PlantaRum - Repository of the Institute for Plant Protection and Environment
Not a member yet
602 research outputs found
Sort by
Uticaj primene bakterijskih inokulanata i strukture smeše na kvalitet silaže grahorice i ovsa
No full textThe experiment was carried out to evaluate the possibility of ensiling common vetch - oat mixtures sown at five different seeding rates. Two effects were studied: seeding rate of common vetch and oat in the mixtures and application of bacterial inoculant. The pH, DM (Dry Matter) content, ammonia nitrogen, soluble nitrogen, lactic, acetic and butyric acids were determined on silages. DLG method was utilized for classification the silage quality. Common vetch and oat were grown in binary mixtures at the experimental field of the Institute for forage crops, Kruševac - Serbia, and were tested at five different mixture rates: pure vetch, 25% vetch + 75% oat, 50% vetch + 50% oat, 75% vetch + 25% oat and pure oat. Application of bacterial inoculant affected higher content of ammonia nitrogen and acetic acid (P lt 0.05), but lower content of soluble nitrogen (P lt 0.05). Depending on the seeding rates of common vetch and oat, 75 : 25 common vetch - oat silage had the highest content of lactic acid and the lowest content of butyric acid. Contents of DM, pH and ammonia nitrogen were similar in all silages ranged from 307.2 to 318.5 g kg-1 , from 4.27 to 4.54 and from 16.1 to 19.1% ΣN, respectively. According to the DLG method for silage quality evaluation, similar quality grades were founded.Istraživanje je sprovedeno da bi se procenila mogućnost siliranja smeša grahorice i ovsa posejanih u pet različitih odnosa. Ispitivana su dva faktora: udeo semena grahorice i ovsa u smeši i primena inokulanta pri siliranju. Sadržaj suve materiije, pH, sadržaj amonijačnog i rastvorljivog azota, kao i sadržaj sirćetne, buterne i mlečne kiseline je utvrđen u silaži. Za ocenu kvaliteta silaže je korišćena DLG i metoda po Weissbach-u. Ogled je postavljen na eksperimentalnom polju Instituta za krmno bilje u Kruševcu, Srbija, i ispitavanja su obuhvatila pet različitih smeša: čist usev grahorice, 25% grahorice + 75% ovsa, 50% grahorice + 50% ovsa, 75% grahorice + 25% ovsa i čist usev ovsa. Rezultati suobrađeni kao dvofaktorijalni ogled, analizom varijanse korišćenjem modela koji objašnjava uticaj structure smeše i primene inokulanta na kvalitet silaže. Primena bakterijskog inokulanta je uzrokovala veći sadržaj amonijačnog azota i sirćetne kiseline (P lt 0.05), ali niži sadržaj rastvorljivog azota. Smeša u kojoj je odnos grahorice i ovsa bio 75:25 sadržala je najveći udeo mlečne kiseline i najmanji udeo buterne kiseline. Sadržaj suve materije, pH i amonijačnog azota je bio sličan u svim silažama i kretao se od 307,2 do 318,5 g kg-1 , od 4,27 do 4,54 i od 16,1 do 19,1% ΣN, respektivno. Na osnovu ocene kvaliteta silaže prema DLG i Weissbach metodi utvrđen je približan kvalitet ispitivanih silaža
Morfološke i patogene odlike izolata Fusarium proliferatum prouzrokovača truleži belog luka (Allium sativum L.) - u Srbiji
No full textDuring the past few years, symptoms of garlic clove rot have appeared in storage facilities at different localities in Serbia. Thirteen fungal isolates were isolated from samples of decayed garlic cloves (Allium sativum L.). Based on the colony and fungal morphology, isolated fungi were tentatively identified as F. proliferatum. Pathogenicity of 13 F. proliferatum strains were confirmed by inoculating garlic cloves of Allium sativum (spring cv. Labud, Sedef; winter cv. Bosut, Ranko) and Allium ampeloprasum (cv. Biser). Isolate JBL532 was classified as the most aggressive, while isolate B3 was the least pathogenic. To confirm morphological identification of 13 Fusarium isolates, amplification of TEF-1α gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the primer pair: EF1 and EF2. All isolates were cryopreserved at -80°C and deposited in the NCBI GenBank.Tokom proteklih godina u skladištima na različitim lokalitetima u Srbiji pojavili su se simptomi truleži i popadanja