PlantaRum - Repository of the Institute for Plant Protection and Environment
Not a member yet
602 research outputs found
Sort by
Incidence and molecular characterization of flavescence doree and stolbur phytoplasmas in grapevine cultivars from different viticultural areas of Serbia
No full textThe presence and distribution of grapevine phytoplasmas was investigated from 2003 to 2005 in some of the most important viticultural areas of Serbia, considering in particular the susceptibility and sensitiveness of both local and imported grapevine cultivars. Both flavescence doree (FD) and bois noir (BN) phytoplasmas were detected using molecular techniques. The presence of FD phytoplasma at the moment seems limited, while BN phytoplasma appears to be present in the majority of grape growing regions in Serbia. Field surveys demonstrate that grapevine yellows (GY) epidemics in the vineyards inspected in Serbia spread very fast, indeed the incidence of symptomatic plants increased considerably year by year. In particular, the average rate of FD diffusion increased from 45.5 to 93.0 % in the Sicevacko region, while the spread of BN resulted lower. The local cultivar 'Plovdina' appeared to be extremely sensitive to FD phytoplasma showing a percentage of infected plants ranging from 91 to 100 %. PCR-RFLP and phylogenetic analyses based on ribosomal protein (rp) and secY gene sequences performed on Serbian FD grapevine strains demonstrated their close relationship with the Italian FD-C strain present in north-east Italy. Based on both phylogenetic markers, Serbian FD strains represent a new distinct lineage and together with the FD-C strain form a major phylogenetic group within the elm yellows group
Uticaj uslova sredine tokom sazrevanja na klijanje semena mišjakinje (Stellaria media (L.) Vill.)
No full textThe timing and dynamic of seed germination of weed plants and factors affecting them make an important segment of knowledge required for planning weed control in agricultural fields. Environmental conditions existing during seed maturation are the most immediate factor affecting morphological and physiological properties of seeds. We investigated the effect of environmental conditions existing during seed maturation of chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Vill.), a frequent and widespread weed species, on their germination in the dark and after irradiation. Seeds were sampled from chickweed plants grown inside a glasshouse and those growing wild outdoors in the vicinity of the glasshouse at 3-9 day intervals from mid-February to early June 2007. When fruits were setting in both populations simultaneously, the seeds were collected on the same dates inside and outside the glasshouse. Chickweed plants that grew outdoors began flowering and fruiting more than a month later than those growing in the glasshouse. Plants growing inside the glasshouse stopped fruiting about 20 days after those around the glasshouse. Two months after the last harvest, in August, germinability of the collected seeds was investigated. Despite the different conditions in which seeds had matured, no statistically significant difference was detected in germinability in the dark between the seeds sampled inside and outside the glasshouse, except in two of the 14 pairs of samples collected on the same dates. On the other hand, there were considerable and statistically significant differences in germinability depending on sampling dates. The lowest germination was found in samples collected both inside and outside the glasshouse in late March and early April. Irradiation of imbibing seeds with white daylight stimulated germination of all samples and significantly decreased the differences in germinability of seeds collected on different dates, while not eliminating them fully.Poznavanje vremena i dinamike klijanja semena korovskih biljaka i faktora koji na njih utiču je u svetu važan deo korpusa znanja koja su potrebna prilikom planiranja kontrole zakorovljenosti poljoprivrednih površina. Uslovi sredine prisutni tokom sazrevanja semena su prvi faktori koji utiču na kasnije morfološke i fiziološke osobine semena. U ovom radu je ispitivan uticaj uslova sredine tokom sazrevanja semena mišjakinje (Stellaria media (L.) Vill.), česte i široko rasprostranjene korovske vrste, na klijanje u mraku i nakon osvetljavanja. Semena su brana u razmacima od tri do devet dana od sredine februara do početka juna 2007. godine sa biljaka mišjakinje gajenih u staklari i sa biljaka koje su samoniklo rasle oko staklare. U vreme kada su obe populacije plodonosile, semena su brana istog dana i ispred staklare i u staklari. Biljke mišjakinje koje su rasle oko staklare počele su sa sporadičnim cvetanjem oko 15 dana kasnije od