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First report of stolbur phytoplasma infecting celery in Serbia
No full textDuring field survey conducted in 2010 in Serbia, symptoms of foliar reddening were observed on celery on the locality Padinska Skela, in the vicinity of Belgrade. Leaf samples from six symptomatic and two asymptomatic plants were collected and tested for phytoplasma presence detection. Nested polymerase chain reaction analyzes using universal primer pairs P1P7 followed by R16F2n/R2 identified presence of phytoplasmas in all symptomatic plants, while asymptomatic plants were tested negative. Restriction analysis of amplified 16Sr DNA fragments with enzyme Msel identified in all positive samples the same pattern as a reference strain of stolbur phytoplasma belonging to the 16SrXII-A ribosomal subgroup. Molecular differentiation of stolbur phytoplasma detected in celery was performed by amplification and RFLP analysis of the elongation factor Tu (tuf gene). Digestion of tuf gene indicated presence of tuf-type b of stolbur phytoplasma in all symptomatic celery plants. This is the first record of stolbur phytoplasma in association with celery expressing symptoms of foliar reddening in Serbia
Potential new hemipteran vectors of stolbur phytoplasma in Serbian vineyards
No full textThe diversity of Auchenorrhyncha species was studied in vineyards affected by 'bois noir' (BN) and their surroundings in Serbia. Auchenorrhyncha specimens were collected for identification, statistic analysis and for stolbur phytoplasma presence detection. A total number of collected species was 49, belonging to 8 families. The most numerous was family Cicadellidae with 30 species, followed by Cixiidae (7), Delphacidae (4), Aphrophoridae (3). Families Dictyopharidae, Issidae, Cercopidae and Membracidae were present with only one species. The most abundant species in all inspected sites was Psammotettix alienus (Dahlbom). Dictyophara europaea (L.), Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret, Euscelis incisus (Kirschbaum) and Reptalus quinquecostatus (Dufour) were numerous, as well. The presence of BN was detected in 4 Auchenorrhyncha species: H. obsoletus, R. quinquecostatus, Reptalus panzeri (Low) and D. europaea. This is the first record of BN phytoplasmas in D. europaea
First report of maize redness disease in Hungary
No full textDuring 2010, several maize production areas in Hungary were surveyed for the occurrence of maize redness (MR) disease symptoms associated with stolbur phytoplasma, as well as for the presence of the known vector of the disease, a planthopper Reptalus panzeri (Low). Incidence of maize plants with symptoms of reddening was low in all surveyed areas. Altogether, 25 symptomatic maize plants were collected at 9 localities and tested for phytoplasma presence. In addition, from one locality specimens of cixiids R. panzeri and Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret were collected and PCR analyzed. Presence of stolbur phytoplasma in MR symptomatic maize plants and stolbur-infected R. panzeri was identified at the single locality Monorierdo in central Hungary. This finding represents the first report of MR presence in Hungary
Detekcija Stolbur fitoplazme na kupini kao novom domaćinu u Srbiji
No full textDuring the late summer of 2007, a severe phytoplasma-like disease was observed for the first time in blackberry plants (Rubus fruticosus), commercial cv. Čačanska beztrna. Redness and downward rolling of leaves were symptoms observed in three localities in Central Serbia. The presence of Stolbur phytoplasma, belonging to the taxonomic subgroup 16SrXII-A, in diseased samples was confirmed by the PCR - RFLP analysis of 16S rDNA genes and elongation factor Tu (tuf) gene. A sequence analysis of the tuf gene confirmed homology with phytoplasmas stolbur tuf-type II detected previously in Italian grapevines and red clovers in the Czech Republic. This is the first report of Stolbur phytoplasma 16SrXII-A group tuf-type II on blackberries in Serbia.Simptomi nalik fitoplazmi prvi put su uočeni tokom leta 2007 g. na kupini (Rubus fruticosus) sorte Čačanska beztrna. Crvenilo i uvrtanje listova kao najčešći simptomi primećeni su na 3 lokaliteta u centralnoj Srbiji. Prisustvo Stolbur fitoplazme, koja pripada 16SrXII-A taksonomskoj podgrupi, utvrđeno je PCR - RFLP analizom 16S rDNK gena i gena za elongacioni faktor Tu (tuf) u uzorcima sa izraženim simptomima. Potvrđena je homologija dobijene sekvence tuf gena sa fitoplazmama Stolbur tuf- II tipa detektovanim na vinovoj lozi u Italiji i crvenoj detelini u Češkoj Republici. Ovo je prvi nalaz Stolbur fitoplazme 16SrXII-A grupe tuf- II tipa na kupini u Srbiji
The occurrence of 'Candidatus phytoplasma rhamni' in Rhamnus cathartica L. without symptoms
No full textCommon buckthorn, Rhamnus cathartica L., is a small tree or shrub of Eurasian origin that has become invasive in North America. A survey was conducted during 2010 to evaluate occurrence of buckthorn witches' broom (BWB) disease symptoms induced by Candidatus Phytoplasma rhamni' in the native range of R. cathartica. The distribution of phytoplasma-infected trees was identified over a large expanse of Europe, from south-west Switzerland to north-east Serbia. Although 25% of analyzed buckthorn trees were infected with phytoplasma (34 out of 133 plants), all plants were symptomless, indicating a commensal relationship between the phytoplasma and its plant host without negative effects which would lead to disease development
Patogena mikobiota žute lincure (Gentiana lutea L.)
