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Morfološka i molekularna identifikacija populacija cistolikih nematoda krompira u Srbiji
No full textQuarantine species such as potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida are present in Serbia since 1999 and 2005, respectively. These nematodes are sibling species and their morphological identification is complex due to their morphometric overlap. The cysts from the localities of Kladnica, Šanac, Gojna Gora and Milatovići were grown on susceptible potato varieties and their morphological differences have been discussed. To avoid ambiguities in species morphological designation a duplex PCR method was chosen for a rapid and accurate species identification. The whole procedure, from DNA extraction to DNA isolation, can be performed in a single day.Karantinske vrste kao što su cistolike nematode krompira Globodera rostochiensis i G. pallida su prisutne u Srbiji od 1999. god. odn. 2005. god. Ove nematode su sestrinske vrste i njihova morfološka identifikacija je složena zbog morfometrijskog preklapanja. Ciste sa lokaliteta Kladnica, Šanac, Gojna Gora i Milatovići su gajene na osetljivim sortama krompira i njihove morfološke razlike su analizirane. Da bi se izbegle nejasnoće u morfološkom određivanju vrsta, izabran je duplex PCR metod za brzu i preciznu specijsku identifikaciju. Celokupna procedura, od ekstrakcije DNK do njene vizualizacije, može biti urađena za jedan dan
Detection and identification of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli on bean seed collected in Serbia
No full textLaboratory assays were conducted to detect and identify Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli on bean seeds collected from naturally contaminated commercial crops. Semi-selective media, viz. Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli agar and milk tween agar were used to detect the bacterium from whole bean seed extract. Colonies of the bacterium were yellow, mucoid and convex on these media and zones of hydrolysis formed around them. The pathogenicity of the strains was confirmed by stem inoculation of young bean plants. Identification of the strains was proved by using rapid methods (ELISA and PCR). The results showed the presence of seed-borne X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli in 20 out of the 23 assayed bean cultivars that are commercially grown in Serbia. These results indicate that the seed of the bean cultivars grown in our country is highly infected by the bacterium
Host-associated genetic differentiation in a seed parasitic weevil Rhinusa antirrhini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) revealed by mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data
No full textPlant feeding insects and the plants they feed upon represent an ecological association that is thought to be a key factor for the diversification of many plant feeding insects, through differential adaptation to different plant selective pressures. While a number of studies have investigated diversification of plant feeding insects above the species level, relatively less attention has been given to patterns of diversification within species, particularly those that also require plants for oviposition and subsequent larval development. In the case of plant feeding insects that also require plant tissues for the completion of their reproductive cycle through larval development, the divergent selective pressure not only acts on adults, but on the full life history of the insect. Here we focus attention on Rhinusa antirrhini (Curculionidae), a species of weevil broadly distributed across Europe that both feeds on, and oviposits and develops within, species of the plant genus Linaria (Plantaginaceae). Using a combination of mtDNA (COII) and nuclear DNA (EF1-alpha) sequencing and copulation experiments we assess evidence for host associated genetic differentiation within R. antirrhini. We find substantial genetic variation within this species that is best explained by ecological specialisation on different host plant taxa. This genetic differentiation is most pronounced in the mtDNA marker, with patterns of genetic variation at the nuclear marker suggesting incomplete lineage sorting and/or gene flow between different host plant forms of R. antirrhini, whose origin is estimated to date to the mid-Pliocene (3.77 Mya; 2.91-4.80 Mya)
Rezistentnost korova na herbicide