belog luka (Allium sativum L.). Izolacijom je dobijeno 13 izolata gljiva roda Fusarium koji su na osnovu morfoloških karakteristika identifikovani kao F. proliferatum. Patogenost izolata je potvrđena inokulacijom različitih genotipova belog luka Allium sativum (prolećne sorte Labud, Sedef, jesenje sorte Bosut, Ranko) i Allium ampeloprasum (sorta Biser). Na osnovu ocene patogenosti, izolat JBL532 se izdvojio kao najagresivniji, dok se izolat B3 pokazao kao najmanje patogen. Morfološka identifikacija potvrđena je amplifikacijom TEF-1α gena, korišćenjem prajmera EF1 i EF2. Svi izolati se čuvaju na -80°C i deponovani su u NCBI bazu gde su im dodeljeni jedinstveni pristupni brojevi
Brasinosteroidi kao regulatori rasta biljaka i modulatori uticaja pesticida i đubriva
No full textThe mode of action of agrochemicals on plants implies the totality of their effect on plant metabolism, growth and development. The effects of different doses of 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) as a class of brassinosteroid phytohormones on growth and other physiological processes in maize plants during different development stages are reviewed in order to assess the influence of these agrochemicals on various factors determining the yield of maize as an important agricultural crop. In addition, several examples are given of the effects of these phytohormones on other crops, fruits and vegetables, in terms of their effect on yield, yield quality, and increase in crop resistance to some types of stress. Own results are discussed in the context of other literature data. Abbreviations: 24-EBL: 24-epibrassinolide; BRs: brassinosteroids; PCZ: propiconazole; Chl a: chlorophyl a; RFW (g g-1): relative fresh weight of different organs (R: radicle; P: plumule; RoS: rest of seed); TDW, TFW (g): total dry and fresh weight of plants; V root (ml): root volume; LMR, RMR, SMR (g g-1): relative dry weight of plant parts (leaves, roots, stem); dH (J mol-1 K-1): differential enthalpy of different parts (R: radicle; P: plumule; RoS: rest of seed) of 25 maize seedlings exposed to T(reatments) of different molar concentrations of 24-EBL; ΔG105 (J mol-1 K-1) differential Gibbs free energy of total maize plant and their parts (R: roots; L: leaves; S: stem) assesed at 105 0C; ZP434, ZP704, ZP505: maize hybrids; Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, FRS2, qP, NPQ, RFD730 (all in relative units), ETR (μmol electrons m-2 s-1): different Chl a fluorescence parameters; Pphy, Pi: phosphorus bond to phytic acid and free phosphorus available to many cellular biochemical reactions; GSH: reduced form of gluthathyone; K, Ca, Fe, Mg, Zn, Si: different chemical elements.Način delovanja agrohemikalija na biljke podrazumeva ukupan uticaj na metabolizam, rast i razvoj biljaka. U tom smislu u ovom radu je prikazan efekat 24-epibrasinolida (24-EBL), kao klase fitohormona brasinosteroida, na rast i druge fiziološke procese u biljkama kukuruza u različitim dozama i u različitim razvojnim fazama, kako bi se procenio uticaj na razne faktore koji određuju prinos ovog važnog poljoprivrednog useva. Pored toga, dato je nekoliko primera efekata ovih fitohormona na druge useve, voće i povrće, u smislu njihovog uticaja na prinos, kvalitet prinosa i povećanje otpornosti useva na neke vrste stresa. Rezultati su diskutovani u odnosu na druge podatke iz literature
Twenty-five years after: post-introduction association of Mecinus janthinus s.l. with invasive host toadflaxes Linaria vulgaris and Linaria dalmatica in North America
