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Controling weeds in wheat and stubble field
No full textWeed control is achieved only by utiliying herbicides and adequate agritechnical measures for wheat, with the use of herbicides against dominant types of weeds in a rotating system of plant and vegetable cultures. The most certain solution to the problem of weeds in wheat is stop sprouting and spreading of resistant weeds. The solution to the problem is facilitated by using a system of rotating plant types and the introduction of specific herbicides based on fluoroxipire, amidosulfurine, florasuluam and cinidon ethyl, depending on appearance of problem weeds. Within the system of wheat management, regional and global models for controlling weeds for periods over 5 years are formed, which implies fundamental changes to the introduction of novel technologies, transgenic cultivars and new herbicides.U radu je prikazan model suzbijanja korova u pšenici, stepen efikasnosti i selektivnosti herbicida i integralne zaštite ratarskih useva na regionalnom i globalnom nivou. Problem otpornih, rezistentnih korova se pojednostavljuje i rešava rotacijom useva i herbicida sa različitim načinima delovanja, te uvođenjem odgovarajućih agromera, novih specifičnih herbicida za suzbijanje ruderalnih i problematičnih korova u pšenici. Na taj način sprečava se nicanje i širenje rezistentnih korova u sistemu smene useva pšenice, šećerne repe, soje, kukuruza i soje
Physiological parameters as a basis for differentiating between Chenopodium album L. plants resistant or susceptible to atrazine
No full textA possibility of using physiological parameters for differentiating resistant and susceptible plants was investigated. Intensity of transpiration diffusive resistance and chlorophyll concentrations were measured. The experiments were carried out in the greenhouse. Seeds were collected from an area continually treated with atrazine over a period often years (locality Veliki Crljeni) and from treatment-free fields (locality Belgrade). A referent resistant population was obtained from Great Britain. Atrazine was applied (2,4 and 8 kg/ha) when plants were in a 2-4 leaf growth stage. Parameters were measured on the 7th and 15th post-treatment days. The results showed no significant change in the physiological parameters of the treated referent plants. On the other hand, treated plants from the localities of Veliki Crljeni and Belgrade showed a significant decrease in the intensity of transpiration and chlorophyll concentration, and increase in diffusive resistance, compared to untreated plants. Comparing the parameters analyzed, statistically significant differences were found between the domestic populations and the resistant referent population. Based on the variations found in plant responses to atrazine treatments (intensity of transpiration and diffusive resistance) in the populations investigated, we believe that assessment of these physiological parameters alone cannot provide sufficiently reliable data for differentiating between resistant and susceptible plants.U radu je ispitivana mogućnost korišćenja fizioloških parametara kao osnove za razdvajanje rezistentnih od osetljivih populacija Chenopodium album L. na atrazin. Praćeni su intenzitet transpiracije, otpor prema difuziji i relativni sadržaj ukupnog hlorofila. Semena su prikupljena sa površine na kojoj je atrazin korišćen 10 godina (lokalitet Veliki Crljeni) i sa površine na kojoj nikad nisu primenjivani herbicidi (lokalitet Beograd). Referentna rezistentna populacija dobijena je iz laboratorije iz Velike Britanije. Biljke su gajene u kontrolisanim uslovima i tretirane atrazinom (2, 4 i 8 kg/ha) u fazi 2-4 lista. Promene ispitivanih parametara su merene 7. i 15. dana od primene atrazina. