PlantaRum - Repository of the Institute for Plant Protection and Environment
Not a member yet
602 research outputs found
Sort by
Fenologija i suzbijanje stablovnih rilaša (Ceutorhynchus napi gyllenhal i Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus Marsham) u uljanoj repici na severu Srbije
No full textStem weevils (Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus and Ceutorhynchus napi) are significant pests of oilseed rape that farmers regularly suppress by insecticide treatments intended against Brassicogethes aeneus. Recent studies have shown that in some regions of northern Serbia C. napi is dominant, while C. pallidactylus prevails in others. Increased damage from stem weevils has elicited an exploration of the situation and a study of their phenology and effects of insecticides in three differently managed fields: conventional, organic and integrated. New findings regarding the phenology of stem weevils show that both species were sporadically present in our experimental oilseed rape fields as early as during autumn (from the end of October 2010, BBCH 17-18). The main period of stem weevil settlement is the end of winter and early spring. Maximum flight of both weevil species was recorded on March 23 at the beginning of oilseed rape (OSR) stem elongation (BBCH 22-25), and one week later in the organic field. There were no significant differences in the number of settled weevils among the three differently managed fields. The insecticide treatment against C. napi was applied two weeks earlier than the usual treatment against B. aeneus and C. pallidactylus. Thus, it is clear that insecticide treatment directed against B. aeneus and C. pallidactylus is not effective against C. napi. In this way, such a practice can contribute to an increase in OSR damage, and density of the next generation of C. napi. A new generation of C. pallidactylus emerged from OSR fields in June 2011, while the majority of C. napi emerged in March of the following year.Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus i Ceutorhynchus napi su značajne štetočine uljane repice koje farmeri redovnu suzbijaju insekticidnim tretmanom protiv Brassicogethes aeneus. Nedavne studije su pokazale da u nekim regionima na severu Srbije dominira C. napi, a u drugim regionima C. pallidactylus. Povećane štete od stablovih rilaša ukazale su na potrebu praćenja njihove fenologije, efekata insekticida i uticaj agrotehnike. Utvrđeno je po prvi put da je pojava ovih insekata (C. napi i C. pallidactylus) na poljima uljane repice već tokom jeseni, od kraja oktobra 2010 (BBCH 17-18). Glavni period kada oni naseljavaju uljanu repicu je tokom kraja zime i na početku proleća. Maksimalni let je zabeležen 23. marta, u vreme izduživanja stabla uljane repice (BBCH 22-25). U odnosu na primenjenu agrotehniku nije bilo značajnih razlika u broju insekata koji su doletali. Registrovan broj doletelih imaga C. napi bio je 2,7 puta veći nego C. pallidactylus. U skladu sa tim, insekticidni tretman je bio 25. marta 2011. Posledica dominacije C. napi je potreba za primenom insekticida oko 2 nedelje ranije u odnosu na termin kada se suzbijaju B. aeneus i C. pallidactilus. Stoga je jasno da konvencionalna jednokratna primena insekticida za suzbijanje B. aeneus nije efikasna protiv C. napi i da takva praksa doprinosi tako velikim razlikama u brojnosti ova dva rilaša. Nova generacija C. pallidactylus izleće već tokom juna meseca iz zemljišta sa uljanom repicom (BCH 76-88) dok glavnina imaga C. napi izleće naredne godine u martu mesecu
Wheat straw: A promissing substrate for ganoderma lucidum cultivation
No full textDemand for Ganoderma lucidum basidiocarps on the global market is increased due to its numerous health benefits. As they are rare in nature and traditional cultivation on logs is not ecologically and economically justified method, current trend is finding of good alternative substrate for production. Whether wheat straw, the most abundant crop residue in Europe, could be a novel substrate for G. lucidum cultivation was the question which led to the definition of the goals. Two wild and one commercial strains were objects of the study. Despite some morphological differences among basidiocarps, all strains belong to G. lucidum sensu stricto, which was confirmed by analyses of ITS, tef1-a and rpb2 gene sequences. Wheat straw showed as a good substrate, namely the periods required for the complete colonisation of wheat straw by mycelium as well as the formation of primordia and basidiocarps were relatively short. The totally fresh and dry yield and biological efficiency were also significant. If it is taken into consideration that untreated wheat straw was used, validities of its introduction in industrial-scale G. lucidum cultivation can be demonstrated
A blight disease on highbush blueberry associated with Macrophomina phaseolina in Serbia
