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Possibilities of soybean weed control by herbicide application
No full textDue to the different herbicide efficiency to certain weed species, herbicide choice is predominantly conditioned by weed community composition. The second reason for herbicide choice is their depressive action in soybean crop, i.e. herbicide selectivity toward the cultivated plant. Taking into consideration both reasons for herbicide choice, demands for herbicides efficiency and selectivity must also be met.Izbor herbicida je prvenstveno uslovljen sastavom korovske zajednice, s obzirom na njihovu različitu efikasnost na pojedine korovske vrste. Drugi momenat kod izbora herbicida je njihovo depresivno delovanje na usev soje, tj. selektivnost prema gajenoj biljci. Uzimajući u obzir oba momenta kod izbora herbicida, moraju biti zadovoljeni i zahtevi da herbicidi budu efikasni i selektivni
Rezistentnost korova na herbicide u svetu i kod nas
No full textSince the discovery of the first weed species, Senecio vulgaris L., resistant to triazines, a total of 415 biotypes of weed species have been determined that are resistant to herbicides, i.e. 183 weed species, of which 110 are dicotyledonous and 73 grass species, belonging to 18 groups with different mechanisms of action. Rapid increase in the number of these populations' representatives continues steadily through frequent use of the same herbicides or those with identical mechanism of action. In plants, resistance can naturally spread, or it can be induced by techniques such as genetic engineering or selection of resistant biotypes obtained by tissue culture or mutagenesis. In respect to tolerant plants, resistant biotypes most frequently do not only survive commercial herbicide rates, but extremely high rates as well. Resistant biotypes with multifold resistance mechanisms represent a challenge for their control. Researchers keep trying to develop easier methods of detecting changes in the target sites of resistance mechanisms by using molecular biology.Od prve rezistentne korovske vrste Senecio vulgaris L. na triazinske herbicide do danas, utvrđeno je 415 biotipova korovskih vrsta rezistentnih na herbicide iz 18 grupa različitih mehanizama delovanja, kod 183 korovske vrste, od kojih 110 dikotiledonih i 73 travna. Rapidno povećavanje broj predstavnika ovih populacija se nastavlja iz dana u dan, učestalom upotrebom istih ili herbicida istog mehanizma delovanja. U biljkama, rezistentnost se može prirodno raširiti ili može biti indukovana tehnikama kakve su genetički inžinjering ili selekcija rezistentnih biotipova dobijenih kulturom tkiva ili mutagenezom. Za razliku od tolerantnih biljaka, rezistentni biotipovi najčešće ne preživljavaju samo komercijalne količine herbicida nego i izuzetno velike količine. Rezistentni biotipovi sa višestrukim mehanizmima rezistentnosti predstavljaju izazov za suzbijanje. Istraživači pokušavaju molekularnom biologijom da olakšaju utvrđivanje promene ciljnog mesta kao mehanizma rezistentnosti
Morphophysiological traits and atrazine sensitivity in Chenopodium album L.