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da kod referentne rezistentne populacije tretirane herbicidom nema značajnih promena na nivou posmatranih parametara. Međutim, kod populacija sa lokaliteta V.Crljeni i Beograd došlo je do značajnog smanjenja intenziteta transpiracije i relativnog sadržaja hlorofila, i do povećanja otpora prema difuziji. Statistička obrada podataka je pokazala da se na osnovu svih parametara može izvršiti razdvajanje osetljivih i rezistentih populacija Ch. album prema atrazinu, s tim što se relativni sadržaj ukupnog hlorofila u poređenju sa druga dva parametra pokazao kao pouzdaniji parametar. Prirodna dnevna dinamika fizioloških procesa i njihova zavisnost od velikog broja činilaca (sadržaja 07 i CO, u vazduhu, vlažnosti vazduha, otvorenosti stoma i sl.) umanjuju pouzdanost intenziteta transpiracije i otpor prema difuziji kao parametara
Sowing crops and treating wheat in the Republic of Serbia in 2005/2006
No full textThe use of the seed not declared reached more than fifty percent. There was a period of deficiency in mineral fertilizers, but when appeared on the market the prices were to high. The growing of wheat starts in autumn when our region is subject to many climatic extremes, although, on the world map, it is marked as a favorable one. Farming activities are very numerous in the season when the wheat production is being established. In autumn the sowing lasts over two months, while the optimum sowing time is twenty days. In the course of the last decade, hardly fifty percent of sowing was performed within the optimal time, which is very bad. Late sowing priggers poor quality operations before and after the sowing, the shortening of vegetation and an inadequate preparation of crops for the coming winter period. So, in the autumn of 2005., only 30 percent. Mechanization was a bottleneck for agricultural production and wheat production over the last decade and a half. Further increase and stabilization of wheat yields in the Republic of Serbia can be attained if the growing technology is raised to a higher level.Na osnovu analize klimatskih faktora i primenjene tehnologije gajenja u jesen proizvodne 2005/2006. godine u Republici Srbiji, padavina je bilo značajno više nego što je uobičajeno. Jesenji period bio je topliji od višegodišnjeg proseka. Broj kišnih dana bio je značajno veći od višegodišnjeg proseka. Do 25. oktobra zasejano je samo 30% planiranih površina, zatim do kraja oktobra 48%, 15. novembra 70%, do kraja novembra 81% i do 6. decembra 82%. Plan setve verovatno sa 18% neće biti ostvaren. U vreme zasnivanja ove proizvodnje velika je koncentracija poslova u ratarstvu. U jesen setva traje preko dva meseca, a optimalni rok je dvadeset dana. Poslednjih deceniju i po jedva se poseje pedeset procenata u optimalnom roku setve. Kasna setva povlači za sobom loš kvalitet operacija pre i posle setve, nejednolično i dugo nicanje lošu pripremu useva za ulazak u zimski period i skraćenje vegetacije. Tehnologija proizvodnje pšenice koja je dokazana i prihvaćena kod naših proizvođača se ne ispunjava. Imamo edafske i klimatske resurse za proizvodnju ozime pšenice, znanje i iskustvo. Usko grlo u proizvodnji pšenice je nedostatak po obimu i strukturi poljoprivredne mehanizacije i motivisanost ljudskog faktora. Navedeni nedostatci u primenjenoj tehnologiji gajenja, kao i klimatski činioci, uticaće na visinu prinosa proizvodne 2005/2006. godine. Ako ne bude povoljan zimski, prolećni i letnji period, prinosi ozime pšenice mogu biti niski ili maksimalno prosečni, sa čime ne bi trebalo da budemo zadovoljni. Povećanje i stabilizacija prinosa pšenice u Republici Srbiji moći će da se ostvari ako se ispoštuje proverena i dokazana tehnologija proizvodnje, i podigne na viši nivo
Porast i sporulisanje kolonija Venturia inaequalis na različitim temperaturama i podlogama
