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Mikoze breskve
No full textPeach is one of the most important fruit species. A large number of phytopathogen microorganisms causing economically damaging disease. This paper describes the most important phytopathogenic fungi occur in peaches: Taphrina deformans, Podosphaera pannosa, Monilinia laxa, M. fructigena, Cladosporium carpophilum, Stigmina carpophila, Cytospora cincta, Phomopsis amygdali, Botryosphaeria spp., Chondrostereum purpureum, Colletotrichum gleosporoides, Rhizophus stolonifor and Armillaria mellea.Breskva je jedna od najznačajnijih voćnih vrsta. Parazitira je veći broj fitopatogenih mikroorganizama, prouzrokujući ekonomski štetna oboljenja. U ovom radu su opisane najčešće fitopatogene gljive koje se javljaju na breskvi: Taphrina deformans, Podosphaera pannosa, Monilinia laxa, M. fructigena, Cladosporium carpophilum, Stigmina carpophila, Cytospora cincta, Phomopsis amygdali, Botryosphaeria spp., Chondrostereum purpureum, Colletotrichum gleosporoides, Rhizophus stolonifor i Armillaria mellea
Fiziološka starost semenskih krtola krompira (Solanum tuberosum L.)
No full textMany years ago, almost since the discovery of hormones in the late 19th century by Fritz Went and Francis Darwin realized that the plant and animal life organisms passing through different phases internal age that does not correspond only past time. Physiological aging determined was influenced by two factors internal biochemistry especially hormones: genetic predisposition and environmental stress (Pavlista, 2004). Physiological aging in potato encompasses two types or models vine during the growing season and tuber during storage season (Pavlista, 2004). Physiological aging in vines is calculated based on daily air temperature fluctuations and is used for predict when plants are susceptible to infection by early blight (Alternaria solani), an opportunistic disease that attacks senescing plants. The other type physiological aging concerns the viability of tubers used for seed (Pavlista, 2004). This is a broadly defined as well as :'the developmental stage of potato seed tuber' (Struik, 2009),' ...physiological status of the tuber as it affects productivity' (Bohl et al., 2003) or ' ... internal age of the seed (tuber) resulting from biochemical changes ... ' (Bohl et al., 1995). In general, there is an 'optimum' tuber age where is growth vigor is maximum, before which vigor increases as tuber emerge from dormancy and after which vigor decreases as tubers advance in age and eventually lose viability (Knowles, 2004). Although physiological aging of tubers may occur during growing season due to stress, it is poorly understood and not quantifiable (Lamont, 2002; Bohl et al., 2003; Johnson, 2004; Delanoy et al., 2004). The only way to measure season stimulated physiological aging tubers is to conduct a bioassay determining dormancy and sprouting characteristic. The best general indication is to look at the field history of the seed lot in comparison to previous years seed lots performance. However, the major aging of seed tubers occurs during storage(Pavlista, 2004). During tuber storage, the primary impact on physiological aging is temperature. High storage are associated with greater physiological aging. The exact relationship is not yet established but a correlation exists (Pavlista, 2004).Pre mnogo godina, još od kada su otkriveni hormoni krajem XIX veka Fritz Went i Francis Darwin shvatili su da biljni i životinjski organizmi prolaze kroz različite etape unutrašnje starosti koja ne odgovara samo proteklom vremenu. Fiziološko starenje određeno je uticajem dva faktora unutrašnjom biohemijom posebno hormonima tj. genetičkom predispozicijom i uslovima sredine (Pavlista, 2004). Kada se krompir gaji vegetativno (krtolama), genetička predispozicija je odlika sorte (van der Zaag and van Loon, 1987). Fiziološka