisées, les pénicillines et leurs dérivés sont considérés comme des médicaments indispensables par l’OMS, seule référence, notamment pour le traitement empirique d’infections respiratoires ou spécifiques telles que la syphilis. De régulières pénuries de benzathine benzylpénicilline pénalisent la bonne prise en charge de cette infection sexuellement transmissible. Les pharmacies hospitalières s’adaptent aux contraintes locales et internationales. Dans cet article, la logistique mise en place par la pharmacie des Hôpitaux universitaires de Genève pour éviter tout risque de ruptures d’approvisionnement grâce à une collaboration interprofessionnelle est présentée

    Analogues du GLP-1 : bénéfice cardiorénal chez le patient diabétique de type 2

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    GLP-1 analogs have revolutionized the management of type 2 diabetes, providing metabolic and cardiovascular benefits independent of glycemic control. In addition to promoting weight loss and improving endothelial function, they reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events and slow the progression of chronic kidney disease. Studies also highlight their potential in managing metabolic steatopathy and cognitive disorders. The combination of GLP-1 analogs and SGLT-2 inhibitors optimizes cardio-renal protection. A comprehensive approach combining pharmacological treatment and lifestyle modifications remains essential.Les analogues du GLP-1 ont révolutionné la prise en charge du diabète de type 2, offrant des bénéfices métaboliques et cardiovasculaires indépendants du contrôle glycémique. En plus de favoriser la perte de poids et d’améliorer la fonction endothéliale, ils réduisent le risque d’événements cardiovasculaires majeurs et ralentissent la progression de la maladie rénale chronique. Des études montrent également leur potentiel dans la gestion de la stéatose hépatique métabolique et des troubles cognitifs. L’association des analogues du GLP-1 et des inhibiteurs du SGLT2 optimise la protection cardiorénale. Une approche globale combinant traitement médicamenteux et modifications du mode de vie reste essentielle

    Programme d’éducation thérapeutique pour personnes migrantes et allophones en situation d’obésité

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    Les patients migrants et allophones sont souvent confrontés à des barrières linguistiques, culturelles et structurelles, avec un accès limité aux soins. Afin de répondre à cette problématique, l’Unité d’éducation thérapeutique du patient des HUG, a créé un nouveau programme spécifique pour ces personnes en situation d’obésité. Il inclut des ateliers d’éducation thérapeutique adaptés à leurs compétences linguistiques, leur littératie en santé et leur parcours migratoire. Une équipe interdisciplinaire, avec le soutien d’interprètes, collabore pour offrir des soins inclusifs et personnalisés, favorisant l’autonomie des patients. Ce dispositif innovant vise à réduire les inégalités de santé, améliorer l’accès aux soins et renforcer la capacité des patients à gérer leur maladie dans un environnement respectueux de leur diversité culturelle.Migrant and allophone people often face linguistic, cultural and structural barriers, with limited access to healthcare. To address this issue, the Therapeutic Patient Education Unit has created at the University Hospitals of Geneva a new therapeutic programme specifically for these people living with obesity. It includes educational workshops tailored to their language skills, health literacy and migratory background. An interdisciplinary team, with the support of interpreters, works together to provide inclusive and personalized care, promoting persons' autonomy. The aim of this innovative scheme is to reduce health inequalities, improve access to care and enhance persons' ability to manage their illness in an environment that respects their cultural diversity

    Gestion de l’arrêt des GLP-1 : comment accompagner une transition en toute sérénité

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    Les agonistes des récepteurs du glucagon-like peptide 1 ont révolutionné la prise en charge de l’obésité. Cependant, leur arrêt, souvent lié à des limitations de remboursement, expose à un risque élevé de reprise pondérale. Celle-ci est liée à des mécanismes biologiques complexes incluant une perturbation hormonale, une baisse du métabolisme basal et une dysrégulation des circuits centraux de la récompense. Une perte de poids durable est favorisée par une transition progressive, accompagnée d’un suivi professionnel et interdisciplinaire, intégrant les aspects diététiques, psychologiques et comportementaux, ainsi qu’une activité physique adaptée. Une approche globale, basée sur l’éducation thérapeutique du patient, est essentielle pour maintenir durablement les bénéfices thérapeutiques et limiter les effets rebond.Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists have revolutionized the management of obesity. However, when they are discontinued, often due to reimbursement limitations, there is a high risk of weight regain. This is linked to complex biological mechanisms, including hormonal disruption, a drop in basal metabolism, and dysregulation of central reward circuits. Lasting weight loss is best achieved through a gradual transition, accompanied by professional and interdisciplinary follow-up that includes nutritional, psychological, and behavioral interventions, as well as adapted physical activity. A comprehensive approach based on therapeutic patient education is essential for maintaining long-term therapeutic benefits and preventing rebound effects

    Patients en attente, systèmes en souffrance : repenser l’accès aux soins en obésité

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    Les centres de traitement et les spécialistes ne sont pas en mesure de faire face à la demande croissante. Depuis plus de deux décennies, l’obésité a le statut d’épidémie mondiale.</p

    Soutenir la santé mentale des futurs médecins : pistes de réflexion

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    Mental health problems are common among students, especially medical students. The latter suffer from higher levels of anxiety, depression, and burnout than the population of the same age. This growing field of research offers some insights into individual and systemic factors. Despite the current limited level of evidence, the international literature suggests areas for improvement to be included into the curriculum to support students' mental health. We summarize the main data available to date and present the current situation in Geneva and future perspectives.Les difficultés de santé mentale sont fréquentes chez les étudiants, et en particulier chez les étudiants en médecine. Ces derniers souffrent de niveaux plus élevés d’anxiété, de dépression et de burnout que la population du même âge. Ce domaine de recherche en pleine expansion offre quelques pistes de compréhension des facteurs individuels et systémiques. Malgré un niveau de preuve encore faible, la littérature internationale suggère des axes d’amélioration à intégrer dans le curriculum afin de soutenir la santé mentale des étudiants. Nous résumons ici les principales données disponibles à ce jour, ainsi que l’état des lieux actuel à Genève et les perspectives futures

    Nefesh

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    Nefesh in the Bibl

    Œil rouge en soins primaires : identifier l’urgence et optimiser la prise en charge

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    Identifying the causes of a red eye remains a significant clinical challenge, as it is crucial not to overlook an ophthalmological emergency. The causes are varied, ranging from benign conditions to serious diseases that may threaten vision. Based on current evidence, this article aims to provide primary care physicians with clear and relevant clinical guidelines to help them identify situations requiring urgent ophthalmological care. Taking a focused medical history, identifying red flags and performing a standardized clinical examination are essential. The article also offers tailored treatment strategies for each common cause of a red eye. Rapid referral to an ophthalmologist is essential in cases of uncertainty or severity.Identifier les causes d’un œil rouge demeure un enjeu clinique important pour ne pas passer à côté d’une urgence ophtalmologique. Les causes sont variées, allant de pathologies bénignes à des affections graves menaçant le pronostic visuel. Basé sur les données actuelles, cet article vise à fournir aux médecins de premier recours des éléments cliniques clairs et pertinents permettant d’identifier les situations nécessitant une prise en charge ophtalmologique urgente. Une anamnèse ciblée, l’identification de signes d’alarme (drapeaux rouges) et un examen clinique standardisé sont essentiels. L’article propose également une stratégie thérapeutique adaptée à chaque étiologie courante. Une orientation rapide vers un ophtalmologue est essentielle en cas de doute ou de gravité

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