No full textLinaria vulgaris, common or yellow toadflax, and Linaria dalmatica, Dalmatian toadflax (Plantaginaceae), are Eurasian perennial forbs invasive throughout temperate North America. These Linaria species have been the targets of classical biological control programmes in Canada and the USA since the 1960s. The first effective toadflax biological control agent, the stem-mining weevil Mecinus janthinus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was introduced from Europe in the 1990s. This weevil has become established on L. dalmatica and L. vulgaris in both countries, although it has shown greater success in controlling the former toadflax species. Genetic and ecological studies of native range M. janthinus populations revealed that weevils previously identified as a single species in fact include two cryptic species, now recognised as M. janthinus, associated with yellow toadflax, and the recently confirmed species Mecinus janthiniformis, associated with Dalmatian toadflax. The results of a comprehensive study characterising haplotype identities, distributions and frequencies within M. janthinus s.l. native range source populations were compared to those populations currently established in the USA and Canada. The presence of both Mecinus species in North America was confirmed, and revealed with a few exceptions a high and consistent level of host fidelity throughout the adopted and native ranges. Genetic analysis based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene (mtCOII) defined the origin and records the subsequent North American establishment, by haplotype, of the European founder populations of M. janthinus (northern Switzerland and southern Germany) and M. janthiniformis (southern Macedonia), and provided population genetic indices for the studied populations. This analysis together with existing North American shipment receipt, release and rearing records elucidates probable redistribution routes and sources of both weevil species from initially released and established adopted range populations
Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Lavender (Lavandula stoechas) Oil
No full textThe essential oil of Lavandula stoechas was examined by GC and GC-MS. Discs (5 mmi.d.) of the tested fungi (Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum and Botritys cinerea) were inoculated separately onto each assay plate and incubated at 25 degrees C for 7 days. The oil yield of dried parts (v/dw) obtained by hydro distillation was 2.9%. Thirty-two compounds representing 98.3% of the essential oil were determined. Linalool (49.9%), linalyl acetate (14.4%), lavandulyl acetate (5.7%), alpha-terpineol (5.6%), terpinene-4-ol (5.1%), lavandulol (3.7%), (E)-beta-ocimene (2.6%) and (Z)-beta-ocimene (2.4%) were identified as the main constituents of the oil. In addition, both doses of the lavender oil showed varying levels of inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth of tested fungi used in the experiment. The results demonstrated the strongest effect on B.cinerea, followed by A.alternata and F.oxysporum. The inhibitory effect is probably dependent on the concentration of essential oils
A blight disease on highbush blueberry associated with Macrophomina phaseolina in Serbia
No full textUnusual blight-like symptoms appeared on highbush blueberry plants in Serbia during August 2015 and infected plants showed browning and reddening of leaves, drying of foliage and brown discolouration of internal vascular stem tissues. The objective of this study was to isolate and confirm a causal agent of the disease. Five diseased blueberry plants (2-year-old), with visible brown discolouration in the wood, were collected for isolation on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Morphological analysis of the selected fungal isolates showed the presence of abundant black, round to oblong, or irregularly shaped microsclerotia immersed in the PDA. Dark, globose pycnidia formed on water agar with an initially hyaline, granular content and single-celled conidia, indicating the presence of plant pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina associated with symptomatic plant tissues. Pathogenicity was confirmed on potted blueberry plants based on the initial symptoms of leaves turning yellowish to brown at the leaf edges, followed by the defoliation of leaves of the inoculated stems. Discolouration of vascular tissues was also observed on transverse sections of inoculated stems. The pathogen M. phaseolina was confirmed using molecular analysis of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA and a part of the TEF-1 gene region. This is the first report of M. phaseolina causing a blight disease on highbush blueberry in Serbia. The study should help in elucidating disease symptomatology and provide information on the risk which this fungus could pose in blueberry production