starost krtole se obično definiše kao hronološka starost krtole, koja je određena (istorijom polja) ekološkim uslovima u toku vegetacije i uslovima skladištenja. Razlikujemo dva tipa fiziološke starosti kod krompira, nadzemnog vegetativnog dela ili cime u toku vegetacije i krtola posle vađenja (u vreme skladištenja) (Pavlista, 2004). Fiziološka starost čime izračunava se na osnovu kolebanja dnevnih temperatura vazduha i koristi za predviđanje osetljivosti (prijemčivosti) biljke na infekciju crne pegavosti lišća (Alternaria solani), mogućnosti napada bolesti na starije biljke. Drugi tip fiziološke starosti odnosi se na životnu sposobnost krtola namenjenih za seme (Pavlista, 2004). Fiziološka starost semenske krtole je predmet ovog rada i ona se široko definiše kao :'stepen razvoja semenske krtole krompira' (Struik, 2007; Struik, 2009),'...fiziološko stanje krtole koje utiče na produktivnost' (Bohl et al., 2003) ili '...unutrašnja starost krtole kao rezultat biohemijskih promena...' (Bohl et al., 1995). Smatra se da je krtola u 'optimalnoj ' starosti kada je (životna sposobnost) snaga porasta u maksimumu, posle dormantnog perioda krtole klijaju i energija porasta raste do najveće, posle toga starost se povećava i gubi se životna sposobnost (Knowles, 2004). Drugim rečima od faze fiziološke starosti u kojoj se nalazi krtola zavisi njena životna sposobnost. Fiziološko starenje krtola se dešava za vreme vegetacione sezone pod uticajem kompleksa agroekoloških uslova i za vreme skladištenja, veoma je teško za razumevanje i komplikovano za merenje (Lamont, 2002; Bohl et al., 2003; Johnson, 2004; Delanoy et al., 2004). Jedini načim utvrđivanja sezonske stimulacije fiziološke starosti krtola je izvođenje ogleda za određivanje dormantnosti i klijavosti. Najbolji i osnovni pokazatelj je pregled istorije polja u poređenju sa predhodnom godinom semenske partije. Međutim, glavno starenje semenskih krtola se odvija u skladištu (Pavlista, 2004). Za vreme skladištenja krompira glavni uticaj na fiziološku starost krtola imaju temperature. Visoke temperature čuvanja povezuju se sa većom fiziološkom starosti krtola. Tačna veza još nije utvrđena ali korelacija postoji (Pavlista, 2004)
Mikoze kajsije
No full textThis paper describes the most common diseases of apricot. Greatest economic importance of this fruit is a apoplexy, which is al ways current illness. Since the complex nature of this disease, the paper describes the phytopathogenic fungus that contribute to this phenomenon. These are: Monilinia laxa, M. fructigena, Cytospora cincta, Verticillium albo-atrum, V. dahliae and Eutypa lata. The paper mentioned and other phytopathogenic fungi that cause disease in apricot (Stigmina carpophila, Taphrina cerasi and Podosphaera tridactyla).U radu su opisana najčešća oboljenja kajsije. Najveći ekonomski značaj za ovu voćnu vrstu predstavlja apopleksija, koja je posledica zajedničkog štetnog delovanja većeg broja fitopatogenih mikroorganizama. S obzirom da je ova bolest kompleksne prirode, u radu su opisane fitopatogene gljive koje doprinose ovoj pojavi. To su: Monilinia laxa, M. fructigena, Cytospora cincta, Verti cilli um albo-atrum, V. dahliae i Eutypa lata. U radu su pomenute i druge fitopatogene gljive koje prouzrokuju oboljenja na kajsiji (Stigmina carpophila, Taphrina cerasi i Podosphaera tridactyla)
Morfološka i molekularna identifikacija Colletotrichum acutatum sa ploda paradajza
