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Development of Polystigma rubrum subsp. rubrum stromata mycoparasite in-vitro
No full textThe effects of temperature, sun- and artificial light, pH-value and different media on development of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, isolated from stromata of Polystigma rubrum subsp. rubrum, were studied in-vitro. Colonies of mycoparasite grew in wide range of temperature at the minimum beneath 5ºC and maximum at 30-35ºC. Abundant sporulation was at 20-30ºC. Sun light, as well as fluorescent and near-UV light, decreased colony growth, but stimulated sporulation. The best colony growth and more abundant sporulation were obtained at pH 6-7, although there was abundant sporulation on all medium pH tested. The most media were sutible for mycoparasite development, except corn meal agar (CMA) and potato carrot agar (PCA).Uticaj temperature, sunčeve i veštačke svetlosti, pH podloge i raznih podloga na razvoj mikoparazita (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) izolovanog sa stroma Polystigma rubrum subsp. rubrum ispitivan je in-vitro. Optimalna temperatura za porast kolonije mikoparazita je 20-25º, minimalna ispod 5ºC i maksimalna 30-35ºC. Obilna sporulacija gljive je na temperaturama između 20-30ºC. Sunčeva, fluoroscentna i UV svetlost utiču na smanjenje porasta kolonija, ali stimulišu fruktifikaciju gljive. Najbolji porast kolonija i najobilnija fruktifikacija dobivena je pri pH podloge 6-7, mada je obilna sporulacija ostvarena na svim testiranim pH vrednostima podloge. Ispitivane podloge, osim podloge od kukuruznog brašna i podloge od krompira i mrkve, bile su pogodne za razvoj mikoparazita
Options for Creeping Thistle (Cirsium arvense Scop.) control in wheat crops
No full textCreeping Thistle (Cirsium arvense) control in wheat crops is usual problem in Serbia. During the years when Creeping Thistle density is not to high, solution is easy, but when consider with many different bad conditions, density going to be high, solving this problem must be manage very carefully. Even a little differences in herbicide efficiency become very important.Suzbijanje palamide u usevu pšenice je uobičajen problem u našoj zemlji. Kada je zakorovljenost niska ovaj problem se može lakše rešiti ali kada, pod uticajem raznih nepovoljnih uslova, dođe do izrazito velike zakorovljenosti, ovom problemu se mora mnogo pažljivije prići. U ovakvim uslovima dolaze do izražaja i male razlike u efikasnosti herbicida
Applied non-destructive methods for determination resistance level in common lambsqurters (Chenopodium album L.) to atrazine
No full textThe aim of our investigation was to establish the degree of atrazine resistance in plants of Chenopodium album L. population from Serbia and resistance population from Great Britain. Seeds used in experiments were collected from the corn grown areas treated with atrazine for over ten consecutive years (Surčin and Veliki Crljeni), while the control seeds were collected from untreated areas nearby Belgrade (Belgrade). As a referent population resistant seeds of Chenopodium album L. from Great Britain were used. Plants in fully emerged third leves, from all population, were sprayed with different doses (2, 4 and 8 kg ha-1) of atrazine (Gesaprim, 90% a.i. atrazine). As a non destructive methods we used SPAD-meter for measuring chlorophyll content and fluorometer for chlorophyll a fluorescence which is expressed as ratio between variable (Fv) and maximal (Fm) chlorophyll fluorescence. Both parameters were measured at the same leaf before and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days after atrazine treatments. Results shown that the most sensitive method is by using method of chlorophyll fluorescence. SPAD-meter is not adequate for distinguishing triazine resistant and susceptible plants. In populations of Chenopodium album L.- collected from Serbia (Veliki Crljeni, Surcin and Belgrade) atrazine resistance is not confirmed
Efficacy of chlethodim, tepraloxydim and quizalofop-p-tefuryl in controlling Sorghum halepense at the rhizome