Applicability of 24-epibrassinolide for reducing phytotoxicity during combined thifensulfuron-methyl + imazamox treatment of soybean
No full textThe applicability of 24-epibrassinolide for reducing phytotoxicity during combined treatments of soybean with thifensulfuron-methyl and imazamox was examined. Tests were conducted in three commercial soybean varieties (Valjevka, Galina and Galeb) on fields of the PKB Co. at Lepušnica and Glogonjski Rit over three vegetation seasons. Commercial products of thifensulfuron-methyl, imazamox and 24-epibrassinolide were used in the trials. The products were applied in combinations, using the recommended application rates at the soybean growth stage of third trifoliate. Phytotoxicity was assessed 14 and 30 days after treatment, and grain yield of each soybean variety was measured at the end of each vegetation season. The combination of thifensulfuron-methyl and imazamox was found to be toxic to soybean in all three seasons, and symptoms of phytotoxicity included: chlorosis and dark red venation of leaves, delayed development of young leaves, and stunted growth. Phytotoxicity was significantly lower in the fields treated with 24-epibrassinolide. Also, the combination of thifensulfuron-methyl, imazamox and 24-epibrassinolide was associated with higher soybean grain yield, compared to the combination of thifensulfuron-methyl and imazamox.U radu je praćena mogućnost primene 24-epibrasinolida za smanjenje fitotoksičnosti kod zajedničke primene tifensulfuron-metila i imazamoksa u soji. Ispitivanja su izvedena tokom tri vegetacione sezone na gazdinstvu PKB korporacije-Lepušnica u Glogonjskom ritu, na tri komercijalne sorte soje (Valjevka, Galina i Galeb). Za izvođenje ogleda korišćeni su preparati tifensulfuron-metila, imazamoksa i 24-epibrasinolida namenjeni za komercijalnu upotrebu. Preparati su primenjeni zajedno u količinama koje se preporučuju za primenu kada je soja bila u fazi 1-3 trolista. Fitotoksičnost primenjenih preparata je ocenjena 14 i 30 dana nakon tretmana, a na kraju vegetacije izmeren je prinos zrna svake sorte. U sve tri godine ispitivanja kombinacija tifensulfuron-metila i imazamoksa u preporučenim količinama primene je bila fitotoksična za soju, a simptomi fitotoksičnosti su se ispoljili kao: hloroza listova, tamno crvena nervatura listova, zaostajanje u porastu mladih listova i pojava zakržljalih biljaka. U istim uslovima, u tretmanima sa 24-epibrasinolidom fitotoksičnost je bila značajno manja. Takođe, tokom sve tri godine ispitivanja, kombinacija tifensulfuron-metil+imazamoks+24-epibrasinolid je dala veći prinos zrna soje u poređenju sa kombinacijom tifensulfuron-metil+imazamoks
Domestication of cabbage and the cabbage cyst nematode, Heterodera cruciferae (nematoda: Heteroderidae)
No full textCabbage and other plants from the family Brassicaceae are grown worldwide as important vegetable crops with the estimated annual production near 100 million tonnes. The domestication process of Brassica oleracea has not been fully clarified, therefore focus has been put on linguistic aspects and on its earliest occurrence in ancient literature. As a center of cabbage domestication the Mediterranean i.e. Aegean center was proposed. Since crops are followed by their parasites during centuries, one of the economically important nematode parasites of cabbage is the cyst nematode Heterodera cruciferae. This nematode has the potential to severely damage cabbage, particularly during warm autumn growing seasons. The first record of H. cruciferae from Serbia dates back to the '60-ties. Today after 55 years, a new population of H. cruciferae is found. Based on molecular research its closest relatives are populations from the Netherlands and Italy. The