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Rasprostranjenost cikade Scaphoideus titanus Ball. u vinogradima Srbije
No full textCicada Scaphoideus titanus Ball (Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) is a pest in Serbian vineyards. It is originates from North America and was introduced to Europe during the past century. In Serbia it was found in 2004. year. S. titanus is of great economic importance as the only known vector of the Grapevine golden yellowing phytoplasma Flavescence dorée. This cicada is present in most vineyard regions of Serbia, with a population density varying from low to extremely high. S. titanus spreads through vineyards 5-10 km a year.Cikada Scaphoideus titanus Ball (Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) je monofagna vrsta koja se razvija na vinovoj lozi. Direktne štete koje S. titanus nanosi vinovoj lozi su zanemarljive, ali ova cikada ima veliki ekonomski značaj kao jedini poznati vektor fitoplazme Flavescence dorée (FD), prouzrokovača najdestruktivnije bolesti vinove loze - zlatastog žutila. Introdukovana je iz Severne Amerike u Evropu krajem pedesetih godina prošlog veka, a u Srbiji je prvi put registrovana 2004. godine. Naša istraživanja sprovedena u periodu od 2004 do 2007 godine pokazala su da rasprostranjenost cikade S. titanus obuhvata gotovo celu površinu Republike Srbije. Inspekcijom svih vinogradarskih rejona utvrdili smo da je dinamika širenja S. titanus 5-10 km godišnje, a brojnost populacija varira od male do izrazito velike
Energetska efikasnost proizvodnje paprike u zaštićenom prostoru u funkciji primene različitih tipova polietilenskih (PE) folija
No full textUsing of different types of modern PE films has afforded several benefits in climate control inside of greenhouse: intensity and spectral characteristics of sunlight, air temperature and humidity, soil temperature and soil moisture. At the same time it is possible to achieve significant savings of resources, machines and labor cost, as well as efficient control of plant diseases, pests and weeds, thus in the field of integral pests management (IPM) of vegetables, flowers and herbs the most common use under protected space it have photo elective films. With the combination of insect proof nets, UV blocking or antivirus films have decrease application of pesticides for the suppression of pests and diseases. System of double polyethylene films have, regarding glass, several advantages especially during the summer, when it is much easier to keep the temperature regime, since overheated glass have emitted infra red waves between 7000 and 15000 nm increasing additionally temperature inside. Effects of application of particular PE films and methods of its combination in order to achieve better energy efficiency of the protected cultivation of peppers have been presented in this work. Energy consumption analysis of pepper production depending of polyethylene film types, mulch films types and thickness of agro textile, have shown that advanced crop models could achieved high energy efficiency, because of higher yields of bell peppers with exportable quality and value, even though higher inputs. Significant influence of consistency and color of mulch films on the character of diffused light and soil temperature regime, as well on the yield, quality and financial results in peppers production have been listed.Upotreba različitih tipova savremenih polietilenskih folija omogućila je niz prednosti u kontroli najvažnijih faktora klime u plastenicima: intenziteta i spektralnog sastava svetlosti, temperature i vlažnosti vazduha, temperature i sadržaja vlage u zemljištu. Istovremeno su moguće i znatne uštede resursa mašina i ljudskog rada, efikasna kontrola biljnih bolesti, korova i štetočina, tako da u oblasti integralnih sistema gajenja povrća, cveća i začinskog bilja (IPM) najznačajniju primenu u zaštićenom prostoru imaju foto selektivne folije. U kombinaciji sa insekt proof mrežama UV blocking, ili AV-antivirusne folije, smanjuju primenu insekticida u suzbijanju pojave štetočina i biljnih bolesti. Sistem dvostrukih PE folija ima, u odnosu na staklo, niz prednosti, koje su posebno izražene u letnjem periodu, kada je u savremenim objektima zaštićenog prostora mnogo lakše održavati temperaturni režim, jer pregrejano staklo emituje dugotalasno zračenje od 7000 do 15000 nm i dopunski povećava temperaturu unutrašnjeg prostora. U ovom radu prikazani su efekti primene pojedinih tipova PE folija i načina njihovih kombinovanja u postizanju veće energetske efikasnosti proizvodnje u zaštićenom prostoru. Energetska analiza proizvodnje paprike u zavisnosti od tipa PE folije, folija za nastiranje zemljišta i debljine agrotekstila, pokazala je da napredni crop modeli, zahvaljujući visokom prinosu kvalitetne babure izvozne tržišnosti, ostvaruju visoku energetsku efikasnost bez obzira na povećana energetska ulaganja. Ustanovljen je značajan uticaj sastava i boje folija za nastiranje zemljišta na karakter reflektovane svetlosti i na temperaturni režima zemljišta, kao i na prinos, kvalitet i finansijski rezultat u proizvodnji paprike