No full textColletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum coccodes, and Colletotrichum dematium are the four main species of Colletotrichum that cause tomato anthracnose. In Serbia, the occurrence of anthracnose on tomato fruit has been recorded during the last several years. Typical fruit symptoms include dark, sunken, and circular lesion with orange conidial masses. Pathogen isolates were obtained from a diseased tomato fruits, on PDA medium forming a white to gray colonies. The cultures developed black acervuli around the center of the colony. Conidia were hyaline, aseptate, and fusiform or rarely cylindrical. Appressoria were smooth, simple, clavate to ovate, and varied from light to dark brown. Pathogenicity tests with representative isolates were conducted on symptomless, detached tomato fruits. All tested isolates caused anthracnose lesions on tomato fruit after 7 days of incubation. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by reisolation from inoculated tomato fruits. PCR analysis (using species-specific primer pair, CaInt2/ ITS4) of genomic DNA from tomato isolates resulted in an amplification product of 490 bp, specific for C. acutatum, further confirming the identity of the pathogen. Based on morphological and molecular characteristics, the isolates from tomato fruit were determined as C. acutatum.Četiri glavna prouzrokovača antraknoze paradajza iz roda Colletotrichum su: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum coccodes i Colletotrichum dematium. U Srbiji je tokom poslednjih godina zabeležena pojava antraknoze ploda paradajza. Tipični simptomi na plodu su tamne, ulegnute, kružne lezije sa masom narandžastih konidija. Sa obolelih plodova paradajza dobijeni su izolati patogena koji na KDA podlozi obrazuju bele do sivo obojene kolonije. Acervuli crne boje formiraju se u kulturi oko centra kolonije. Konidije su hialinske, neseptirane, fusiformne ili ređe cilindrične. Apresorije su glatke, jednostavne, okruglastog ili oblika izdužene palice, svetlo do tamno braon boje. Test patogenosti je obavljen sa reprezentativnim izolatima, na odabranim, zdravim plodovima. Svi ispitivani izolati prouzrokuju antraknozne lezije na plodu paradajza 7 dana nakon inokulacije. Kohovi postulati su zadovoljeni reizolacijama sa inokulisanih plodova paradajza. PCR analiza (korišćenjem para prajmera specifičinog za vrstu, CaInt2/ITS4) iz genoma DNA izolata sa paradajza rezultirala je amplifikacijom produkta od 490 bp, specifičnog za C. acutatum, što je potvrdilo identitet patogena. Na osnovu morfoloških i molekularnih karakteristika izolati sa ploda paradajza determinisani su kao C. acutatum
Sastav i struktura zajednica cikada u usevima kukuruza u južnom Banatu
No full textPlanthoppers and leafhoppers represent an important functional group of insects in many natural and anthropogenic ecosystems, and some species are important pests of cultivated plants all around world. The most important role of these insects is their ability to transmit plant pathogens as vectors. Composition and structure of planthoppers and leafhoppers assemblages was monitored in South Banat maize fields over two years on three localities with maize redness symptoms and two control localities without symptoms. 33 different species were identified among which three were for the first time recorded for Serbia: Macrosteles ossiannilssoni, Metalimnus steini i Mocydiopsis parvicauda. The most abundant species were: Laodelphax striatella, Psammotettix alienus, Zyginidia pullula i Reptalus panzeri. Seasonal population levels differed for these four species. Reptalus panzeri, a known vector of stolbur phytoplasma - a causal agent of maize redness disease, had very abundant populations on sites with maize redness disease. On localities without symptoms of maize redness this species was present in very low number or even absent. Preferable host plant for feeding and development of R. panzeri nymphs is maize, while in spring aggregation of nymphs is on roots of wheat plants and Johnsongrass.Cikade predstavljaju veoma značajnu grupu insekata u mnogim prirodnim i antropogenim ekosistemima, a neke vrste su poznate štetočine gajenih biljaka širom sveta. Najveće štete koje ovi insekti nanose gajenim biljkama posledica su njihove sposobnosti da kao vektori prenose biljne patogene. U usevima kukuruza u Južnom Banatu