No full textMycopopulation of yellow gentian growing in plantations was studied in 2008 and 2009. Fourteen species of fungi were registered at seed, out of which five were pathogenic. The most common species was Alternaria alternata (72-74 %). Species of the genus Fusarium (F. oxysporum, F. solani and F. equiseti) were present in a small percentage (2-6 %). These species, as well as F. verticillioides, were isolated from root, and Fusarium sp. was isolated from the flowers. Alternaria alternate, Epicoccum purpurescens, Phoma sp. and Alternaria sp. were regularly present on the leaves and stems.Žuta lincura je višegodišnja zeljasta biljka planinskih livada i pašnjaka na nadmorskim visinama između 800 i 2500 metara. Raste i u retkim šumama i na kamenjarima. Kao sirovina za farmaceutsku industriju koristi se prvenstveno koren, a u novije vreme list i cvet. Da bi se sačuvao biodiverzitet i povećao prinos ujednačenog kvaliteta, lincura se sve više plantažno gaji u svetu, a kod nas poslednjih šest godina. Plantažnim gajenjem žute lincure stvoreni su uslovi za pojavu većeg broja patogenih gljiva u različitim fenofazama razvića. Proučavanje patogene mikoflore žute lincure ispitivano je na plantaži Instituta za proučavanje lekovitog bilja, Beograd, u nacionalnom parku 'Tara' tokom 2008. i 2009. godine. Preko 70% semena žute lincure bilo je napadnuto vrstom Alternaria alternata. U većini slučajeva, seme zaraženo ovom gljivom uopšte ne klija. Vrste iz roda Fusarium (F. oxysporum, F. solani i F. equisti), zastupljene su u manjem procentu (2-6%) i prouzrokuju u prvom redu smanjenje energije klijanja i klijavosti semena, a zatim i truljenje i propadanje klijanaca. Na korenu je konstatovano prisustvo mešane infekcije sa Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani i F. verticillioides. Sa nadzemnih delova lincure izolovane su Alternaria spp., Alternaria alternata, Epicoccum purpurescens, Phoma ps. i Fusarium sp
Ispitivanje mogućnosti suzbijanja Venturia inaequalis ekološki prihvatljivim preparatima
No full textPossibility of V. inaequalis control on apple variety Idared was evaluated by ecologically acceptable products such as inorganic fungicides and acidified clays. The obtained results were compared with common, chemical protection. Year 2009 was one of the unfavorable for V. inaequalis, and 2010 was extremely favorable for apple scab development. Accordingly, in 2009 intensity of infection on apple leaves and fruits in control variant was low (leaves 15,4-34,9%; fruits 0-23,8%). In 2010 infection intensity on leaves and fruits was high (leaves 81,2%; fruits 100%). During period 2009-2010, in these different environmental conditions, common chemical protection showed high efficacy (leaves 96,2-100%; fruits 97,5-100%). High efficacy level in control of V. inaequalis on leaves of 87,4-99,7% was achieved also in variants in which copper products were applied in low concentration of 0,05%. It should be noted that in the most critical period, in April and May of 2010, the treatments were carried out in 5-6 days interval. Copper products showed differing efficacy on fruits (48,5-90,2%). In 2009 which is considered as one of the unfavorable for V. inaequalis development, product Ulmasud B applied alone on leaves was less efficiacy (51,8-58,6%), than on fruits (87,8%). In the same year, efficacy of this product in combination with sulfur, was better (leaves 71,4-76,6%; fruits 86,6). In 2010, which was especially rainy and favourable for spreading the disease, efficiacy of mention combination of products didn't satisfy (leaves 44,8%; fruits 41,0%). In the system of organic production, during vegetation period, program of apple protection in control of V. inaequalis should be supplemented by use of low concentrations of copper products (0,05%) and by various alternative products of different action mechanisms, such as mineral clays, sulfur products and etc. These researches should be continued.Ispitivana je mogućnost suzbijanja V. inaequalis na jabuci (ajdared) ekološki prihvatljivim preparatima (neorganski fungicidi i kisela glina). Dobijeni rezultati su poređeni sa uobičajenom, hemijskom zaštitom. Godina 2009. je bila jedna od najnepovoljnijih za V. inaequalis, a 2010. jedna od najpovoljnijih za širenje ovog patogena na jabuci. Shodno tome, u 2009. godini (tri lokaliteta) intenzitet zaraze u kontroli na listovima i plodovima jabuke bio je nizak (listovi 15,4-34,9%; plodovi 0-23,8%). U 2010. godini intenzitet zaraze na listovima i plodovima je bio visok (listovi 81,2%; plodovi 100%). Pri navedenim različitim uslovima zaraze, efikasnost uobičajene, hemijske zaštite, u obe godine je bila na visokom nivou (listovi 96,2-100%; plodovi 97,5-100%). Visoka efikasnost u suzbijanju V. inaequalis na listovima (87,4-99,7%), postignuta je i u varijantama sa primenom bakarnih preparata u niskoj koncentraciji (0,05%), uz napomenu da su u 2010. godini tretmani u najkritičnijem periodu izvođeni u intervalu 5-6 dana. Efikasnost bakarnih preparata na plodovima je bila različita (48,5-90,2%). U 2009. godini, koja je bila jedna od nepovoljnijih za širenje crne pegavosti na jabuci, preparat Ulmasud B primenjen samostalno, ispoljio je znatno slabiju efikasnost na listovima (51,9-58,6%), u odnosu na plodove (87,8%). Iste godine, ovaj preparat u kombinaciji sa sumpornim preparatima, obezbedio je bolju efikasnost (listovi 71,4-76,6%; plodovi 86,6%). Suprotno tome, u 2010. godini, koja je bila izrazito povoljna za širenje ovog patogena, efikasnost navedene kombinacije preparata nije bila zadovoljavajuća (listovi 44,8%; plodovi 41,0%). U sistemu organske proizvodnje, program zaštite jabuke od V. inaequalis tokom vegetacije treba dopuniti korišćenjem preparata na bazi bakra (u niskoj koncentraciji) i raznih alternativnih preparata (na bazi mineralnih glina, sumpornih preparata i sl.). Ova ispitivanja bi trebalo nastaviti
Ispitivanje osobina buhača (Chrysanthenum cinerariaefolium Vis.) sa prirodnih staništa Crne Gore
No full textPyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium Vis.) is endemic plant to Montenegro, Croatia and Albania. Insecticidal pyrethrin compounds (pyirethrin I i II) extracted from pyrethrum flowers. As pyrethrum research has been scarce in this country so far our primary objective was to provide data on the morphology and type of habitats of wild pyrethrum ina varius parts of Montenegro and data on its introduction into climate conditions of central Serbia. The following morphological and productivity parameters were investigated: Cluster width, cluster height, number of shoots and flower - bearing stems, number of flower-heads, fresh and dry weight of roots, stem, leaves and flowers. Determinate and seed germination and pyrethrum content. The results show the pyrethryn mean in the flower be around 0,7% while most favorable properties were found in plant of the Trsteno locality. Percent of pyrethrin was simual in the plants growed in ecological conditions of central Serbia.Buhač (Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium Vis.) je endemična biljka rasprostranjena u Crnoj Gori, Hrvatskoj i Albaniji. Iz cvasti buhača