biljaka u staklari, ali su, zbog dužeg perioda hladnog vremena koji je usledio, sa masovnijim cvetanjem i plodonošenjem počele više od mesec dana kasnije od biljaka iz staklare. Biljke u staklari su prestale da plodonose dvadesetak dana posle biljaka oko staklare. Dva meseca nakon poslednjeg branja, tokom avgusta, ispitivana je klijavost ubranih semena. I pored različitih uslova u kojima su semena sazrevala nije bilo statistički značajne razlike u klijanju u mraku semena ubranih u staklari i ubranih oko staklare, osim u dva od četrnaest parova uzoraka ubranih istog dana. S druge strane, postojale su velike, statistički značajne razlike u klijavosti u zavisnosti od datuma branja. Najnižu klijavost su imali uzorci semena ubranih krajem marta i početkom aprila i kod semena ubranih u staklari i kod onih ubranih oko staklare. Osvetljavanje imbibovanih semena belom, dnevnom svetlošću, je stimulisalo klijanje svih uzoraka i značajno umanjilo razlike u klijavosti semena ubranih različitih datuma, ali ih nije eliminisalo u potpunosti
Klijavost semena ambrozije pri različitim uslovima svetlosti i temperature
No full textCommon ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is an invasive weed and a troublesome species whose pollen causes allergies in humans. It multiplies by seeds and their germination depends on a number of factors. The investigation presented in this paper was done with seeds of two common ragweed populations, which were stored at room temperature after collection. Seed germination and seedling growth (elongation and weight increase) were studied in six different combinations of light, temperature and previous seed exposure to low temperature (4°C). Based on the results obtained, we concluded that germination was better in all treatments that included seed irradiation than in the dark, while seedling growth was more intensive in treatments with seeds exposed for 24h to 4°C temperature before testing.Ambrozija (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) je invazivna korovska vrsta, a predstavlja ozbiljan problem i kao izvor polena koji izaziva alergijske rakcije kod ljudi. Razmnožava se semenom čija klijavost zavisi od većeg broja faktora. Prikupljena semena dve populacije ambrozije su do ispitivanja čuvana na sobnoj temperaturi. Klijavost semena i rast klijanaca, tj. povećanje njihove dužine i mase praćeni su u šest različitih kombinacija svetlosti, temperature i prethodnog izlaganja semena niskoj temperaturi (4°C). Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata utvrđeno je da je u svim tretmanima koji uključuju osvetljavanje semena klijavost bila bolja nego u mraku, dok je rast klijanaca bio najintezivniji u tretmanima sa semenima koja su pre postavljanja ogleda bila izložena temperaturi od 4°C tokom 24h
Erwinia amylovora - prouzrokovač nekroze korenovog vrata stabla jabuke
No full textA large-scale outbreak of fire blight symptoms caused by Erwinia amylovora was recorded in pome fruit trees during 2007. In addition to fruit necrosis and shoot blight as the typical disease symptoms, dark purple necrosis was observed in the root collar area girdling the trunk just above the ground and thus withering the whole apple tree. Since similar symptoms on apple trees could be caused by E. amylovora or one of several phytopathogenic fungi of the genera Phomopsis and Phytophthora, an investigation was conducted to identify the causal agent of this disease. Levan-producing, nonfluorescent bacteria were isolated from diseased samples. The isolated strains produced HR in tobacco leaves and necrosis of artificially inoculated, immature pear fruits, followed by oozing of bacterial exudate, a characterisitic of E. amylovora. Based on the results of pathogenicity tests, biochemical characteristics, ELISA test and PCR analysis, it was confirmed that the investigated strains belonged to E. amylovora, causing the root collar necrosis of apple trees as an atypical symptom of this bacterium in Serbia. The explanation of this symptom may be that the vegetative rootstocks were infected with E. amylovora. Therefore, the development of diagnostic protocols for detection of E. amylovora in apple rootstock is very important for health inspections of planting materials.Tokom 2007. godine zabeležena je masovna pojava bakteriozne plamenjače jabučastih voćaka prouzrokovana bakterijom Erwinia amylovora. Pored nekroze plodova i plamenjače mladara, tipičnih simptoma bolesti, našu pažnju je privukla pojava nekroze mrkoljubičaste boje u zoni korenovog vrata, koja prstenasto zahvata prizemni deo i prouzrokuje izumiranje stabala jabuke. S obzirom na to da uzrok ovakvih patoloških promena može da bude E. amylovora, ali i fitopatogene gljive iz rodova Phomopsis i Phytophthora, preduzeta