No full textWeed resistance is more and more becoming a problem under intense agricultural conditions. Recognizing this problem has high practical importance not only for detection of resistant weeds but also for application of measures for prevention of development of resistance or control of already resistant weed populations. In this article we are explaining the meaning of resistance and development of resistant weeds. We are also giving historical and present information about herbicide weed resistance in our country and in the world. Additionally, we describe how to test presumably resistant weed populations and how to determine the level of resistance. We also give an overview of different factors which influence development of resistance and the possibility to predict development of weed resistance.Rezistentnost korova na herbicide sve više postaje ozbiljan problem u uslovima intenzivne poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Poznavanje ove pojave ima veliki praktični značaj kako za detekciju rezistetnosti u polju, tako i za preduzimanje mera za sprečavanje pojave ili suzbijanje rezistentnih populacija ukoliko su se već razvile. U ovom radu je objašnjen pojam i razvoj rezistentnosti korova na herbicide. Takođe, dati su istorijat i stanje rezistentnosti korova na herbicide u Svetu i kod nas. Opisano je kako se testira osetljivost pretpostavljeno rezistentnih populacija na herbicide i kako se određuje nivo rezistentnosti. Osim toga, sagledan je uticaj različitih faktora na razvoj rezistentnosti, kao i mogućnosti prognoze nastanka ove pojave. Takođe, razmatrane su potencijalne strategije za izbegavanje ili bar odlaganje rezistentnosti, kao i mogućnosti suzbijanja rezistentnih populacija ukoliko su već nastale
Assessment indicators viability of potato seed-tubers cv. Kondor
No full textIn this paper the results of quality wheat and final products are shown that depends on genetics' composition of cultivar, ecologic condition, the way of growing and from the factors that result interpreting wheat in form the final product. Knowledge of chemical or biochemical composition of grain of wheat as relations some qualitative parameters successfully directed the processes and operations products from wheat-final products. For wheat determinating of particular importance are: carbo hydrate-starch, proteins (glutenins, gliadines, albumines and globulines) lipids and multyenzymes systems (the presence of more different enzymes group as amylase complex, proteinase and peptidase, lipase and lipooksigenase and some oksidoreductase).Istraživanja pokazatelja (osobine) životne sposobnosti su vršena na semenskim krtolama krompira sorte Kondor. Obuhvaćen je semenski materijal dve generacije: original i prva semenska reprodukcija. Proizvodnja semenskog materijala izvršena je tokom dve godine (2000. i 2001.) na tri lokacije (Kotraža, Sjenica i Golija). Čuvanje semenskih krtola u hladnim uslovima trajalo je oko 100 dana. Zatim je semenski materijal izlagan termičkoj indukciji nakon čega su uklonjene apikalne klice sa krtola. Posle toga semenske krtole su izložene tamnoj i svetloj fazi ispitivanja uz odgovarajuće temperaturne režime. Na semenskim krtolama utvrđivane su i merene sledeće osobine: broj klica, debljina klica, dužina klica i broj listova po krtoli. Između kategorija su ispoljene jasne i velike razlike u pogledu vrednosti osobina semenskih krtola, kao i različita statistička značajnost faktora i interakcija za broj klica, debljinu klica i dužinu klica. Za osobinu broj listova po krtoli nema statističke značajnosti nijedan faktor ili interakcije kod obe kategorije u sva tri termina
Gibberella intermedia patogen kantariona, ehinacea i belog sleza u Srbiji
No full textGibberella intermedia (Kuhlmann) Samuels et al. (anamorf: Fusarium proliferatum /Matsushima/ Nirenberg) was isolated from seeds of St. John's wort, marshmallow, and coneflower, as well as from roots and stalks of marshmallow and roots of coneflower. These plants had symptoms of leaf chlorosis, malformation, withering and plant dwarfing and were collected from several localities in Serbia during five-year investigations of mycopopulations of the mentioned plants. The morphological characteristics of the pathogen were described.Gibberella intermedia (Kuhlmann) Samuels et al. (anamorf: Fusarium proliferatum /Matsushima/ Nirenberg) je konstatovana na belom slezu, ehinacei i kantarionu i to na semenu, korenu i stablu, kao i na rasadu ehinacea. Osnovni simptom zaraženih biljaka G. intermedia su bili: propadanje klijanaca, trulež korena i korenovog vrata, patuljavost, asimetričan porast, uvelost, hloroza i smežuranost listova. Uzorci zaraženog biljnog materijala bili su poreklom iz okoline Pančeva, Zrenjanina, Banatskog Novog Sela, Inðije, Rume i Stare Pazove. U radu su date morfološke, fiziološke i patogene karakteristike izolata G. intermedia
Otpornost sorti krompira na populaciju Globodera rostochiensis u lokalitetu Planina-Jagodnja u 2008. godini
No full textIn the infested field with Globodera rostochiensis (Wolen, 1923; Behrens, 1975), in the locality Planina, mountain Jagodnja, near Krupanj, West Serbia, during 2008, we investigated the resitence of 41 potato cultivars again y-KCN, pathotipe Ro 1. Potato cultivars: Agata, Anuschca, Red Scarlet, Roco, Liseta, Carera, Dita, Markies, Vineta, Arnova, Curoda and Agria, which are declared as resistant on Ro 1 y-KCN, has been resistant-on root system we not found female and cysts of y-KVN, and in soil male of y-KCN (Table 1). On potato cultivar: Romana, Virgo, Riviera, Kondor, Kenebc, Cleopatra, Desiree and Aladin presence of young females and cysts of y-KCN on root system has been numerous. It was same with number of male in zone of root system of thous cultivars (Table 1) All other investigated potato cultivars declared as resistant against Ro-2- Ro 5 of y-KCN and pathotypes Pa 1-3 of Globodera pallida has been free