No full textPossibilities of controlling Sorghum halepense at the rhizome in sugar beet soybean and sunflower crops were studied. Trials were set up using the random block design with four replicates (according to standard EPPO/ /OEPP methods) in the localities of Rimski Šančevi, Žabalj, Čenej, Glogonjski rit, Ruma Futog, Sivac and Vojka over the 1996-2000 period. The following herbicides were applied: clethodim, tepraloxydim, quizalofop-P-tefuryl, cycloxydim haloxyfop-P-methyl, fluazifop-P-butyl, phenoxyprop-P-ethyl quizalofop-P-ethyl, propaquizafop and, the rates of application were registered or lower rates. The weeds were at the 3-6 leaves stage at the time of treatment, and the crops in the early stages of growth. The results showed that the tested herbicides could be successfully used to control Sorghum halepense at the rhizome even when the density is high. Significant differences were neither observered in the efficacies of the higher and lower treatment rates, nor between the evaluations (first and second). No phytotoxicity of the investigated herbicides was recorded.U radu je ispitivana mogućnost suzbijanja Sorghum halepense iz rizoma u usevima šećerne repe, soje i suncokreta. Ogledi su izvedeni na lokalitetima Rimski Šančevi, Žabalj, Čenej, Glogonjski rit, Ruma, Futog, Sivac i Vojka u periodu 1996-2000. godina, po slučajnom blok sistemu u 4 ponavljanja (saglasno standardnim metodama OEPP/EPPO). Primenjeno je vise herbicida i to kletodim, tepraloksidim, kvizalofop-P-tefuril, cikloksidim, haloksifop-metil fluazifpp-P-butil, fenoksaprop-P-etil, kvizalofop-P-etil i propakvizafop u količinama koje su registrovane za primenu, i manjim. U vreme primene, korovi su bili u fazi 3-6 listova, a usevi u početnim fazama porasta. Rezultati su pokazali da se i u uslovima visoke brojnosti ispitivani herbicidi mogu uspešno koristiti za suzbijanje Sorghum halepense iz rizoma U toku ogleda nisu uočene značajne razlike u ostvarenoj efikasnosti između viših i nižih količina primene, kao ni između ocena (prva i druga ocena).Takođe, nije registrovana ni fitotoksičnost ispitivanih herbicida
Yield of grain and some yield components during different way of seed-protection at different variety of winter wheat
No full textResearching was done in field condition with three variety of winter wheat and seven ways of seed protection. Researching shown that the way of seed protection was factor that have significance influence on researched characteristics. Our researching shown that among the same way of protection hadn't been significance difference among researched variety of wheat in number plants and spike per m2, coefficient of productive bushing and grain yield . Number plants per m2 arrised from 484 at variety PKB-Christina to 520 at variety Vizija. According to the way of protection per m2 arrised from 487 at treatment Tilletia tritici+ Sumi 8 to 517 at electronic way of protection. The number of spike per m2 arrised from 721 at variety PKB-Christina to 732 at variety Pobeda. According to the researched ways of protection the number of spike is established from 711 at control to the 746 at treatment with Tlletia tritici. Coefficient of productive bushes is established was 1,43 at variety Vizija to 1,49 at variety Pobeda. According to the way of seed protection coefficient of productive bushes as established at control 1,44 to treatment Tilletia tritici + Sumi 8. 1,50. Yield of grain is established at variety Vizija 7,03t/ha and variety Pobeda 7,69t/ha. According to the way of grain yield protection was 7,19 t/ha and at control was 7,56 t/ha with Dividendom 030 protection.Istraživanja su izvedena u poljskim uslovima, sa tri sorte ozime pšenice i sedam načina zaštite semena. Utvrđeno je da je način zaštite semena faktor koji znatno utiče na ispitivana svojstva. U okviru istog načina zaštite nema razlika u broju biljaka i klasnova po m2, u koeficijentu produktivnog bokorenja i prinosu zrna. Broj biljaka po m2 kretao se od 484 kod sorte PKB-Christna do 520 kod sorte Vizija, broj klasova po m2 od 721 kod sorte PKB-Chistina do 732 kod sorte Pobeda, koeficijent produktivnog bokorenja od 1.43 kod sorte Vizija do 1.49 kod sorte Pobeda, a prinos zrna od 7.03 t/ha kod sorte Vizija do 7.69 t/ha kod sorte Pobeda. U odnosu na način zaštite broj biljaka po m2 kretao se od 487 kod tretmana Tilletia tritici + divikonazol, do 517 kod elektronskog načina zaštite, broj klasova od 711 kod kontrole do 746 kod tretmana sa Tilletia tritici, koeficijenat produktivnog bokorenja od 1.44 kod kontrole do 1.50 kod tretmana Tilletia tritici + divikonazola, a prinos zrna od 7.19 t/ha kod kontrole do 7.56 t/ha kod zaštite sa difenokonazolom