No full textBACKGROUND: A Chenopodium album L. biotype surviving in atrazine-treated Serbian corn fields (VC) was compared against atrazine-susceptible (S) and atrazine-resistant (R) standards. RESULTS: Atrazine (2 kg ha(-1)) killed S and VC shoot biomass 15 days after treatment (DAT), but R was only suppressed by 42% and survived 8 kg ha(-1). Atrazine at 2 kg ha(-1) only inhibited VC height by 60% as against 100 and 0% for S and R respectively. Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and transpiration were insensitive to atrazine in R, but were inhibited by 90 and 100% in S and by 50 and 60% in VC respectively. Decline of Fv/Fm after 2 kg ha(-1) atrazine was stabilized at 3 DAT for the VC biotype. CONCLUSION: A toxicity mitigation mechanism could have facilitated VC survival in an atrazine-treated field. Further knowledge on this mechanism is needed to establish if surviving VC plants are indicators of atrazine resistance evolution in these Serbian corn fields. Variables related to foliar function provided better detection of weed mechanisms to survive herbicide action than the usual shoot biomass measurements. (c) 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Sorbus domestica i s. Torminalis novi domaćini Ewinia amylovora u Srbiji
No full textFirelight symptoms were observed on ornamental plants Sorbs domestic (region of Niš, 2005) and S. terminals (Požega, 2007). Symptoms appeared as leaves and shoots blight followed with cancer forming on branches of S. domestic and shoot blight on S. terminals. Levant type single colony were collected after three days growth on nutrient agar enrich net with sucrose (SNA). Investigated strays produced HR in tobacco and necrosis of artificially inoculated unripe pear fruits followed by oozing of bacterial exudates. Symptoms similar to those registered in natural infections, were recorded on artificial inoculated S. domestic leaves and shoots. Based on the results of pathogen city tests, biochemical characteristics, ELISA test and PCR analysis it was confirmed that the investigated strains belonged to E. amylovora, widespread pathogen of poem fruit trees and ornamental plants in Serbia. This is the first report of E. amylovora as pathogen of Sorbs plant in Serbia.U radu su prikazani rezultati proučavanja izolovanih sojeva bakterije iz plamenjačom zahvaćenih mladara ukrasnih biljka Sorbus domestica i Sorbus torminalis. Proučavani sojevi su Gram negativni, ne stvaraju fluorescentni pigment na King-ovoj podlozi B, a glukozu metabolišu i oksidativno i fermentativno. Prouzrokuju HR duvana i nekrozu nesazrelih, inokulisanih plodova kruške (viljamova) praćenu obilnom produkcijom bakterijskog eksudata. Prvi simptomi na inokulisanim mladarima biljaka domaćina u očavaju se posle 2-3 dana, ispoljavaju se u vidu vlažnih pega koje se vremenom šire zahvatajući ga u celosti. Na osnovu patogenih, biohemijskih i seroloških odlika (ELISA) proučavanih izolata zaključeno je da patološke promene na ukrasnim biljkama Sorbus domestica i Sorbus torminalis prouzrokuje Erwinia amylovora. To je potvrđeno i primenom molekularne metode (PCR) korišćenjem specifičnog prajmera za bakteriju E. amylovora. Ovo je prvi nalaz E. amylovora na ukrsnim biljkama roda Sorbus u Srbiji
Crvenilo kruške u Srbiji
No full textSymptoms of Pear decline (PD) have been observed in commercial orchards in Serbia a few years ago. First appearance of PD in Vojvodina have dated from 1969 year (Vojvodić and Grbić, 1969). Duduk et al., 2005. by using PCR method proved the presence of PD in the Central Serbia. On territory of ex Yugoslavia, this phytoplasma had found in part of Dalmatia (Cvjetković, 1976), and in Republic of Srpska (Trkulja et al., 2004). Typical symptoms of PD were observed in commercial orchards on two years old pears during the August of 2004, in the locality Deč, and in the beginning of September 2007, in the locality Crvenka. The original material for these investigations was collected for the electron micrography and PCR identification. On the ultrathin cross-sections of conductive vessels of the main leaf vein, organisms corresponding to phytoplasmas in shape, size and structure were observed at the electron microscope. The dimensions of phytoplasmas cells were from 350-480 x 600-700 nm. The PCR identification by using