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Skill Distance Between Occupations and Post‑Training Professional Transitions of Jobseekers
No full textDoes vocational training help correct structural imbalances in the labour market?
We propose a new measure of the skills distance between occupations, obtained by fine‑tuning a large language model on a sample of job offers. Using this method, we demonstrate that the “return to employment” differential between jobseekers with and without training is driven by a reallocation of workers towards occupations that are very different from their previous posts in terms of the skills required. From a purely reallocative perspective, however, the return to employment differential associated with vocational training does not appear to be driven by more jobseekers moving to occupations where employers are struggling to recruit
Les droits fondamentaux sacrifiés sur l’autel de l’efficacité du mandat d’arrêt européen
No full textPlusieurs années après son adoption, la décision-cadre relative au mandat d’arrêt européen (ci-après MAE) continue de susciter de vives interrogations. S’il s’agit d’un instrument de reconnaissance mutuelle désormais ancré dans la pratique quotidienne des États membres de l’Union européenne, avec en moyenne quelque 16 000 mandats émis chaque année et près de 5 500 exécutés , des zones d’ombre subsistent. En témoigne, les soixante-dix arrêts rendus par la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne (ci-après CJUE) sur le MAE. À la lecture de la décision-cadre, les références aux droits fondamentaux apparaissent de manière éparse
Information and conflict: From the role of (social) media and public opinion to big data and forecasting
No full textInformation plays a critical role in shaping behavior, particularly in conflict environments where access to and interpretation of information can significantly influence decisions. This review synthesizes recent empirical research at the intersection of information, media, and conflict. It is structured around three central themes. First, we examine how traditional and social media affect the dynamics of violence, ethnic tensions, hate crime, protests, and terrorism. We draw on historical and contemporary case studies to discuss how media influences conflict through incentives, persuasion, and coordination. Second, we explore how information and uncertainty shape the indirect socio-economic impacts of violence. They significantly alter the expectations and economic behavior of individuals, firms, and investors, even in regions not directly exposed to violence. Finally, we review recent advancements in conflict prediction using big data and artificial intelligence, with a focus on news-based models that identify early warning signals and latent risks of violence. Within each theme, we also outline key policy implications and identify gaps in the literature. These gaps call for greater synthesis across research areas to better understand and mitigate the impacts of conflict
A propos de la loi n°2024-850 du 25 juillet 2024 visant à prévenir les ingérences étrangères en France
No full textTransmission Networks of Long-term and Short-term Knowledge in a Foraging Society
Get PDFCultural transmission across generations is key to cumulative cultural evolution. While several mechanisms—such as vertical, horizontal, and oblique transmission—have been studied for decades, how these mechanisms change across the life course, beyond childhood. Furthermore, it remains under-explored whether different mechanisms apply to distinct forms of learning processes: long-term learning—where individuals invest time and effort to acquire skills—and short-term learning—where individuals share information of immediate use. To investigate the network structure of these two types of knowledge transmission—long-term learning of foraging skills and short-term learning of food location information—we present social network data (1,633 nominations) collected from all 132 inhabitants (aged 4 to 75) of a BaYaka community in the Republic of the Congo. Applying latent network models that estimate and adjust for measurement biases typical to self-reported data, we find that the demographic structure of a population—age distribution, sex, kinship, and marriage—shapes the dynamics of community-wide knowledge transmission. Foraging skills are transmitted within smaller, sparser networks with limited reciprocity, whereas food location information is exchanged more widely and reciprocally among peers. Both long-term and short-term knowledge transmission extend into adulthood, with adults learning from older adults, peers, and marital partners, and sharing knowledge with younger generations. Crucially, individuals tend to report more accurately about the partners with whom they shared knowledge than about those from whom they received knowledge. Our findings provide important empirical evidence on how community-wide cultural transmission is structured by demography and perception, and how these factors operate across different learning processes in a real-world foraging society
Suppression de la marque. Pas d'usage illicite sans revente de produit démarqué
No full textLe démarquage peut constituer un usage illicite de la marque, s’il empêche le titulaire de la marque de contrôler la première commercialisation du produit ou s’il porte atteinte à la réputation de la marque. Tel n’est pas le cas de la publication d’une vidéo promotionnelle montrant le produit du titulaire d’une marque, dont le signe distinctif avait été masqué par un autocollant, en l’absence de revente d’un produit démarqué et d’usage du signe dans la vidéo
Le surengagement du salarié – Stakhanov et le droit du travail
No full textEntre injonctions à travailler plus et à travailler mieux, l’organisation capitalistique du travail met à mal l’idée selon laquelle l’« addiction au travail » serait la principale cause du surengagement professionnel. Dans une relation de travail salarié, l’employeur cherche en principe à obtenir le meilleur niveau d’engagement de ses subordonnés, soit en exerçant son pouvoir de direction, soit en mettant en place des dispositifs incitatifs de nature à renforcer leur motivation. Au regard des risques associés à l’excès de travail, l’engagement du salarié doit être régulé pour être maintenu à un niveau raisonnable, afin de lui permettre de bien réaliser son travail dans des conditions respectueuses de sa santé
Collusion in Bidding Markets: The Case of the French Public Transport Industry
Get PDFWe explore empirically the impact of the market sharing collusive practices that were implemented in the French public transportation industry between 1994 and 1999. We build a structural model of bidding markets where innovating firms compete for the market and have the ability to spread the benefits of their innovation through all markets on which they are active. Each local competitive environment shapes the distribution of the prices (the bids) paid by public authorities to transport operators. We recover empirically the distribution of prices and innovation shocks and we show that collusive practices had overall a limited impact on prices. Firms were in reality more interested in avoiding significant financial risks inherent to the activity, as well as the high cost of preparing a tender proposal. As a by-product, we perform a counterfactual analysis that allows us to simulate how an increase in firms’ innovation reduces prices significantly