Uticaj fitohormona kinetina na razvoj fitotoksičnog procesa uzrokovanog fosfonatnim herbicidom sulfosatom
No full textEffects of the herbicide sulphosate on growth, accumulation and distribution of dry weight and photosynthesis were investigated in maize plants grown in field conditions and previosly subjected to influence of kinetine, because of potentially protective role of this phytohormone. This phytohormone not protected maize plants from phytotoxic action of herbicide sulphosate, because of inhibition of growth, accumulation and distribution of dry weight and also photosynthesis, irrespective of kind of pretreatment of plants (with or without kinetine). Also we concluded that Fv/Fm and RFd parameters of Chla fluorescence is good nondestructive indicators of plant physiological status, both in control and sulphosate-treated maize plants.U radu se razmatra dejstvo herbicida sulfosata na rastenje, akumulaciju i preraspodelu suve mase, kao i fotosintezu biljaka kukuruza raslih u poljskim uslovima i izloženih predtretmanu fitohormonom kinetinom, radi provere eventualnog protektivnog (prema herbicidu sulfosatu) dejstva pomenutog fitohormona. Nađeno je da fitohormon kinetin ne obezbeđuje biljkama kukuruza zaštitu od dejstva herbicida sulfosata, zato što dolazi do inhibicije rastenja, akumulacije i preraspodele suve mase, kao i fotosinteze biljaka kukuruza, nezavisno od toga da li su biljke prethodno tretirane ili ne fitohormonom kinetinom. Takođe je nađeno da su Fv/Fm i RFd parametri fluorescencije Chla dobri nedestruktivni pokazatelji fiziološkog stanja biljaka, kod kontrolnih i kod sulfosatom tretiranih biljaka kukuruza
Phylogeny of the weevil genus Rhinusa Stephens based on adult morphological characters and host plant information (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
No full textA phylogenetic analysis of the species belonging to the weevil genus Rhinusa Stephens, 1829 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae: Mecinini) was carried out. Rhinusa weevils feed on plants of the closely related families Scrophulariaceae and Plantaginaceae. Based on a cladistic analysis of six outgroup and 33 ingroup taxa, and 39 adult morphological and 8 ecological characters, eight well supported species groups and two monobasic groups belonging to three separate and more inclusive assemblages were recognized. The first assemblage (A) includes nine species belonging to two groups (R. bipustulata and R. tetra groups), whereas the second and third assemblages (B and C) include a total of 14 species belonging to two groups (R. antirrhini and R. linariae groups) and six groups (R. pilosa, R. herbarum, R. neta, R. vestita, R. mauritii and R. melas groups), respectively. Two of the three main assemblages (A and B) are well supported as monophyletic entities, whereas the third assemblage (C) has weak support contingent in part upon the exclusion of host plant associations. Assemblage A includes all species living on species of Scrophulariaceae, with two groups occurring on two closely related plant genera, Scrophularia (R. bipustulata group) and Verbascum (R. tetra group), respectively. The other two assemblages include species living exclusively on species of the family Plantaginaceae, tribe Antirrhineae. These patterns suggest a well conserved and phylogenetically congruent association among the weevils and their hosts. Optimizing host plant preferences onto the morphological phylogeny indicates that feeding on Plantaginaceae was the plesiomorphic condition for the genus Rhinusa. In general there are no strict relationships between groups of weevils and their specific feeding habits; however, species of the R. antirrhini group are all feeding on seed capsules. In contrast, in other groups the larvae of closely related species display significant variations in host plant parasitism. Some species of the R. tetra group feed on seed capsules whereas others are stem borers. In turn, certain species of the R. neta group feed on seed capsules yet others are inquilines of gall forming species of Rhinusa. The latter habit is present in multiple convergent groups such as the R. linariae and R. pilosa groups