from young female and cysts, and in soil males has been absent. Undeclared potato cultivars (Monaco, Avalon, Eldena, Faluca, Tomenca and Naviga) had been free from females and cysts of y-KCN, which is distributed in locality Planina-Jagodnja, West Serbia.U lokalitetu Planina na Jagodnju kod Krupnja ispitivana je otpornost, odnosno osetljivost 41 sorte krompira prema patotipu Ro1 zlatno žute krompirove cistolike nematode Globodera rostochiensis (ž-KCN). Sorte krompira: Romana, Virgo, Riviera, Kondor, Kenebec, Cleopatra, Desiree i Aladin ispoljile su visok stepen neotpornosti (osetljivosti) prema Ro1 ž-KCN u ispitivanom lokalitetu (tabela 1). Sorte deklarisane kao otporne prema Ro1 ž-KCN ispoljile su visok stepen otpornosti prema ovom patotipu ž-KCN u lokalitetu Planina. Kod nekih (Agata i Bacara) na korenovom sistemu nisu utvrđene mlade ženke i ciste, međutim u zemljištu u zoni njihovog korenovog sistema bili su prisutni mužjaci, što znači da su oni uspeli, za razliku od ženki, završiti razviće. Sve ostale sorte iz tabele 1 deklarisane kao otporne na Ro 1 ž- KCN i ostale patotipove KCN, kao i Monako, Avalon, Elndena, Faluka, Tomensa i Naviga, za koje nije navedena otpornost-osetljivost, ispoljile su visoku otpornost prema Ro1 ž-KCN u lokalitetu Planina na Jagodnji kod Krupnja
Occurrence and Distribution of Grapevine Yellows Caused by Stolbur Phytoplasma in Montenegro
No full textIn August 2008, grapevine yellows (GY)-like symptoms were observed in vineyards near Podgorica, Montenegro. A survey of the grape growing area of Montenegro was conducted to identify and determine the distribution of phytoplasmas associated with grapevine. Phytoplasmas were detected in symptomatic vine plants using PCR with universal primers for amplification of the phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene. From the 42 plants sampled, 36 were positive for the presence of phytoplasmas. RFLP profiles of the 16S rDNA of all phytoplasma positive isolates tested indicated that they belong to 16SrXII-A phylogenetic group. PCR with stolbur specific primers confirmed the presence of stolbur phytoplasma in grapevine samples from Montenegro. Sequence and RFLP analysis of the tuf gene indicated the presence of the tufAY-a and tufAY-b types of stolbur phytoplasma. To our knowledge, this is the first report of phytoplasma infection of grapevine in Montenegro
Novi nalaz kopljaste nematode Longidorus raskii Lamberti, Agostinelli 1993 (nematoda: Dorylaimida) u Srbiji
No full textA population of Longidorus raskii Lamberti et Agostinelli, 1993, from Mojince, Eastern Serbia, is briefly described and illustrated. Female habitus as single spiral when killed, body medium sized, tapering, gradually towards the anterior extremity. Cutucle finely striated, ca 2 μm thick along body, except et vulval region (ca 3,5 μm, and tail, where is ca 4,5 μm thick. Glandular stuctures not evident in the leteral chords. Lip region continuons with the rest of the body, ca 5 μm high. Amphidial pouches symmericaly bilobed. Odontostyle, odontophore and guide ring typical of the genus. Pharynx dorylaimoid, with basal bulb, occupying 1/3 to 1/4 of total length. Muscular bulb measuring 135 to 170 μm long and 18-20 μm wide. It contains three glandural nuclei, one dorsal and two subventral. Oesophagael - intestinal valve conical or irregural in shape. Vulva equatorial, slit like; vagina occupying about ½ of the corresponding body diameter. Reproductive system amphidelphic with more or less equally developed genital branches, ovaries opposed, reflexed with uteri 200 to 250 μm long; prerectum as long as 3-5 times the anal body width. Rectum as long as 0,7-1,5 the body width. Tail short, hemispherical, bluntly rounded, bearing three caudal pores on each side. Males frequent, with posterior region of the body more coiled than in the female. Testes well developed and apparently functional. Spicules robust ventrally arcuate; guiding pieces enlarged. The adanal pair of supplements i preceded by a row of 10-13 ventromedian supplements. Tail dorsally convex, with bluntly rounded terminus, ventrally deeply concave, bearing three caudal papillae on each side. Juveniles separeted into four juvenile develompment stages. Their posture is more or less ventrally arcute to form J shape in the first and second stages to an more or less open C, in the third and the fourth stages. In all juvenile stages tail is blunthy rounded. The code for this population the polytomons key of Chen et al. (1997) is: A 3/4, B 2/3, C 3, D1, E 2, F 3/4, G 1/2, H 1, J2.Kopljasta nematoda Longidorus raskii Lamberti et Agostinelli, 1993 utvrđena je u još jednom staništu u Srbiji, u mestu Mojince kod Dimitrovgrada. Prvi njen nalaz vezan je za stanište u Topčideru, dok se osnovni opis ove vrste bazira na materijalu iz kolekcije nematoda u Devisu, Kalifornija, koji je 32 godine ranije prikupljen u okolini Lozane u Švajcarskoj. Staništa u kojima je u Srbiji utvrđena ova vrsta predstavljaju nenarušene travne zajednice u sloju do 30 cm dubine. U lokalitetu Mоjince L. raskii se često nalazi u mešanoj populaciji sa L. elongatus (De man, 1876; Thorne & Swanger, 1936) ili sa L. leptocephalus Hooper, 1961