No full textThe largest number of fungicide treatments in disease control of apple are realised against apple scab. However, a small number of available fungicides which were frequently used in increased doses caused the problems of less susceptibility of pathogen to applied fungicides. The effect of different temperatures and media on pathogen colony growth and sporulation were investigated to find out the optimal conditions for pathogen development. The optimal temperature for colony growth was 15-20ºC, minimal around 1ºC, a maximal 27ºC. The most suitable medium for pathogen sporulatuiin was malt agar, and insignificantly less suitable was PDA. Sporulation was the more abundant at 15ºC (1,6 x 105 spora/ml).Najveći broj tretmana u zaštiti jabuke izvodi se protiv prouzrokovača čađave pegavosti lista i krastavost plodova. Međutim, mali broj raspoloživih fungicida, često primenjih u povećanim količinama, uzrokuje pojavu smanjene osetljivosti patogena prema upotrebljavanim fungicidima. Zato se javila potreba ispitivanja ove pojave i u laboratorijskim uslovima. Da bi se ova istraživanja sprovela potrebno je ispitati uslove pod kojima patogen ima optimalni porast i fruktifikaciju, u cilju iznalaženja najboljih podloga i uslova za gajenje patogena koji bi poslužili u ispitivanjima njegove osetljivosti prema fungcidima u laboratorijskim uslovima. Prema dobijenim rezultatima, temperaturni optimum za porast kolonija je između 15º i 20ºC, minimum je oko 1ºC, a maksimum je 27ºC. Najpogodnija podloga za sporulaciju patogena je podloga od slada, a neznatno slabija sporulacija je na podlozi od krompira. Utvrđeno je da je intenzitet sporulacije najveći pri temperaturi od 15ºC, na podlozi od slada (1, 6 x 105 spora/ml)
Effects of mycotoxints on germination and 1000-grain weight of Winter wheat
No full textThree winter wheat cultivars, PKB-Lepoklasa, Yugoslavija and Francuska, were differently susceptible to Fusarium spp., widely used in the production and processing, were selected for the experiment. Three treatments were applied to these cultivars: the artificial inoculation with the isolates Fusarium spp; wheat protection with the fungicide on the basis of active ingredients of flutriafol and carbendasim (85+135g L –1) where the spontaneous infection in different wheat pheno-phases is monitored. The same cultivar from the same location didn’t includ in experiment. Experiments were performed three years. Phytopatologic estimate were two times during the period of vegetation. During three years of researching PKB Lepoklasa had 100% infected plants with fungi Fusarium spp., while cultivar Yugoslavia 85%, Francuska 65%. The presence of fungi resulted the reduced germination, as mycotoxins inhibited the proteins synthesis. The development of fungi in wheat plants resulted grain’s wilt due to the damage of burial procession. The fungi of the genus Fusarium spp. produce many mycotoxins, while the presence of trichothecene type B-deoxynivalenol. Moreover, zearalenone and fumonisin were determined.Ispitivane su tri sorte ozime pšenice različito osetljive na Fusarium spp, a široko korišćene u proizvodnji i preradi: PKB-Lepoklasa, Jugoslavija i Francuska. Na ovim sortama primenjena su tri tretmana: veštačka inokulacija izolatima Fusarium spp, zaštita pšenice fungicidom na bazi aktivnih materija flutrijafol+karbendazim (85 + 135g/L) i praćene su spontane infekcije u različitim fenofazama razvoja pšenice. Kontrolna je bila ista sorta, sa istog lokaliteta, neobuhvaćena ogledima. Ogledi su trajali tri godine. Fitopatološka ocena izvršena je dva puta u toku vegetacije. Sorta Jugoslavija imala je u proseku 85% inficiranih biljaka, Francuska 65%, a PKB-Lepoklasa je u sve tri godine imala 100% infekciju gljivama Fusarium spp. Prisustvo gljiva izazvalo je smanjenu klijavost, jer mikotoksini inhibiraju sintezu proteina. Razvoj gljiva na biljkama pšenice doveo je do uvenuća zrna zbog oštećenja sprovodnog sistema. Gljive iz roda Fusarium spp izazivaju produkciju mnogih mikotoksina a utvrđeno je prisustvo trihotecena tipa B-deoksinivalenola zearalenona i fumonizina
Nematode pests of alfalfa and clover