Detekcija XIIA grupe fitoplazmi sorte župljanka u župskom vinogorju RFLP analizom 16s rDNA sekvenci
No full text'Bois noir' (BN) is an important grapevine disease associated with phytoplasmas belonging to ribosomal subgroup 16SrXII-A. Phytoplasmas cause diseases in several hundred plant species. The number of infected cultivars is growing each year and it is important to follow the spreading of the phytoplasma in the different regions and identify which strains are present in specific regions on specific cultivars. Phytoplasmas are identified and classified based on direct sequencing of phytoplasma 16S rDNA or the 16S to 23S intergenic spacer region, but this approach is not always practical when a large number of unknown phytoplasmas is to be analyzed. Classification by RFLP analysis has provided a simple and rapid method that can be used to differentiate and identify a large number of unclarified phytoplasmas. Our objective was to investigate presence of phytoplasmas of 16SrXII-A group (Stolbur) in Zupa vineyard region. Detection was based on RFLP analysis of 16s rDNA sequences using four restriction enzymes: Tru1I, AluI, KpnI and TaqI. We identified phytoplasmas of XIIA group on two of three investigated cultivars (Zupljanka and Frankovka, but not on Plovdina) in the Zupa vineyard regions (Gornje Rataje and Tules locality). This is the first report of Stolbur phytoplasma on cv. Zupljanka in Zupa region.'Bois noir' (BN) je značjna bolest vinove loze izazavana fitoplazmama 16SrXII-A grupe. Fitoplazme izazaivaju bolesti kod nekoliko stotina biljnih vrsta. Ovaj broj se povećeva svake godine, pa je veoma značajno pratiti širenje fitoplazmi u različitim regionima i utvrditi koji izazivač je prisutan u nekom regionu i na određenoj sorti. Identifikacija i klasifikacija fitoplazmi bazirana je na sekvenciranju 16S rDNA ili intergenskog regiona 16S - 23S, ali ovaj metod se retko primenjuje na analizu velikog broja uzoraka. Primena RFLP analize omogućava brzo i jednostavno detektovanje, diferenciranje i klasifikaciju velikog broja fitoplazmi. Cilj ovog rada je detektovanje fitoplazmi 16SrXII-A grupe (Stolbur) u Župskom vinogorju. Detekcija je izvršena RFLP analizom 16s rDNA sekvenci korišćenjem restrikcionih enzima: Tru1I, AluI, KpnI and TaqI. Identifikovane su fitoplazme XIIA grupe na dve od tri ispitivane sorte (na Župljanki i Frankovki, ali ne na Plovdini) u Župskom vinogorju (lokaliteti Gornje Rataje i Tuleš ). U ovim istraživanjima je prvi put dokazano prisustvo Stolbur fitoplazme na sorti Župljanka u Župskom regionu
Uticaj drugih đubriva i specijalnih proizvoda na hortikulturne biljke - 1. Prinos i komponente prinosa jabuke i paradajza
No full textFrom 2009 year in Serbian agricultural legislative and practice introduced new type of fertilizers, so called other fertilizers and special products. This new type of fertilizers comprise, for example, phytohormones, amino acids and plant extracts. But, because the comprehensive surveys of influence of this new type of fertilizers on horticultural plants is still lacking in Serbia, we established trials. In those trials we investigated influence of 10 different fertilizers of this type on harvest and components of harvest in apple and tomato. The results of those trials discussed in context of physiological function of active ingredients of those fertilizers.Od skora je ozvaničena u našoj poljoprivrednoj praksi upotreba tzv. drugih đubriva i specijalnih proizvoda, u koje spadaju i biljni hormoni, aminokiseline i biljni ekstrakti. Pošto još uvek u našoj praksi nema sistematskih i uporednih istraživanja dejstva ovih agrohemikalija na hortikulturne useve, postavljen je ogled u kome je ispitivano dejstvo 10 različitih đubriva ovog tipa na prinos i komponente prinosa jabuke i paradajza. Dobijeni rezultati komentarisani su obzirom na fiziološku funkciju jedinjenja, koja čine ovaj tip đubriva
Provera antagonističkog delovanja mikroorganizama na Colletotrichum acutatum i Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