No full textUnusual blight-like symptoms appeared on highbush blueberry plants in Serbia during August 2015 and infected plants showed browning and reddening of leaves, drying of foliage and brown discolouration of internal vascular stem tissues. The objective of this study was to isolate and confirm a causal agent of the disease. Five diseased blueberry plants (2-year-old), with visible brown discolouration in the wood, were collected for isolation on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Morphological analysis of the selected fungal isolates showed the presence of abundant black, round to oblong, or irregularly shaped microsclerotia immersed in the PDA. Dark, globose pycnidia formed on water agar with an initially hyaline, granular content and single-celled conidia, indicating the presence of plant pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina associated with symptomatic plant tissues. Pathogenicity was confirmed on potted blueberry plants based on the initial symptoms of leaves turning yellowish to brown at the leaf edges, followed by the defoliation of leaves of the inoculated stems. Discolouration of vascular tissues was also observed on transverse sections of inoculated stems. The pathogen M. phaseolina was confirmed using molecular analysis of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA and a part of the TEF-1 gene region. This is the first report of M. phaseolina causing a blight disease on highbush blueberry in Serbia. The study should help in elucidating disease symptomatology and provide information on the risk which this fungus could pose in blueberry production
Efekti regulatora rasta na duvan, uljanu repicu i pšenicu
No full textDuring the 80s it was considered that a new era in agriculture has begun with the manipulation of plant growth through the use of synthetic regulators. Growth regulators (GR) have found their application in different crops (cereals, tobacco, potato, bananas, coffee, cotton, oilseed rape) and plantations (fruit and citrus orchards and vineyards). In order to examine the influence of GR on the growth of plants, i.e. their lateral branches, the trials were conducted in tobacco, winter wheat and oilseed rape fields, with the aim to evaluate the effects of growth regulators. Maleic hydrazide potassium and different concentrationsof butralin were applied in tobacco, while tebuconazole was applied in oilseed rape and ethephon in wheat. Analysis of the results has shown that the application of GR has had an effect on the growth of lateral tobacco shoots and oilseed rape and wheat plants. Statistically signifficant differences between the control and treated plants have been determined for all of the assessed rates of growth regulators. The effects were more pronounced on the length of lateral shoots in the upper nodes of tobacco, while in oilseed rape a higher efficiency was registered following fall treatments.Osamdesetih godina prošlog veka smatralo se da manipulacija rastom biljaka zasnovana na korišćenju sintetičkih regulatora, predstavlja početak nove ere u poljoprivrednoj praksi. Regulatori rasta (RR) su našli primenu u različitim usevima (strna žita, duvan, krompir, banana, kafa, pamuk, uljana repica) i zasadima (voće, vinova loza, citrusi). U cilju ispitivanja uticaja RR na porast biljaka, odnosno bočnih izdanaka postavljeni su ogledi u usevima duvana, ozime pšenice i uljane repice. Malein-hidrazid kalijum i različite koncentracije RR butralin su primenjeni u duvanu, tebukonazol je primenjen u uljanoj repici, a etefon u pšenici. Analizom rezultata konstatovano je da je primena RR uticala na rast bočnih izdanaka listova duvana, kao i na porast biljaka uljane repice i pšenice. Utvrđene su statistički jasne razlike između kontrole i tretmana kod svih ispitivanih količina RR. U usevu duvana efekat RR je bio izraženiji na dužinu bočnih izdanaka viših spratova, a kod biljaka uljane repice bolji efekat je uočen nakon primene jesenjih tretmana
Osbornellus auronitens (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae), an introduced species new for the Palaearctic region
No full textThe introduction of invasive species may result in important ecological, environmental, and economic impacts. Extensive study of Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera) fauna in a wine-growing region in southern Switzerland revealed, for the first time, presence of the Nearctic leafhopper Osbornellus auronitens (Provancher) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in the vicinity of Stabio (Canton of Ticino). The species identity of the collected specimens was confirmed using morphological and molecular characters. All specimens of O. auronitens were collected in a forest of Castanea sativa Miller (Fagaceae), Corylus avellana Linnaeus (Betulaceae), and Alnus glutinosa (Linnaeus) Gaertner (Betulaceae) intermixed with Cornus sanguinea Linnaeus (Cornaceae), Salix Linnaeus (Salicaceae), and Rubus Linnaeus (Rosaceae). In its native range this leafhopper is polyphagous and a relatively common visitor in vineyards. Based