su istraživanja sa ciljem da se utvrdi etiologija ovog oboljenja jabuke. Iz obolelih uzoraka izolovane su bakterije koje stvaraju levan, ali ne i fluorescentni pigment. Proučavani sojevi prouzrokovali su HR na listovima duvana i nekrozu inokulisanih, nesazrelih plodova kruške, uz obilno stvaranje bakterijskog eksudata, što je karakterističan znak E. amylovora. Na osnovu rezultata dobijenih pri testovima provere patogenosti, ali i rezultata biohemijskih odlika, ELISA testa i molekularnih metoda (PCR), potvrđeno je da proučavani izolati pripadaju bakteriji E. amylovora, koja je uzročnik simptoma nekroze korenovog vrata stabala jabuke, prvi put zabeleženih u Srbiji. Moguće objašnjenje ove pojave je da su vegetativne podloge za kalemljenje bile inficirane ovom bakterijom. Zbog toga je veoma bitno razvijati dijagnostičke protokole za utvrđivanje prisustva E. amylovora u podlogama za kalemljenje jabuke, tokom procesa kontrole zdravstvene ispravnosti sadnog materijala
On the identity of Rhinusa hispida (Brulle) and its current synonyms (Coleoptera : Curculionidae)
No full textFrom examination of type specimens the authors establish that Rhinusa hispida sensu auctorum is not the same species as R. hispida (Brulle, 1832), which is instead synonymous with R. tetra (Fabricius, 1792) (syn. n.). Moreover, under the name R. hispida sensu auctorum two distinct taxa are confused, which can be distinguished from each other by taxonomic, biological and genetic differences: R. pilosa (Gyllenhal, 1838) and R. brondelii (Brisout, 1862), stat. n. (= R. lanuginosa (Wollaston, 1875), syn. n.). Gymnetron vulpes Lucas, 1849 (= G. marmota Fairmaire, 1883, syn. n.), previously placed under synonymy of R. hispida (Brulle), is transferred to the genus Mecinus and considered a distinct species. A neotype of G. pilosum brondelii Brisout and lectotypes of G. hispidum Brulle, G. pilosum Gyllenhal, G. vulpes Lucas and G. lanuginosum Wollaston are designated
Evolutivno održavanje informacionih sistema
No full textThe problem of short lifetime of company information system and possibility of its extension is presented. Beside great financial means, implementation of an information system demands great effort of human resources and on the other hand, becomes obsolete too quickly. This is exactly where the strong need for keeping present information system alive comes from. That is also explanation why it is often the case in practice that information systems are exploited much longer than their predicted lifetime. The question is if it is possible that information system, older then ten years, is still able to fulfill the needs of the company, just as much as it was able when it was at its peak of maturity. The paper presents this problem and considers possibility of achieving longevity of information systems with continuous evolving maintenance.Prezentovan je problem kratkog životnog veka informacionog sistema preduzeća i mogućnost njegovog produžetka. Uvođenje informacionih sistema, s jedne strane iziskuje visoka finansijska sredstva, a takođe i velike kadrovske napore, a sa druge strane zastareva veoma brzo. Stoga je potreba za održavanjem postojećeg u životu, velika. U praksi je zato čest slučaj da se informacioni sistemi koriste znatno duže od njihovog predviđenog životnog veka. Pitanje je, da li je moguće obezbediti da informacioni sistem stariji od deset godina i dalje može da zadovolji potrebe preduzeća, kao kada je bio u punoj zrelosti. Ovaj članak se bavi tim problemom i razmatra mogućnosti realizacije informacionih sistema koji će kontinuiranim, evolutivnim promenama postići dugovečnost
Sorbus sp - New host of Erwinia amylovora in Serbia
No full textIn 1989 Erwinia amylovora was confirmed to be a pathogen of pear and quince in Serbia. Subsequently, apple, firethorn, hawthorn, Mespilus spp., Cotoneaster horisontalis and Cheanotneles spp. were confirmed as hosts of the pathogen. During the summer 2005, fire blight symptoms were observed on Sorbus spp. for the first time in the south-eastern Serbia, near Nis. Disease symptoms included leaf and shoot blight and cankers with purple-brown colouration of necrotic tissue on mature branches. The diseased tissue was macerated and the suspension was streaked on nutrient sucrose agar (NAS) and King's medium B. Typical light grey, levan-positive colonies developed on NAS medium after two day incubation at 25 degrees C. Colonies on King's medium B were white and nonfluorescent. The results of physiological and biochemical tests of the bacterium were as follows: gram negative, oxidative and fermentative metabolism of glucose; oxidase negative, gelatin hydrolysis positive, aesculin hydrolysis negative and acid produced from most carbon sources. In