ecological relationships between parasite and host enable to clarify the data about the domestication and distribution of cultivated plants. By other words, the hypotheses of the geographic domestication of cabbage can be shifted to the west from the positioned site.Kupus i druge biljke familije Brassicaceae predstavljaju značajne povrtarske useve gajene širom sveta sa procenjenom godišnjom proizvodnjom od blizu 100 miliona tona. Kako proces domestikacije vrste Brassica oleracea u svetu nije razjašnjen, odgovor je potražen u lingvistici i fokus stavljen na najraniju pojavu ovog pojma u drevnoj literaturi. Kao centar domestikacije je označen mediteranski odn. egejski region. Pošto useve vekovima prate njihovi paraziti, jedan od značajnih parazita kupusa je cistolika nematoda Heterodera cruciferae. Ova nematoda ima potencijal da nanese značajne štete, posebno u vreme viših jesenjih temperatura. Prva pojava H. cruciferae u Srbiji datira iz 60-tih godina. Danas, posle 55 godina, je pronađena nova populacija ove nematode. Molekularnim istraživanjima je utvrđeno da su njeni najbliži srodnici populacije iz Holandije i Italije. Putem ekoloških odnosa parazita i domaćina mogli bismo da dođemo do podataka o domestikaciji i putevima rasprostiranja kulturnih biljaka. Drugim rečima, hipoteze o geografskoj domestikaciji kupusa mogli bismo da proširimo zapadnije od mesta koje je pozicionirano
Preliminarna ispitivanja antibaktericidnog delovanja etarskih ulja na ekonomski značajne fitopatogene bakterije
No full textNumerous scientific research studies all over the world have addressed the problem of agriculture in the 21st century as being particularly sensitive to climate change, which has caused phytopathogenic bacteria to spread. Therefore, there is a clear and urgent need to contain this kind of risk in agricultural production (both conventional and organic farming). The objective of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of 30 essential oils (EOs) against three harmful plant pathogenic bacteria of agricultural importance, Erwinia amylovora, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. The study included in vitro testing, using an agar-diffusion assay. The EOs of Ceylon cinnamon (leaf and bark), oregano, clove bud and palmarosa revealed antibacterial activity against the test bacteria, and the maximum mean inhibition zone diameters of 35 mm was found against E. amylovora and X. campestris pv. campestris (highly sensitive reaction), while it was smaller in the case of P. syringae pv. syringae, from 18.25-26.25 mm (sensitive to very sensitive reaction). Maximum diameter of the zone of inhibition (35 mm) was obtained using basil and peppermint against E. amylovora, and rosemary, blue gum and camphor tree against X. campestris pv. campestris. Not a single EO inhibited P. syringae pv. syringae with the resulting total diameter zone of 35 mm, and this test bacteria was resultingly classified as the least susceptible bacterium of the three tested. EOs of lemongrass, aniseed, ylang ylang, silver fir, lemon, dwarf mountain pine, bay laurel and scots pine caused sensitive reaction of the tested bacteria. Peppermint, black cumin, Indian frankincense, bergamot orange, common juniper, bitter orange and neem produced variable reactions from total to weakly or no inhibition at all. Weakly activity was found in niaouli and Atlas cedar. Eastern red cedar, patchouli, Indian sandalwood and ginger caused no reaction of any of the test bacteria. The results offer a basis for further work based on in vivo testing for the purpose of developing ‘natural pesticides’ for control of phytopathogenic bacteria, thus giving a significant contribution to reducing yield losses in agriculture and sustainable development.Brojna naučna istraživanja širom sveta potvrđuju da je poljoprivreda u 21. veku posebno osetljiva na klimatske promene koje su uzrok širenja fitopatogenih bakterija. Stoga je jasna hitna potreba za ublažavanjem ovog rizika u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji (u konvencionalnoj i