on analysis of the barcoding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene of the collected O. auronitens, 100% identity with specimens of the same species originating from Canada was determined. Osbornellus auronitens is morphologically similar to Scaphoideus titanus Ball (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), another introduced Nearctic leafhopper, which was involved in severe outbreaks of disease caused by the Grapevine flavescence doree phytoplasma (Bacteria: Acholeplasmataceae) in European viticultural regions since the 1960s. In this paper, we report the morphological features to distinguish O. auronitens from S. titanus, and discuss the possible implications of its expected spread across the Old World
New insights in dehydration stress behavior of two maize hybrids using advanced distributed reactivity model (DRM). Responses to the impact of 24-epibrassinolide
No full textProposed distributed reactivity model of dehydration for seedling parts of two various maize hybrids (ZP434, ZP704) was established. Dehydration stresses were induced thermally, which is also accompanied by response of hybrids to heat stress. It was found that an increased value of activation energy counterparts within radicle dehydration of ZP434, with a high concentration of 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) at elevated operating temperatures, probably causes activation of diffusion mechanisms in cutin network and may increases likelihood of formation of free volumes, large enough to accommodate diffusing molecule. Many small random effects were detected and can be correlated with micro-disturbing in a space filled with water caused by thermal gradients, increasing capillary phenomena, and which can induce thermo-capillary migration. The influence of seedling content of various sugars and minerals on dehydration was also examined. Estimated distributed reactivity models indicate a dependence of reactivity on structural arrangements, due to present interactions between water molecules and chemical species within the plant
Morphological evidence from immature stages further suggests Lignyodina being close to Tychiina (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae, Tychiini)
No full textThe relationship between the subtribes Lignyodina and Tychiina of the Tychiini were tested on the basis of morphological characters from the immature stages. The mature larvae of Lignyodes bischoffi (Blatchley, 1916) and L. enucleator (Panzer, 1798) (Curculionidae, Curculioninae, Tychiini, Lignyodina) and the pupae of L. bischoffi are described in detail for the first time. To be sure about the correct taxonomic identification of the larvae, DNA sequences were obtained and compared for both the larvae and adults of these two species. Molecular data show that the two studied species of Lignyodes Dejean, 1835 strongly differ in mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA. The immature stages (larva and pupa) of Lignyodes bischoffi and L. enucleator were compared with each other and with those known for other taxa representative of the tribe Tychiini and other tribes of Curculioninae. The larvae of Lignyodes bischoffi and L. enucleator differ in a few but important characters. The larvae and pupae of these two species belonging to Lignyodes s. str. are morphologically very similar to those of species in the other two subgenera of Lignyodes, Neotylopterus Clark, Whitehead & Warner, 1977 and Chionanthobius Pierce, 1912. On the basis of the detailed morphology of larvae and pupae, we agree that Lignyodes belong to Tychiini, sharing more features with species of this tribe than with those of other tribes of Curculioninae. New bionomic data concerning larval and pupal development and adult emergence are reported for both described species and confirm close relationships between the subtribes Lignyodina and Tychiina. On the other hand, strong molecular differences, corroborated by some relevant larval differences, between L. enucleator and L. bischoffi open up the issue whether Palaearctic and Nearctic species presently included in Lignyodes s. str. actually belong to the same subgenus
Zaštita paprike i paradajza od prouzrokovača bakteriozne pegavosti lista i krastavosti plodova