pathogenicity tests, all isolates induced HR in tobacco leaves and necrosis on artificially inoculated pear fruits followed by appearence of bacterial ooze. After inoculation of petioles and shoots of the host plant (Sorbus spp.) initial symptoms were dark green, watersoaked, eliptical spots on inoculated tissues. Leaf and shoot blight resembling the natural infection appeared five to six days after inoculation. The investigated strains reacted positively with antisera specific to E. amylovora in DASI ELISA test. Identity of isolated strains also was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). According to the biochemical and physiological characteristics, pathogenicity tests, results of PCR analyses and ELISA test, strains isolated from Sorbus spp. plants were identified as E. amylovora. This is the first report of E. amylovora on Sorbus spp. plants in Serbia
Rasprostranjenost fitoplazmoza vinove loze u Srbiji
No full textGrapevine yellows (GY), are very destructive diseases. For the first time GY was detected in Serbia in 2003. The arm of this work was to established the spread of phytoplasma diseased in nine viticultural regions in Serbia. Investigations conducted from 2003 to 2005 have shown that GY are widespread in Serbia in the following viticultural regions: Zapadnomoravsko, Nišavsko-južnomoravsko, Južnobanatsko, Severnobanatsko, Subotičko-Horgoško, Timočko, Šumadijsko-velikomoravsko, Sremsko and region of Deliblatska peščara. The most severe infection on phytoplasmas was recorded at Plovdina cv., which showed to be very sensitive to the pathogens. Somewhat less susceptibility to GY have shown by Prokupac and Italian Riesling cvs.Vinova loza je domaćin velikog broja prouzrokovača raznih oboljenja - fitopatogenih gljiva, virusa, bakterija i u najnovije vreme fitoplazmi. Fitoplazme uslovljavaju veoma destruktivna oboljenja vinove loze u značajnim vinogradarskim zemljama Evrope, kao što su Francuska, Italija i Španija. U našim vinogorjima pojava simptoma tipa žutila uočena je krajem prošlog veka u župskom vinogorju, ali je tek 2003. godine zvanično registrovana u Srbiji. U cilju utvrđivanja pojave i prisustva fitoplazmoza na vinovoj lozi u Srbiji, obavljeni su pregledi 335 vinograda, odnosno zasada vinove loze u 28 vinogorja, odnosno u devet vinogradarskih rejona Srbije u periodu od 2003-2005. godine. Rezultati praćenja prisustva fitoplazmoza u devet rejona i 28 vinogorja Srbije u periodu 2003-2005, ukazuju na činjenicu da su fitoplazme prisutne u svim navedenim vinogorjima. Interesantni su podaci da je fitoplazma FD utvrđena i PCR analizom dokazana u Župskom i Sićevačkom vinogorju, a Stolbur fitoplazma u Vršačkom, Niškom i vinogorju Deliblatske peščare
Vegetativna inkompatibilnost izolata Phomopsis spp. izolovanih sa stabla šljive
No full textIsolates of Phomopsis spp. obtained from plum trees (Prunus domestica L.) with symptoms of die-back. There were significant morpho-physiological and pathogenic differences between the isolates. The genetic variability (12 isolates of Phomopsis spp. and isolate of Photopia pernicious, which was used as control ) was proved by study of vegetative compatibility. These isolates were inoculated in Petri dishes in pairs in all possible cross combinations, on potato dextrose agar. After 5 and 10 days the interaction between colonies were scored according to appearance of contact lines of paired cultures. On the contact line on two different isolates distinct barrage zones of inhibition - vegetative incompatibility reaction. The barrage zones generally became black and sometimes showed formation of pycnidia. Necrotic parts of hyphen that formed line of reaction were observed. A compatible reaction was observed only when cultures of the same isolate were paired.Izolati Phomopsis spp. dobijeni sa grana i stabla šljive (Prunus domestica L.) sa simptomima sušenja i izumiranja ispoljili su značajne razlike u morfolo-fiziološkim i patogenim karakteristikama. Primenom metode vegetativne kompatibilnosti potvrđena je genetska varijabilnost 12 izolata Phomopsis spp. i kontrolnog izolata Phomopsis perniciosa. Isečci ispitivanih kultura zasejavani su u Petri kutije po parovima i u svim mogućim unakrsnim kombinacijama, na podlozi KGA. Očitavanje rezultata je vršeno petog i desetog dana i podrazumevalo je praćenje izgleda linije međusobnog kontakta uparivanih izolata. Nakon perioda inkubacije između ispitivanih kultura dolazi do formiranja crne reakcione linije - barijere, a u pojedinim slučajevima i reproduktivnih organa - piknida (reakcija vegetativne inkompatibilnosti). Delovi hifa koje sačinjavaju crnu reakcionu liniju bili su nekrotirani. Vegetativna kompatibilnost konstatovana je samo u slučajevima kada su izolati uparivani sami sa sobom