Efficacy of some herbicides in wheat crop
No full textField trials were carried out in 2001, 2002 and 2003 to evaluate the efficacy of several herbicides applied individually or in combination in winter wheat in the region of Southern Banat. The examined herbicides were: 2,4-D, Fluroxypyr, Tribrnuron - methyl, 2,4 - D + Florasulam, Bentazon + Dicamba, Triasulfuron + Dicamba, Iodosulphuron - methyl - sodium + Amidosulphuron. The herbicides were applied after wheat tillering. Chenopodium album, Chenopodium hybridum, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Consolida orientalis, Delphinium consolida, Fumaria officinalis, Galium aparine, Lathyrus tuberosus, Polygonum convolvulus, Sinapis arvensis, Stellaria media, Veronica hederifolia and Viola tricolor were found to be the most frequent weeds on location. Sinapis arvensis and Chenopodium album were the most susceptible weeds to all herbicides tested in this investigation. The other species were somewhat less susceptible, but herbicide efficacy was good or satisfactory for all. The most tolerant were Galium aparine and Convolvulus arvensis. The data suggest that all applied herbicides could be successfully used for controlling broad-leaved weeds in winter wheat crops in the region of Southern Banat
Botryosphaeria obtusa prouzrokovač truleži ploda jabuke u Srbiji
No full textThe symptoms of apple fruit black rot of different cultivars caused by Botryosphaeria obtusa were found in the refrigerated warehouse of PIK "Južni Banat", Vršac, and on the trees in the field in Šabac town vincinity during 2003 and 2004. The optimal temperature for both pathogen development and spore germination were between 25° and 30°C for all isolates marked as J-1, J-2, J-15 and J-16, respectively. The results of morphological investigation of the isolates indicated that two different morphotypes of pathogen B.obtusa exist on apple fruits, (type A: isolates J-1 and J-2 and type B: isolates J-15 and J-16). Both types of isolates could caused rotting of apple fruits, but there were significant differences in their aggressiveness.Botryosphaeria obtusa, prouzrokovač erne truleži jabuke, izolovana je sa plodova u skladištima PIK "Južni Banat" i plodova prikupljenih u voćnjacima u okolini Šapca tokom 2003. i 2004. godine. Optimalna temperatura za razvoj patogena i klijanje konidija je između 25° i 30°C. Rezultati ispitivanja morfologije patogena (izgled kolonija, izgled i veličina piknidiospora, način formiranja piknidia i njihova brojnost) ukazuju na postojanje dva morfotipa B.obtusa (tip A: izolati J-l i J-2 i tip B: izolati J-15 i J-16). Iako izolati oba tipa mogu uzrokovati trulež plodova, razlike u njihovoj agresivnosti bile su značajne
Epidemiološka proučavanja crvenila kukuruza
No full textRedness as a harmful disease on maize has been present in Banat, as well as in some other regions of Serbia, since 1957. Some years the redness of maize was epiphytotic causing considerable reduction of yield of corn, sometimes over 50%. Redness of maize is a peculiar disease. It appears usually at the beginning of July when maize plants approach tasseling. First symptom can be seen as redness of main vein in the leaves near the ear. Later on redness spreads all over leaf blade, than on upper and lower leaves, as well as on stalk and ear of infected plants. The kernels of disesed maize plants, starting from the top of the ear remain empty (not properly filled) and shrivelled. Infected maize plants wilt and dry up early. From maize plants diseased by redness the fastidious bacteria have been extracted. Those bacteria we found in leaf, kernel and adventive roots. Fastidious bacteria were also extracted from Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense) leaf and rhizome, as well as from