sastav i struktura zajednica cikada praćena je tokom dve godine na tri lokalitetima gde su simptomi bolesti crvenila kukuruza prisutni i dva kontrolna lokaliteta gde ovi simptomi nisu zabeleženi. Registrovano je prisustvo 33 vrsta cikada na kukuruzu u Južnom Banatu. Zabeleženo je prisustvo tri nove vrste cikada za faunu Srbije: Macrosteles ossiannilssoni, Metalimnus steini i Mocydiopsis parvicauda. Najbrojnije i najčešće registrovane vrste cikada na kukuruzu u Srbiji su: Laodelphax striatella, Psammotettix alienus, Zyginidia pullula i Reptalus panzeri. Ove četiri vrste imaju različitu sezonsku dinamiku populacija. Cikada Reptalus panzeri, vektor stolbur fitoplazme - uzročnika bolesti crvenila kukuruza, prisutna je na kukuruzu u južnom Banatu sa populacijama izuzetno visoke brojnosti, dok je na lokalitetima gde pojava bolesti crvenila kukuruza nije zabeležena njena brojnost zanemarljiva. Preferentna biljka domaćin za ishranu i razvoj R. panzeri larvi u jesen je kukuruz, dok je agregacija larvi u proleće na korenu biljaka pšenice i divljeg sirka
Phytophthora ramorum Occurrence in Ornamentals in Serbia
No full textIn a survey to determine the presence of Phytophthora ramorum in Serbia, ornamentals from garden centers, nurseries, and private and public gardens, as well as imported plant material, were inspected. In total, 577 plant, soil, and potting media samples were tested using various detection methods: lateral flow diagnostic test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, conventional polymerase chain reaction, and isolation, followed by identification based on growth characteristics in culture and morphological features. P. ramorum was not detected in any of the 162 soil or potting media tested by the baiting method. P. ramorum was detected in 12 Rhododendron samples from one private garden in Zemun (City of Belgrade District) exhibiting symptoms of leaf necrosis and blight and petiole necrosis, and in three samples of Pieris spp. from one garden center exhibiting symptoms of leaf necrosis. Eight Phytophthora isolates were obtained from the positive Rhododendron plants and three isolates from Pieris plants, and all were identified as P. ramorum on the basis of their uniform morphological and growth characteristics. P. ramorum conformation was also made by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer regions for a single isolate taken from one infected rhododendron and one pieris plant. Serbian isolates were determined as A1 mating type, due to formation of a few typical sexual structures when crossed with the A2 mating type of P. cinnamomi and P. cryptogea. Pathogenicity test on non-wounded detached leaves of 19 popular ornamentals, as well as the most frequently imported ones, revealed that 10 host species were susceptible, including Robinia pseudoacacia, which is widely distributed in Serbia. During this study, Cotoneaster horizontalis and C. dammeri were determined to be new experimental hosts of P ramorum. This article provides evidence of P. ramorum introduction into Serbia. Although P. ramorum has not been detected in Serbian production nurseries, its presence outdoors might cause severe damages on susceptible common urban plants in public green and natural ecosystems
Efikasnost preparata za suzbijanje Monilinia laxa u zasadu višnje tokom dvogodišnjih ispitivanja - 2008-2009