specific primers fO1/rO1 proved the presence of PD.Simptomi Pear decline fitoplazme su primećeni u komercijalnim zasadima kruške u Srbiji već izvestan broj godina. Prvi simptomi koji su ukazivali na prisustvo ove fitoplazme na krušci u plantažnim zasadima u Vojvodini, potiču iz davne 1969. godine (Vojvodić i Grbić, 1969). U centralnoj Srbiji Duduk i saradnici su 2005. godine, primenom PCR metode dokazali prisustvo ove fitoplazme na krušci. U republikama bivše Jugoslavije, u oblasti Dalmacije utvrđeno je prisustvo simptoma na krušci 1976. godine (Cvetković, 1976), a primenom PCR metode potvrđeno je njeno prisustvo na krušci i u području Republike Srpske 2003. godine (Trkulja i saradnici, 2004), na kojoj su simptomi tipa fitoplazmi prisutni od 1990. godine. Tokom avgusta 2004. godine u lokalitetu Deč obavljen je pregled zasada kruške starosti dve godine sorti Vilijamovka i Abata fetel, i stabala istih sorti kruške, starosti 10-15 godina, u lokalitetu Crvenka, početkom septembra meseca 2007. godine. Vizuelnim pregledom utvrđeno je prisustvo simptomima tipa crvenila na većem broju stabala. Ova stabla su obeležena i sa njih je uzorkovan biljni materijal za analize. Uzorci su obrađeni za posmatranje na elektronskom mikroskopu i za PCR analizu. Na ultratankim presecima floemskog tkiva glavnih lisnih nerava obolelih stabala kruške, utvrđeno je prisustvo organizama, koji po obliku, veličini 350-480 x 600-700 nm i strukturi, odgovaraju fitoplazmama. Rezultati PCR analiza, sa univerzalnim R16F2n/R16R2 i specifičnim prajmerom fO1/rO1 ukazali su na prisustvo fitoplazme Pear decline
Zastupljenost i molekularna detekcija virusa mozaika krastavca u usevu duvana
No full textThree-year investigation of the presence and distribution of tobacco viruses in Serbia showed that Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) appeared every year with different frequency. During 2007, in two localities CMV was even prevalent both in single and in mixed infections, comparing to all other economically important tobacco viruses. Due to distinct leaf symptoms and stunting of plants, CMV infection causes great crop losses and leaf quality decrease and for that reason CMV appears to be very important tobacco virus in Serbia. Continuous presence of CMV in tobacco crops and its economically destructive effect implied the necessity for the development of a rapid and reliable protocol for CMV molecular detection which would be applicable in diagnostic laboratories in our country. During this investigation a rapid and simple protocol was optimized and developed for molecular detection of CMV in tobacco leaves, using primers CMVAu1u/CMVAu2d and commercially available kits for total RNA extraction as well as for RT-PCR. In RT-PCR by these primers that flank the CMV capsid protein gene, a DNA fragment of 847 bp was amplified in the samples of infected tobacco leaves. Obtained results show that established molecular detection procedure is suitable for reliable and efficient detection of tobacco CMV isolates originating from Serbia. Although serological methods are still useful for large-scale testing of great number of samples, this protocol is, due to its high sensitivity and specificity, an important improvement in conformation of the results obtained by other methods, in the detection of virus low concentrations and in further characterization of CMV isolates originating from Serbia.Trogodišnjim proučavanjima pojave i rasprostranjenosti virusa duvana u Srbiji utvrđeno je da se virus mozaika krastavca (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV) javlja svake godine sa različitom učestalošću. Tokom 2007. godine na dva lokaliteta gajenja utvrđena je njegova prevalentnost kako u pojedinačnim tako i u mešanim infekcijama u odnosu na sve ostale ekonomski značajne viruse duvana. Usled promena u vidu izraženih simptoma na lišću i kržljavosti biljaka, CMV značajno utiče na smanjenje prinosa i kvaliteta lišća pa se smatra izuzetno važnim virusom duvana za našu zemlju. Stalno prisustvo CMV u usevu duvana i pripadnost grupi ekonomski štetnih virusa uslovili su potrebu za razvijanjem brzog i pouzdanog protokola za molekularnu detekciju koji bi bio primenljiv u dijagnostičkim laboratorijama u našoj zemlji. U toku ovih istraživanja razvijen je i optimiziran brz i precizan protokol za molekularnu detekciju CMV u lišću duvana primenom specifičnih prajmera CMVAu1u/CMVAu2d i komercijalnih kitova za ekstrakciju totalne RNA i RT-PCR. Korišćenjem ovih prajmera, čije se mesto vezivanja na genomu CMV nalazi na granicama gena za proteinski omotač, umnožen je fragment dužine od 847 bp. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da se razvijeni postupak za molekularnu identifikaciju može uspešno koristiti za detekciju CMV izolata iz Srbije u duvanu. Serološki metodi i dalje predstavljaju metod izbora za masovna testiranja velikog broja uzoraka, ali razvijeni protokol molekularne identifikacije predstavlja, zbog svoje izuzetne osetljivosti i specifičnosti, sredstvo za potvrdu rezultata dobijenih drugim metodima, kao i metod za dokazivanje virusa u niskoj koncentraciji i način za karakterizaciju CMV izolata poreklom iz Srbije
Distribucija nekih ekonomski štetnih, invazivnih i karantinskih korovskih vrsta na području Srbije, II deo - prostorna distribucija i zastupljenost devet korovskih vrsta
No full textThis paper reviews the distribution and frequency of several species from a group of economically harmful, invasive and quarantine weeds (Cannabis sativa, Chenopodium album, Ch. hybridum, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Cuscuta campestris, Cynodon dactylon, Datura stramonium and Erigreon canadensis) on the territory of Serbia, using a 10x10 km UTM map. The assessment included all categories of land, fields under small grains, row crops, perennial forage crops, long-term plantations, fallow land and non-agricultural land.U radu je prikazana distribucija i zastupljenost nekih ekonomski štetnih, invazivnih i karantinskih korovskih vrsta (Cannabis sativa, Chenopodium album, Ch. hybridum, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Cuscuta campestris, Cynodon dactylon, Datura stramonium i Erigreon canadensis), na području Srbije, na UTM mapi, razmera 10x10 km. Snimanjima su obuhvaćene sve kategorije obradivih površina: strna žita, okopavine, višegodišnje krmne biljke, višegodišnji zasadi, strništa i nepoljoprivredne površine. Ocena zastupljenosti kartiranih vrsta rađena je po skali 1-4 (1 - vrsta se sreće pojedinačno i zauzima do 5% površine; 2 - sreće se i zauzima 5-25% površine; 3 - sreće se često i zauzima 25-50% površine; 4 - vrsta preovladava nad gajenom biljkom i zauzima preko 50% površine)
Use of native range surveys to determine the potential host range of arthropod herbivores for biological control of two related weed species, Rhamnus cathartica and Frangula alnus
No full textThe buckthorn species, Rhamnus cathartica and Frangula alnus, are shrubs and small trees of Eurasian origin that have become invasive in North America. A program was initiated in 2001 to reassess the potential for biological control of these two species taking into consideration increasing concerns over potential non-target impacts of biological control agents. The key question was whether R. cathartica and F alnus are distantly enough related that they would not share the same arthropod complex in Europe, and, if so, which arthropod species Would be less likely to use native North American buckthorns as hosts. Some 1000 insect samples collected at 99 sites in Europe indicated that the arthropod -species richness is higher on R. cathartica than on F. alnus and includes more species that are presumed to be host-specific at the species or genus level. This discrepancy supports the hypothesis that the genus Rhamnus in the temperate Old World has evolved in isolation of the genus Frangula in the Neotropics and that taxonomic isolation has an effect on species richness of specialized herbivores. The fauna was dominated by Lepidoptera (22 species), followed by Hemiptera (8 species), Diptera (4 species), Acarina (4 species) and Coleoptera (I species). At least 12 arthropod species were found exclusively on Rhamnus, some of which may be specific to R. cathartica. Several species usually associated with Rhamnus were found rarely on F alnus but the field host range of these species still needs to be confirmed. Only one species was found exclusively on F. alnus. The findings indicate that, with one exception, there are no species or genus-specific agents available for biological control of F alnus at this stage. However, additional field surveys may reveal other host-specific species. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
