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Engagement de la responsabilité de l’État du fait des produits phytopharmaceutiques : un pas en avant, vraiment ? (note sous CAA Paris, 3 sept. 2025, Assoc. Notre Affaire À Tous et a., n° 23PA03881, 23PA03883 et 23PA03895)
No full textPrice Competition and Endogenous Product Choice in Networks: Evidence from the US Airline Industry
Get PDFWe develop a two-stage game in which competing airlines first choose the networks of markets to serve in the first stage before competing in price in the second stage. Spillovers in entry decisions across markets are allowed, which accrue on the demand, marginal cost, and fixed cost sides. We show that the second-stage parameters are point identified, and we design a tractable procedure to set identify the first-stage parameters and to conduct inference. Further, we estimate the model using data from the domestic US airline market and find significant spillovers in entry. In a counterfactual exercise, we evaluate the 2013 merger between American Airlines and US Airways. Our results highlight that spillovers in entry and post-merger network readjustments play an important role in shaping post-merger outcomes
A Welfare analysis of genetic testing in health insurance markets with adverse selection and prevention
Get PDFPersonalized medicine is still in its infancy, with costly genetic tests providing little actionable information in terms of efficient prevention decisions. As a consequence, few people undertake these tests currently, and health insurance contracts pool all agents irrespective of their genetic background. Cheaper and especially more informative tests will induce more people to undertake these tests, potentially impacting not only the pricing but also the type of health insurance contracts. We develop a setting with endogenous observable prevention and adverse selection and we study which contract type (pooling or separating) emerges at equilibrium as a function of the proportion of agents undertaking the genetic test as well as of the informativeness of this test. Starting from the current low take-up rate generating at equilibrium a pooling contract with no prevention effort, we show that an increase in the take-up rate may decrease welfare as long as the equilibrium remains pooling and is especially detrimental when the equilibrium becomes separating. Similarly, decreasing the prevention effort cost (a proxy for more informative tests) is detrimental to welfare when it changes the type of equilibrium from pooling to separating. These results imply that the desirability of public policies encouraging genetic test taking or decreasing the cost of prevention effort varies according to the type of contracts observed in health insurance markets. Especially, such policies may not be advisable in the short run, as long as the equilibrium is pooling
L'introuvable (mais indispensable) faute séparable de l'associé (Note ss. Cass. com., 6 nov. 2024, n° 23-10.772)
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Dispersed information, nominal rigidities and monetary business cycles: a hayekian perspective
Get PDFWe study the propagation of nominal shocks in a dispersed information economy where firms learn from and respond to information generated by their activities in product and factor markets. We show that imperfect information on its own has no effect on equilibrium outcomes, when firms have the flexibility to adjust prices and output instantaneously to changes in their market conditions, an outcome that we term the “Hayekian benchmark”. With sticky prices, however, this irrelevance obtains only if there are no strategic complementarities in pricing and aggregate and idiosyncratic shocks are equally persistent. With complementarities and/or differences in persistence, the interaction of nominal and informational frictions slows down price adjustment, amplifying real effects from nominal shocks (relative to a full information model with only nominal frictions). In a calibrated model, the amplification is most pronounced over the medium to long term. In the short run, market generated information leads to substantial aggregate price adjustment, even though firms may be completely unaware of changes in aggregate conditions
L'épilogue prévisible d'une "affaire de corruption"
No full textL'arrêt du 18 décembre 2024 émanant de la chambre criminelle de la Cour de cassation fera date. Non point en ce qui concerne « l'affaire des écoutes », dont le traitement va devoir encore se poursuivre devant la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme, mais à propos de la définition donnée aux faits de corruption et de trafic d'influence intéressant, en l'espèce, un ancien président de la République, son avocat et un premier Avocat général près la Cour de cassation
Social learning preserves both useful and useless theories by canalizing learners’ exploration
No full textIn many domains, learning from others is crucial for leveraging cumulative cultural knowledge, which encapsulates the efforts of successive generations of innovators. However, anecdotal and experimental evidence suggests that reliance on social information can reduce the exploration of the problem space. Here, we experimentally investigate the extent to which cultural transmission fosters the persistence of arbitrary solutions in a context where participants are incentivized to improve a physical system across multiple trials. Participants were exposed to various theories about the system, ranging from accurate to misleading. Our findings indicate that even under conditions conducive to exploration, the transmission of cultural knowledge canalizes learners' focus, limiting their consideration of alternative solutions. This effect was observed in both the theories produced and the solutions attempted by participants, irrespective of the accuracy of the provided theories. These results challenge the notion that arbitrary solutions persist only when they are efficient or intuitive and underscore the significant role of cultural transmission in shaping human knowledge and technologies
Réflexions épistémologiques sur la connaissance du droit de l’environnement : De la dogmatique juridique à l’empirisme méthodologique
No full textL’étude explore l’amélioration des connaissances en droit de l’environnement à partir d’un triple positionnement : réaliste sur le plan épistémologique, positiviste et empiriste au niveau théorique, analytique et empirique du point de vue méthodologique. Elle vérifie l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’approche doctrinale du droit de l’environnement est limitée par la faiblesse de ses méthodes. Après avoir analysé les fondements épistémologiques de cette approche, trois analyses empiriques permettent de confirmer l’hypothèse. Une analyse de contenu révèle d’abord l’absence fréquente de question de recherche, de thèse défendue et de cadre théorique dans les articles publiés, ainsi qu’une prédominance des travaux descriptifs. Une analyse lexicométrique souligne ensuite le faible intérêt pour les questions théoriques et méthodologiques. Enfin, une analyse de réseau met en évidence un faible degré d’ouverture disciplinaire, la doctrine environnementaliste restant majoritairement isolée et peu interdisciplinaire. Ces constats traduisent la fragilité méthodologique de l’approche doctrinale en droit de l’environnement