No full textMonilinia laxa (Ader. i Ruhl.) the causer agent of brown rot of stone fruit is widespread in all growing regions in Serbia. The disease severity depends of weather condition. Extended period of flowering and heavy precipitation are suitable for disease progress. The testing of fungicides for control M. laxa were carried out in two localities investigation during 2008 and 2009. The trials were set according to methods by OEEP/EPPO. The fungicide groups dicarboximides, benzimidazols and DMIs showed high efficiency in disease control.Monilinia laxa (Ader. i Ruhl.), prouzrokovač sušenja cvetova i grančica koštičavog voća rasprostranjena je svuda gde se gaje ove voćne vrste. Ovo oboljenje se na našim prostorima redovno javlja na koštičavom voću, a intenzitet pojave zavisi od vremenskih uslova. Produžen period cvetanja i obilne količine padavina pogoduju razvoju bolesti, a štete u takvim godinama mogu biti značajne. Tokom 2008. i 2009. godine na dva lokaliteta ispitivana je efikasnost fungicida koji se koriste za suzbijanje M. laxa u našoj zemlji. Ogledi su postavljeni po OEEP/EPPO metodama. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na veoma visok stepen efikasnosti fungicida iz grupa dikarboksimida, benzimidazola i DMI (inhibitori demetilacije sterola) fungicida
Klijanje semena ambrozije (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) u laboratorijskim uslovima u zavisnosti od pojedinih tehničkih parametara
No full textCommon ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is an invasive weed and allergenic species. Its considerable spreading capacity is largely due to the properties of its seeds. We checked the effect of several technical parameters on ragweed germination under laboratory conditions. After stratifying seeds for one, four, seven, ten, thirteen and sixteen weeks, we checked whether and in what way the amount of water in petri dishes, filter paper and cling film used to cover petri dishes affected the percentage and dynamics of seed germination at 22 }2°C. Filter paper, which is normally used in laboratory experiments on seeds, was not found to be necessary. The amount of 2 ml of water was sufficient for seeds stratified for up to seven weeks in 60 mm diametre petri dishes. After longer stratification periods, sporadic drying out was observed in petri dishes containing 2 ml of water, rarely in those with 3 ml of water. After refilling the dishes with small amounts of water, this had no effect on the ultimate germination percentage. Covering petri dishes with cling film was found to be useful but not necessary after long stratification.Ambrozija (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) je invazivna korovska i alergena biljna vrsta. Svoju veliku zastupljenost u značajnoj meri duguje osobinama svog semena. U našem radu je proveravan uticaj nekih tehničkih parametara na klijanje ambrozije u laboratorijskim uslovima. Nakon što su semena stratifikovana jednu, četiri, sedam, deset, trinaest i šesnaest nedelja ispitivano je da li i na koji način količina vode u Petri kutijama, upotreba filter papira i korišćenje prijanjajuće folije za uvijanje Petri kutija utiču na procenat i dinamiku klijanja semena na 22 }2°C. Pokazalo se da filter papir, koji se inače redovno koristi u laboratorijskim eksperimentima sa semenima, nije neophodno koristiti. Za semena stratifikovana do sedam nedelja količina vode od 2 ml je, za korišćene Petri kutije prečnika 60 mm, bila dovoljna. Pri dužoj stratifikaciji je sporadično dolazilo do isušivanja Petri kutija sa 2 ml, ređe sa 3 ml vode. Uz blagovremeno dolivanje vode, to nije uticalo na krajnje procente klijanja. Uvijanje Petri kutija prijanjajućom folijom se pokazalo korisnim, mada ne i neophodnim, pri dužoj stratifikaciji
Biodiverzitet gljiva patogena korova u Srbiji
No full textThe composition of fugal species parasiting weeds in Serbia was studied in the period 1985-2006., with special reference to the possibility of their use in biological control. A total of 96 species of fungi from 36 genera on 46 weed species. During the vegetation season on weeds with symptoms of downy mildew, rust, smut, leaf spotting, withering and powdery 60 species of pathogenic fungi from 15 genera were identified. Fungal species from genera Puccinia, Uromyces, Melampsora, Aleternaria, Fusarium, and Sclerotium showed the high level of pathogenicity to the host. Ophiobolus sp. and Gnomonia tetraspora