No full textThe antagonistic activities of five biocontrol agents: Trichoderma harzianum, Gliocladium roseum, Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces noursei and Streptomyces natalensis, were tested in vitro against Colletotrichum acutatum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the causal agents of anthracnose disease in fruit crops. The microbial antagonists inhibited mycelial growth in the dual culture assay and conidial germination of Colletotrichum isolates. The two Streptomyces species exhibited the strongest antagonism against isolates of C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides. Microscopic examination showed that the most common mode of action was antibiosis. The results of this study identify T. harzianum, G. roseum, B. subtilis, S. natalensis and S. noursei as promising biological control agents for further testing against anthracnose disease in fruits.Antagonističko delovanje pet agenasa biološke zaštite: Trichoderma harzianum, Gliocladium roseum, Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces noursei i Streptomyces natalensis, testirano je in vitro na Colletotrichum acutatum i Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, prouzrokovače antraknoze plodova. Svi mikrobni antagonisti inhibiraju porast micelije u testovima dvojne kultivacije i klijavost konidija Colletotrichum izolata. Dve vrste roda Streptomyces ispoljavaju najjači stepen antagonizma prema izolatima C. acutatum i C. gloeosporioides. Mikroskopsko ispitivanje pokazuje da je antibioza najčešći način delovanja antagonista. T. harzianum, G. roseum, B. subtilis, S. natalensis i S. noursei su rezultatima ovih istraživanja identifikovani kao biološki agensi koji se mogu uspešno uključiti u buduća testiranja u cilju suzbijanja antraknoze plodova
Efikasnost fungicida za suzbijanje prouzrokovača rđaste mrežavosti plodova breskve u Srbiji
No full textRusty Spot has long been known as a harmful peach disease in many parts of the world. During the past several years, rusty spot infection of the late-maturing peach cultivars (Summerset, Suncrest, Fayette and O'Henry) caused significant yield losses in Serbia. Although the etiology of the disease is still unknown, there are numerous studies attempting to set a strategy for its control and recommend appropriate chemical and other peach protection methods. However, because of specific environmental conditions in Serbia, recommended protection method using repeated fungicide treatments, starting from petal fall, did not prove to be efficient and the rate of infection in some susceptible peach cultivars reached 100%. In 2003 and 2004 a field trial was conducted in order to test the efficacy of fungicides (a.i. kresoxim-methyl, flusilazole and sulfur) for the efficient control of Rusty Spot epidemics. The trial was carried out under conditions of natural infection on the peach cv. Summerset at the locality of Bela Crkva, Serbia. In the untreated control plots, high disease incidence was recorded with the percentage of affected fruit surface ranging from 33.5% in the first, up to the 35.4% in the second year of the trail. Among fungicides included in the trial, kresoxim-methyl proved to be the most efficient (90.25% in the first and 91.12% in the second year of the trial), flusilazole exhibited lower efficacy (87.28% and 80.61%, respectively) while sulfur was the least efficient (82.33% and 80.30%, respectively). Determination of the most efficient fungicide for the peach rusty spot control in Serbia provides basic information for further investigations which will include optimization of treatment terms, as well as additional agro-technical control measures.Rđasta mrežavost plodova breskve odavno je poznato i ekonomski značajno oboljenje u mnogim delovima sveta. U Srbiji tokom proteklih godina ovo oboljenje nanosi značajne štete na poznim sortama breskve (Summerset, Suncrest, Fayette i O'Henry). Mada etiologija bolesti nije poznata, brojna istraživanja u mnogim delovima sveta pokušavaju da uspostave strategiju za kontrolu i preporuče odgovarajuće hemijske i druge metode zaštite breskve. U agroekološkim uslovima Srbije strategija primenjena u svetu, da suzbijanje prouzrokovača rđaste mrežavosti treba sprovoditi u višekratnim tretmanima od fenofaze precvetavanja, nije dala zadovoljavajuće rezultate. U pojedinim godinama zaraza plodova osetljivih sorti breskve dostiže 100%. U periodu od 2003. do 2004. godine, ispitivana je efikasnost tri fungicida (kresoksim-metil, fluzilazol i elementarni sumpor) u cilju iznalaženja mogućnosti