No full textBacterial spot of pepper and tomato caused by Xanthomonas species, is one of the widespread and economically most important diseases of pepper and tomato. Due to the lack of resistant pepper and tomato genotypes, the emergence of new races of bacteria, and strains resistant to copper compounds, questionable seed quality and limited control practices, thesebacteria are limiting pepper production in Serbia. On tomato plants, under favourable weather conditions for disease development, these bacteria can cause major damage reflected in overall yield as well as in fruit quality. The protection of pepper and tomato, based on chemical methods such as use of copper-based compounds in combination with ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamates, do not provide a satisfactory disease control. Use of antibiotics in plant protection is not permitted in the EU as well as in Serbia. However, results of many authors show that satisfactory control of bacterial spot can be achieved by integrating positive effect of chemical treatments (copper compounds, systemic resistance activators) and various biological methods (antagonists, bacteriophages). However, nature of biological agents, as well as the specific mechanism of action of the systemic resistance activators, require careful optimization of the time and number of treatments in order to achieve maximum efficiency.Bakteriozna pegavost lista i krastavost plodova prouzrokovana Xanthomonas vrstama, je jedna od najrasprostranjenijih i ekonomski najznačajnijih bolesti paprike i paradajza u svetu. Usled nedostatka otpornih genotipova paprike i paradajza, pojave novih rasa bakterije, sojeva rezistentnih prema jedinjenjima bakra, sumnjivog kvaliteta semena i ograničenih mera kontrole, ova bakterioza predstavlja ograničavajući faktor proizvodnje paprike u Srbiji. Kada vremenski uslovi pogoduju razvoju bolesti na biljkama paradajza, ova bakterioza može prouzrokovati velike gubitke usled smanjenja ukupnog prinosa i kvaliteta plodova koji nisu pogodni za industrijsku preradu. U zaštiti paprike i paradajza kod nas dominiraju hemijske mere borbe, odnosno korišćenje preparata na bazi jedinjenja bakra u kombinaciji sa etilenbis-ditiokarbamatima koji ne obezbeđuju zadovoljavajući efekat zaštite. Antibiotici se ne mogu primenjivati usled zakonskih ograničenja u Evropskoj uniji. Integracijom pozitivnog efekta hemijskih metoda (bakarni preparati, aktivatori sistemične otpornosti) i različitih bioloških metoda (antagonostički sojevi bakterija, bakteriofagi) može se postići zadovoljavajući efekat zaštite. Priroda bioloških agenasa, kao i specifičan mehanizam dejstva aktivatora sistemične otpornosti, zahtevaju pažljivu optimizaciju vremena i broja tretmana kako bi se postigla maksimalna efikasnost
Microelements and Heavy Metals Content in Frequently Utilized Medicinal Plants Collected from the Power Plant Area
No full textThe effectiveness of medicinal plants is mainly associated with their active constituents, but one of the major quality problems frequently encountered is their high trace metals content that can be associated to extensive pollution of the environment where medicinal plants grow. Therefore the aim of this research was to evaluate the content of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and As in selected and frequently used medicinal plants, including chicory, broadleaf, common comfrey and dandelion. The plant material was collected from their wild habitats in the area of highly developed power plant activity during the summer of 2015. Plant analyses were done according to ICP methodology, using ICAP 6300 ICP optical emission spectrometer. The obtained results showed that the content of As, Cd, Co, Mn, Ni and Zn in the investigated medicinal plant species was below the maximum permissible concentration, while in all parts of all studied plants the concentration of Cr was toxic. The toxic concentrations of Cu were determined in root and aerial parts of chicory and common comfrey, and the toxic concentrations of Fe in root and aerial parts of dandelion and broadleaf plantain, and in aerial parts of common comfrey. However, high but not toxic content of Pb was found in aerial parts of chicory. It can be concluded that medicinal plants from the studied growing site are not appropriate for use in alternative medicine and that a determination of trace metals content in these plants must become a standard criterion for evaluation of their quality
Lignocellulose Degradation by Daedaleopsis confragosa and D-tricolor
No full textThe properties and capacities of the ligninolytic enzymes of Daedaleopsis spp. are still unknown. This is the first study on the effect of plant residues and period of cultivation on the properties of Mn-oxidizing peroxidases and laccases of D. confragosa and D. tricolor, as well as their ligninolytic potentials. Wheat straw was the optimal carbon source for synthesis of highly active Mn-dependent peroxidases (4126.9 U/L in D. confragosa and 2037.9 U/L in D. tricolor). However, laccases were the predominant enzymes, and the best inducer of their activity (up 16000.0 U/L) was cherry sawdust. Wheat straw was the most susceptible plant residue to the effect of the enzymes, and extent of lignin degradation was 43.3% after 14 days of fermentation with D. tricolor. However, D. confragosa was a more effective lignin degrader, as it converted even 21.3% wheat straw lignin on the 6th day of cultivation. The results of the study clearly showed that delignification extent depends on mushroom species and on the type of plant residue, which is extremely important for potential use in biotechnological processes