from perennial weeds Centaurea solstitialis and Euphorbia cyparissias were isolated early in the spring. Artificial inoculations confirmed that they are very destructive to the host.Sastav vrsta gljiva koje parazitiraju korove u Srbiji proučavana je u periodu 1985-2006. godine, sa posebnim osvrtom na mogućnost njihove primene u biološkoj borbi. Ukupno je identifikovano 96 vrsta gljiva iz 36 rodova na 46 vrsta korova. Tokom vegetacije na obolelim korovima sa simptomima pegavosti, uvelosti, plamenjače, rđe i pepelnice identifikovano je 60 patogenih gljiva iz 15 rodova. Visok nivo patogenosti prema domaćinu ispoljile su vrste iz rodova Puccinia, Uromyces, Melampsora, Aleternaria, Fusarium, Ophiobolus i Sclerotium. Na osnovu intenziteta pojave i nivoa štetnosti na korovima domaćinima, za dalja proučavanja potrebno je odabrati Ophiobolus sp. sa Centaurea solstitialis i Aletrnaria tenuissima, Gnomonia tetraspora i Sclerotium hydrophilum sa Euphorbia cyparissias
Diverzitet cikada (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) u vinogradima Srbije
No full textDiversity of Auchenorrhyncha species was studied in three vineyards, in Central, North and East Serbia, with high percent of BN infected plants. Hemipteran vectors were collected using sweep nets and mouth-aspirators from grapevine at localities Vrsac, Topola and Rajac. A total number of collected specimens was 4971, belonging to 8 families and 49 species. The most numerous was family Cicadellidae with 30 species, followed by Cixiidae (7) , Delphacidae (4), Aphrophoridae (3) and Dictyopharidae, Issidae, Cercopidae and Membracidae with only one species recorded. Most abundant species on all inspected sites were Psammotettix alienus (29,4%), Dictyophara europaea (10%), Hyalesthes obsoletus (9,2%), Euscelis incisus (6,4%) and Reptalus quinquecostatus (5,8%). Among the species which were present in less then 5%, two were more abundant Neoaliturus fenestratus and Errastunus ocellaris (about 4,2%), while presence of Philaenus spumarius, Laodelphax striatella, Doratura impudica and Zyginidia pullula was between 2,5 and 3,3%. For 17 species of cicads detected in Serbian vineyards alredy exists literature data on their vector role in transmission of phytoplasmas. The most important among them for Serbian vine production are species Scaphoideus titanus and Dyctiophara europea which transmit Flavescence doree phytoplasma to grapevine, as well as, Hyalesthes obsoletus, Reptalus quinquecostatus and R. panzeri as the known vectors of stolbur phytoplasma.Za istraživanje diverziteta faune cikada izabrani su vinogradi u centralnoj, severnoj i istočnoj Srbiji u kojima je utvrđeno prisustvo BN fitoplazme. Cikade su sakupljane metodom košenja tokom 2006 i 2007 godine u vinogradima na lokalitetima Vršac, Topola i Rajac. Ukupno je sakupljen 4971 primerak među kojima je detektovano 49 vrsta iz 8 familja. Najzastupljenija je bila familija Cicadellidae sa 30 vrsta, zatim Cixiidae (7), Delphacidae (4), Aphrophoridae (3), dok je iz familija Dictyopharidae, Issidae, Cercopidae i Membracidae zabeležena samo jedna vrsta. Najbrojnije vrste na sva tri lokaliteta su Psammotettix alienus (29,4%), Dictyophara europaea (10%), Hyalesthes obsoletus (9,2%), Euscelis incisus (6,4%) i Reptalus quinquecostatus (5,8%). Među cikadama čija zastupljenost nije prelazila 5%, dve su vrste bile brojnije Neoaliturus fenestratus i Errastunus ocellaris (oko 4,2%), dok se brojnost Philaenus spumarius, Laodelphax striatella, Doratura impudica i Zyginidia pullula kretala od 2,5 do 3,3%. Za 17 vrsta cikada koje su detektovane u vinogradima u Srbiji postoje literaturni podaci o sposobnosti prenošenja fitoplazmi. Od posebnog značaja su vrste Scaphoideus titanus i Dyctiophara europea koje prenose fitoplazmu Flavescence doree na vinovu lozu, kao i Hyalesthes obsoletus, Reptalus quinquecostatus i R. panzeri koje prenose stolbur fitoplazmu