leaves of Setaria viridis and Taraxacum officinale plants showing symptoms of redness. Maize plants grown under plastic tunnel (controlled space) from the beginning of June until the end of August were not infected and did not show the symptoms of redness. On the other hand, the most infections of maize plants by the cause of redness took place when maize plants were uncovered during the second half of July. In both years of investigations (2004. and 2005.) the redness was present in the surrounding crops of maize. In 2004 32.0% and in 2005 21.5% maieze plants in neighbousing crops showed symptoms of redness.Crvenilo kukuruza javlja se u nekim rejonima Srbije. U određenim periodima to oboljenje ima epifitotičan karakter izazivajući značajne štete u proizvodnji kukuruza. Etiologija i epidemiologija crvenila kukuruza nisu razjašnjene. Tokom ovih istraživanja potvrđena je infektivna priroda crvenila kukuruza, kao i prisustvo fastidioznih bakterija u tkivima obolelih biljaka. Kukuruz gajen u zaštićenom prostoru od početka juna do kraja avgusta ne oboleva od crvenila. Najčešće zaraze su u drugoj polovini jula. Fastidiozne bakterija su ekstrahovane iz lista, zrna i pandži biljaka kukuruza obolelih od crvenila, zatim iz lista i rizoma Sorghum halepense, kao i iz lista Setaria viridis i Taraxacum officinaale sa simptomima crvenila
Nove kopljaste nematode iz roda Longidorus (nematoda: Dorylaimida) u Srbiji
No full textDuring a nematological survey to determine the occurence and distribution of Longidoridae in Serbia, specimens representing two new Longidorus species for Serbia were collected. First of them (L. elongatus de Man, 1876) Thorne at Swanger, 1936, was found at site Mojince near Dimitrovgrad in East Serbia in a native pasture. Second one (L. leptocephalus Hooper 1961 ) was collected long time ago (1972) and recently in grassland on mountain Zlatibor, on locality Stočna farma in West Serbia and also found together with L. elongatus in same locality Mojince in East Serbia. Morphology and morphometrics of above mentioned species are presented and ilustrated in this article.U Srbiji je utvrđeno prisustvo kopljastih nematoda Longidorus elongatus (de Man,1876) Thorne and Swagner 1936 i L. leptocephalus, Hooper,1961. Prva od navedenih vrsta konstatovana je u lokalitetu Stočna farma na Zlatiboru, a druga, pored navedenog lokaliteta na Zlatiboru i u Istočnoj Srbiji kod Dimitrovgrada. Za obe vrste značajno je istaći da pripadaju grupi fitoparazitnih nematoda koje su i vektori biljnih virusa. Longidorus elongatus je vektor škotske linije RRV (raspberry ringspot virus) i TBRV (tomato black ringspot virus), dok je Longidorus leptocephalus vektor RRV-engleske linije
Rešavanje problema viroza u vinogradarstvu
No full textContemporary viticulture deals with serious problems among which virosis occurrence is dominant. The damages caused by viruses could be of great importance. Great efforts have been made in West Europe countries and over the last past years the same applied to our country in the field of detection of causal agents as well as in production of planting material. The identification of grapevine viruses proved to be very delicate where as the methods applied (visual detection, indexing on Vitis indicators, inoculation on herbaceous indicators, serological methods, isolation of dsRNA, PCR method) are considered to be complementary. To ensure the healthy planting material with a sanitary procedure maintains the main struggle against grapevine viruses.Savremeno vinogradarstvo, danas se susreće sa vrlo ozbiljnim problemima, među kojima se izdvaja prisustvo viroza. Štete od virusa mogu biti vrlo značajne. Veliki napori se čine u zemljama Zapadne Evrope, a poslednjih godina i kod nas u oblasti detekcije uzročnika bolesti i proizvodnje zdravog sadnog materijala. Identifikacija virusa vinove loze je vrlo delikatna, a metode koje se primenjuju (vizuelna detekcija, indeksiranje na Vitis indikatore, inokulacije na zeljaste indikatore, serološke metode, izolacija dsRNA, PCR metoda) smatraju se komplementarnim. I dalje je osnovni vid borbe protiv virusa vinove loze, obezbeđenje zdravog sadnog materijala kroz sanitarnu proceduru