No full textSteam nematode (Ditylenchus dispaci ) is the most important nematode pest in lucerne and alfalfa in Serbia. Damage appears as paches of poorly growing, charateristically slunuded plants, with hypertrophied stems, leaves and buds. Heterodera medicaginis is not reported in Serbia. H. trifolli has been reported in Serbia, but we have not data about losses confed by this and another mentioned species.Lucerku i detelinu napada veći broj fitoparazitnih nematoda, od kojih su najznačajnije stabljikina nematoda (Ditylenchus dispaci ), cistolike nematode (Heterodera spp.). korenove nematode (meloidogyne spp.) i veći broj formi sa slobodnim načinom života. Radi sprečavanja njihovog širenja neophodno je sprovoditi antinematodne mere, posebno u odnosu na D. dispaci, pregledom uzoraka semena na kojem se nalaze klupčad ove vrste u stanju anabioze i tako prenose
Comparison of tetrazolium, exised embryo and standard germination test at fruit and forest tree seeds
No full textThe tetrazolium test, (TTZ), is a fundamental method for quality testing of fruit and forest tree seeds. Results obtained by TTZ test could be in two days compared to the standard germination test that results could be in four monts. Obtaining these results quickly is extremely significant in short deadlines for seed export and import. The TTZ test provides the values of potential germination. Values of standard germination will achieve its potential if there are no any obstacle for germination (seed dormancy). The aim of this paper was to determine the differences between potential and standard germination in vineyard peach, cherry plum, false acacia, Austrian pine, common spruce and wild apple. The test were conducted according to ISTA Rules (2003). The results were statistically analised and significant differences between potential and standard germination were detected in vineyard peach, false acacia and common spruce. An excised embryo test (EET) is also recommended by the ISTA Rules for some species. This test allow increase the speed germination by eliminating the seed coat structures. It was applied in peach, cherry plum and wild apple. Results that are got by EET test were not differ significantly from the potential and standard germination unless for vineyard peach. Results that are got it by TTZ test show heihger values to standard germination when seed is dormancy and infected. In those situation EET test could be a good alternative.Tetrazolium (TTZ) test predstavlja osnovni metod za ispitivanje kvaliteta voćarskih i šumskih vrsta. Brzo dobijanje rezultata TTZ testom (2 dana) u odnosu na test klijavosti (i do 4 meseca) izuzetno je značajno zbog kratkih rokova pri uvozu i izvozu semena. Tetrazolium test daje vrednosti potencijalne klijavosti. Vrednosti standardne klijavosti će dostići taj potencijal ukoliko nema nikakvih prepreka za klijanje (npr. mirovanje semena). Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrđivanje razlika između potencijalne i standardne klijavosti kod vinogradarske breskve, džanarike, bagrema, crnog bora, smrče i jabuke. Rezultati su statistički obrađeni i utvrđeno je da postoje značajne razlike između vrednosti potencijalne i standardne klijavosti kod ispitivanog uzorka vinogradarske breskve, bagrema i smrče. ISTA pravila za neke biljne vrste preporučuju i test izdvojenog embriona (EET). Ovim testom ubrzava se klijanje uklanjanjem spoljašnjih struktura semena. EET test je primenjen kod breskve, džanarike i divlje jabuke. Dobijene vrednosti EET testa nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale od vrednosti potencijalne i standardne klijavosti, osim kod vinogradarske breskve. Rezultati TTZ testa pokazuju veće vrednosti u odnosu na standardnu klijavost kada je seme dormantno i zaraženo patogenima. U takvim slučajevima EET test može biti dobra alternativa
Quality and plumpness of seeds of different genotypes of Winter wheat