uspešnije zaštite breskve od prouzrokovača rđaste mrežavosti plodova. Ogled je izveden na breskvi, sorte Summerset, u uslovima prirodne zaraze na lokalitetu Bela Crkva. Intenzitet zaraze rđaste mrežavosti plodova na osnovu procenta zahvaćene površine plodova, u kontrolnim parcelama kretao se od 33,5% u prvoj do 35,4% u drugoj godini ispitivanja. Tokom obe godine ispitivanja kresoksim-metil ispoljio je najveću efikasnost (90,25% u prvoj, odnosno 91,12% u drugoj godini ispitivanja), nižu fluzilazol (87,28%, odnosno 87,61%) i najnižu elementarni sumpor (82,33%, odnosno 80,30%). Određivanje fungicida sa najefikasnijim delovanjem prema prouzrokovaču rđaste mrežavosti plodova breskve u Srbiji predstavlja preduslov za dalja ispitivanja koja će uključiti pre svega optimizaciju rokova fungicidnih tretmana kao i određivanje drugih agrotehničkih mera kontrole
Hlorofil kao indikator reakcije biljaka na herbicide
No full textChlorophyll is a green pigment important in photosynthesis. By monitoring chlorophyll amount we learn about productivity of photosynthesis. Many herbicides with different modes of action affect the amount of chlorophyll in plant tissue. In our study we examined the amount of chlorophyll in corn plants after application of glyphosate trimesium (sulfosate). We used a non-destructive method: SPAD reading and chlorophyll a fluorescence, and a destructive method: extraction of chlorophyll with dimethil formamide and methanol. Our results show that based on amount of photosynthesis pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence yield we can monitor the stress effect of herbicides on corn plants. Our results also show that we can differentiate between treated and non treated plants.Hlorofil je zeleni pigment važan za proces fotosinteze, pa praćenjem njegovog sadržaja u biljkama dobijamo odgovor o produktivnosti fotosinteze. Herbicidi različitih hemijskih grupa i mehanizama dejstva utiču na sadržaj hlorofila u biljnom tkivu. Ispitivan je sadržaj hlorofila u tkivu biljaka kukuruza nakon primene glifosat trimezijum (sulfosat). Primenjene su nedestruktivne metode: SPAD očitavanje sadržaja i merenje fluorescencije hlorofila a, kao i destruktivne: ekstrakcija hlorofila dimetilformamidom i metanolom. Dobijeni rezultati i izvedena istraživanja pokazuju da se na osnovu sadržaja fotosintetskih pigmenata i prinosa fluorescencije hlorofila može pratiti stresni efekat herbicida na gajene biljke kukuruza, kao i definisati nivo razlika između tretiranih i netretiranih biljaka
Različiti aspekti inhibicije rastenja i fotosinteze kukuruza (Zea Mays L.) uzrokovanih fosfonatnim herbicidom sulfosatom 5 - manipulacija statusom korena biljaka raslih u kontrolisanim uslovima
No full textEffects of the herbicide sulphosate on growth, accumulation and distribution of dry weight and photosynthesis in maize plants grown in controlled environment and subjected to sourcesink manipulation at the root were studied. The findings indicate that growth and dry weight accumulation did not significantly correlate with any of the dry mass distribution parameters in those maize plants, but type of the root manipulation influenced parameters of plant growth. Also we found that plants with limited root growth has lower values of ETR parameter of photosynthesis, irrespective of herbicides treatment. As the root is place where cytokinins (plant hormons essential for maintaining photosynthetic structures) are synthesized, we assumed that content of cytokinins in the different manipulated roots influenced growth and photosynthesis of the plants irrespectively of exposition of the plants to the herbicide sulphosate.U radu se razmatra dejstvo herbicida sulfosata na rastenje, akumulaciju i preraspodelu suve mase, kao i fotosintezu biljaka kukuruza raslih u kontrolisanim uslovima i izloženih manipulaciji statusa korena. Nalazi govore da rastenje i akumulacija suve mase ne korelišu značajno sa parametrima preraspodele suve mase biljaka kukuruza, ali tip manipulacije korenom utiče na rastenje biljaka. Nađeno je i da biljke sa ograničenjem rastenja korena imaju niže vrednosti ETR parametra fotosinteze, nezavisno od tretmana herbicidom. Pošto je koren mesto sinteze citokinina (fitohormon esencijalan za održanje fotosintetskih struktura), pretpostavljamo da sadržaj citokinina kod biljaka kukuruza sa različitim statusom korena utiče na rastenje i fotosintezu biljaka kukuruza, nezavisno od toga da li su ili nisu tretirane herbicidom sulfosatom