organskoj poljoprivredi). Cilj ovog rada je određivanje antibakterijske aktivnosti 30 etarskih ulja prema tri ekonomski značajne fitopatogene bakterije, Erwinia amylovora, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris i Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Istraživanja su vršena u in vitro uslovima, korišćenjem agar-difuzne metode. Etarska ulja pravog cimeta (od lista i kore), origana, zatim karanfilića i palmaroze, su pokazala antibakterijsku aktivnost prema testiranim sojevima bakterija, ostvarujući zone inhibicije maksimum prečnika 35 mm dobijene u slučaju E. amylovora i X. campestris pv. campestris (visoko osetljiva reakcija), a u slučaju P. syringae pv. syringae manju, od 18.25-26.25 mm (osetljiva do vrlo osetljiva reakcija). Maksimalni prečnik inhibicione zone (35 mm) je takođe dobijen primenom ulja bosiljka i pitome nane prema E. amylovora i ruzmarina, eukaliptusa i ravensare prema X. campestris pv. campestris. Kod P. syringae pv. syringae ni u jednom slučaju primene ulja nije postignut maksimalan prečnik inhibicije od 35 mm, na osnovu čega je ova bakterija svrstana kao slabije osetljiva. Etarska ulja limun trave, anisa, ilang-ilanga, evropske jele, limuna, planinskog bora, lovora i belog bora su rezultirala osetljivom reakcijom testiranih sojeva bakterija. Pitoma nana, čurukot, tamjan, begramot, kleka, gorka pomorandža i nim su izazvali varijabilnu reakciju, od potpune inhibicije, do slabe ili čak i bez inhibicije. Slaba aktivnost je ostvarena kod niaoulija i atlaskog kedra. Sve tri testirane bakterije nisu pokazale reakciju prema virdžinijskoj kleki, pačuliju, sandalovini i đumbiru. Rezultati dobijeni u ovom radu daju osnovu za dalja istraživanja in vivo, sa svrhom razvoja 'prirodnih pesticida' koji se mogu primeniti za suzbijanje fitopatogenih bakterija, čime se daje značajan doprinos u smanjenju gubitaka prinosa u poljoprivredi i održivom razvoju
Widespread plant specialization in the polyphagous planthopper Hyalesthes obsoletus (Cixiidae), a major vector of stolbur phytoplasma: Evidence of cryptic speciation
No full textThe stolbur phytoplasma vector Hyalesthes obsoletus is generally considered as a polyphagous species associated with numerous wild and cultivated plants. However, recent research in southeastern Europe, the distribution centre of H. obsoletus and the area of most stolbur-inflicted crop diseases, points toward specific host-plant associations of the vector, indicating specific vector-based transmission routes. Here, we study the specificity of populations associated with four host-plants using mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers, and we evaluate the evolution of host-shifts in H. obsoletus. Host-plant use was confirmed for Convolvulus arvensis, Urtica dioica, Vitex agnus-castus and Crepis foetida. Mitochondrial genetic analysis showed sympatric occurrence of three phylogenetic lineages that were ecologically delineated by host-plant preference, but were morphologically inseparable. Nuclear data supported the existence of three genetic groups (Evanno's Delta K(3) = 803.72) with average genetic membership probabilities gt 90%. While populations associated with C. arvensis and U. dioica form a homogenous group, populations affiliated with V. agnus-castus and C. foetida constitute two independent plant-associated lineages. The geographical signal permeating the surveyed populations indicated complex diversification processes associated with host-plant selection and likely derived from post-glacial refugia in the eastern Mediterranean. This study provides evidence for cryptic species diversification within H. obsoletus sensu lato: i) consistent mitochondrial differentiation (1.1-1.5%) among host-associated populations in syntopy and in geographically distant areas, ii) nuclear genetic variance supporting mitochondrial data, and iii) average mitochondrial genetic distances among host-associated meta-populations are comparable to the most closely related, morphologically distinguishable species, i.e., Hyalesthes thracicus (2.1-3.3%)