No full textInvestigation is thirteen at Kikinda and twelve at Zajecar variety winter wheat difference per patch bush, altitude stem, position leaves, length of vegetation, quality and yield grain. Essay is designate at the experimental field Agriculture Station at Kikinda and at the experimental field Centre for Agriculture and Technology Investigation at Zajecar, in the course of 2002/03 and 2003/04. Vegetation cycle. Relative plumpness of seed indicate herself of being for all under proof variety on winniwing fan from 2.8 mm, from 47.5 to 71.8 % seeds. Significance thread per cent seeds is to parcel out on winniwing fan from 2.5 mm, from 19.2 to 27.9 %. Attendant mass seeds on winniwing fan from 2.2 mm from 6.2 to 10.8% and on winniwing fan from 2.0 mm from 1.3 to 2.3%. Cumulative production germinating faculty seminal for all under proof variety on winniwing fan from 2.8 mm is established from 89 as far as 95 %. Little series cumulative production seed germination is investigation on winniwing fan from 2.5 mm, from 88 to 93 %. Attendant germinating faculty on winniwing fan from 2.2 mm from 86 to 90 % and on winniwing fan from 2.0 mm from 81 to 85 %. Fixture is high significant difference between year field experience relative plumpness seminal cumulative production germinating faculty, location, genotype and interaction between under proof treatment. Significant difference at germinating faculty fixture is between under proof genotypes, interaction year x genotype and location x genotype, high significant difference between location and interaction genotype x location.U Kikindi je ispitivano trinaest, a u Zaječaru dvanaest različitih sorti ozime pšenice. Ogled je postavljen na oglednom polju Poljoprivredne stanice u Kikindi i oglednom polju Centra za poljoprivredna i tehnološka istraživanja u Zaječaru, u toku 2002/03. i 2003/04. vegetacione periode. U odnosu na krupnoću semena, pokazalo se da je za sve ispitivane sorte na rešetu od 2.8 mm izdvojeno od 47.5 do 71.8% semena. Značajno niži procenat semena izdvojen je na rešetu od 2.5 mm,. Sledi masa semena na rešetu od 2.2 mm i na rešetu od 2.0 mm. Ukupna klijavost semena za sve ispitivane sorte na rešetu od 2.8 mm ustanovljena je od 89 do 95%. Niža klijavost utvrđena je na rešetu od 2.5 mm a zatim sledi ukupna klijavost na rešetu od 2.2 mm i na rešetu od 2.0 mm. Ustanovljena je veoma značajna razlika između godina ispitivanja u odnosu na krupnoću semena, ukupnu klijavost, lokalitete, genotipove i interakcije između ispitivanih tretmana. Značajna razlika kod ukupne klijavosti ustanovljena je između ispitivanih genotipova, interakcija godina x genotip i lokalitet x genotip, visoko značajna razlika između lokaliteta i interakcija genotip x lokalitet
First report of multiple inflorescence disease of Cirsium arvense and its association with a 16SrIII-B subgroup phytoplasma in Serbia
No full textVilina kosica i mogućnosti suzbijanja
No full textDodder (Cuscuta spp.) is the most wide-spread parasitic plant in our regions. Over the past several years it has increasingly expanded. Apart from growing in alfalfa and red clover as its main host crops, it is now beginning to pose a growing threat to the other crops, as well. About ten dodder species had been determined in Serbia in the past, but they have been out of focus of detailed research in the past three decades. Two dodder species have been identified as important: the small-seeded (Cuscuta trifoli Bab.), and large-seeded (C. campestris Yuncker). They differ in many respects, including the loci of binding to their host-plants. Methods of controlling dodder include preventive measures, and mechanical and chemical control.Vilina kosica (Cuscuta spp.) je najrasprostranjenija parazitska biljka na našim prostorima. Poslednjih godina primećena je njena ekspanzija, a pored lucerke i deteline, kao njenih osnovnih domaćina, počinje da ugrožava i druge gajene biljke. Zakonska regulativa, kojom se sprečava širenje viline kosice semenom, nedovoljno se poštuje. U zaštiti useva se ne poklanja dovoljno pažnje borbi protiv viline kosice, ruderalna staništa oko naših njiva su izrazito zakorovljena i pravi su rasadnik ovog parazita, te ovakvo stanje izaziva sve veće probleme. Najefikasniji način borbe sa vilinom kosicom je sprečavanje njenog unošenja u useve, ali kada se ona javi, primena herbicida može dati zadovoljavajuće rezultate