Uticaj temperature i svetlosti (par) na indukciju fluorescencije CHL a in situ - ekofiziološki pregled
No full textThe effects of PAR and temperature on induction of Chl a fluorescence were observed on leaves of 20 plant species in their natural environments. Light affects the acceptor side of PS2. Temperature regulation of PS2 activity proceeds by affecting the RC and acceptor side of PS2. The impact of higher temperature can be attributed to greater fluidity of the thylakoid membranes. Photosynthetically active radiation and temperature under the given conditions are in highly significant positive correlation, so it is not clear whether this impact is due to individual or complementary mechanisms of PAR and/or temperature affecting photosynthetic processes in the thylakoid membranes. Also, it is not clear whether species specificity has any significance in the plant photosynthetic response to changes of PAR and temperature. Changes of PAR and temperature during induction of Chl a fluorescence do not affect Pindex, as a parameter of total photosynthesis.Praćen je uticaj PAR i temperature na indukciju fluorescencije Chl a na listovima 20 biljnih vrsta u njihovom prirodnom okruženju. Svetlost deluje na akceptorsku stranu PS2. Regulacija aktivnosti PS2 temperaturom odvija se uticajem na RC i akceptorsku stranu PS2. Uticaj povišene temperature moguće je objasniti i povećanom fluidnošću tilakoidnih membrana. PAR i temperatura u datim uslovima nalaze se u visokoznačajnoj pozitivnoj korelaciji, tako da nije jasno da li se radi o posebnim ili komplementarnim mehanizmima dejstva PAR i/ili temperature na fotosintetske procese u tilakoidnim membranama. Takođe nije jasno da li specijska specifičnost ima neki značaj u fotosintetskoj reakciji biljaka na promene PAR i temperature. U ovim procesima promene PAR i temperature ne utiču na Pindex, kao pokazatelj ukupne fotosinteze
Ispitivanje bioloških karakteristika blede krompirove cistolike nematode (Globodera pallida Stone)
No full textBiological characteristics of Globodera pallida, originating from Kladnica locality, have been studied. The biological cycle of G. pallida begins with egg stage. Eggs are inside the cyst, protected from outside influence and long-lived. In the process of juvenile morphogenesis, egg transforms from undifferentiated cell mass to juvenile of first stage (J1), which is immobile and non-feeding. The first stage juvenile undergoes one molt to form second one juvenile (J2). The second stage juvenile leaves the egg and start searching for potato root cell appropriate for invasion. Root penetration is enabled with stylet and with help of numerous degradable enzymes from esophageal glands. After invasion, J2 stops moving, becomes sedentary and the feeding site becomes a metabolic reservoir-syncytium. The second stage juvenile undergoes three molts there and transforms to juvenile of third (J3) and fourth ones (J4). After the last molt, J4 becomes either male which leaves tissue and searches for young female or preadult female, swollen and pear like. During maturation, preadult female becomes more swollen and makes pressure on the surrounding tissue, so it ruptures showing the most of the body together with perineal pattern of the female. After mating male dies and female becomes cyst with eggs and juveniles. After some time, females also die changing the color to dark brown or black. Biological characteristics specificities of the pale potato cyst nematode such as: high economical loss in the potato production, numerous eggs and juveniles as infective material, specific biological cycle, which protects the parasites inside the tissue. Then, degradable enzymes production, the shape and size of cysts for easy dissemination, cryptic coloration of cysts, resistance to outside influence and high longevity justify its classification into the group of the most significant parasites - the quarantine potato nematodes.Ispitivane su biološke karakteristike Globodera pallida, poreklom sa lokaliteta Kladnica, u periodu od dve godine. Specifičnosti bioloških osobina ove cistolike nematode krompira opravdavaju njeno svrstavanje u najopasnije parazite - karantinske nematode krompira