se ekstrahuju insekticidna jedinjenja piretrini (piretrin I i II). U našoj zemlji ispitivanja buhača su bila veoma oskudna i zato je cilj ovog rada bio dobijanje podataka o biološkim osobinama samoniklog buhača prikupljenog sa različitih staništa Crne Gore kao i mogućnost njegove introdukcije u uslove centralne Srbije. Ispitivani su sledeći morfološki i produktivni parametri: širina i visina bokora, broj izdanaka i cvetonosnih stabala, broj glavica cvasti, sveža i suva masa korena, stabla, listova i cvasti. Ispitivana je i klijavost semena buhača i određivan je procenat ukupnih piretrina. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da najpovoljnije osobine od svih ispitivanih populacije imaju biljke sa lokaliteta Trsteno. Procenat piretrina u cvastima buhača sa ispitivanih lokacija je oko 0,7 %, a takođe, može se zaključiti da se gajenjem u ekološkim uslovima Srbije procenat piretrina nije značajno smanjio
Fungi diseases of plum
No full textSeveral economically harmful phytopathogenic fungi, causing the disease, were described on plum. They are: Taphrina pruni, Polystigma rubrum, Monilinia laxa, M. fructigena, Tranzshelia pruni-spinose, Stigmina carpophila, Phoma prunicola and Phomopsis spp. The paper described the plum diseases caused by these fungi, symptoms of disease, the spread, the conditions for infection and prevention measures.Na šljivi je opisano nekoliko vrsta ekonomski značajnih fitopatogenih gljiva, prouzrokovača bolesti. To su: Taphrina pruni, Polystigma rubrum, Monilinia laxa, M. fructigena, Tranzshelia pruni-spinose, Stigmina carpophila, Phoma prunicola i Phomopsis spp. U radu su opisana oboljenja na šljivi prouzrokovana ovim gljivama, simptomatologija bolesti, širenje, uslovi za zarazu i mere suzbijanja
Uticaj fitoplazmoza na vinovu lozu
No full textHarmful effects of phytoplasmas to 10 grapevine cultivars (Red Burgundy, Italian Riesling, Smederevka, Plovdina, Prokupac, Rhine Riesling, Župski bojadiser, Frankovka, Chardonnay and Župljanka) in 5 vineyards (Župa, Sićevo, Kutina, Vršac and Deliblatska peščara) were investigated in 2003-2005. Diseased plants form a less number of inflorescence of 20.8 (Župa bojadiser) to 46.5% (Plovdina). The percentage of died inflorescence was of 16.1% (Italian Riesling) to 85.7% (Plovdina). The shoot formation was reduced for 13.7% (Italian Riesling) to 42.8% (Plovdina), and 7.8% (Prokupac) to 75-100% (Plovdina) of formed shoots dead before the end of the vegetation. The yield of grapes on diseased plants was reduced from 17.8% (Italian Riesling) to 97.4% (plovdina).Štetnost fitoplazmi vinove loze ispitivana je na sortama crni burgundac, italijanski rizling, smederevka, plovdina, prokupac, rajnski rizling, župski bojadiser, frankovka, šardone i župljanka u Župskom, Sićevačkom, Kutinskom, Vršačkom i vinogorju Deliblatske peščare tokom 2003-2005. godine. Praćeni su sledeći parametari: smanjenje broja formiranih cvasti, nekroza (uginjavanje) formiranih cvasti, broj lastara sa nepotpunim zdrvenjavanjem, prevremeno uginjavanje čokota i smanjenje prinosa grožđa po jedinici površine i obolelom čokotu. Oboleli čokoti formiraju manji broj cvasti za 20,8-46,5% (župski bojadiser, odnosno plovdina). Procenat nekroze formiranih cvasti je od 16,1% (italijanski rizling) do 85,7% (plovdina). Formiranje lastara je smanjeno u proseku manje za 13,7% (italijanski rizling) do 42,8% (plovdina), a pre kraja vegetacije bilo je od 7,8% (prokupac) do 75-100% (plovdina) sasušenih lastara. Prinos grožđa smanjen je za 17,8% (italijanski rizling) do 97,4% (plovdina). Smanjenje prinosa grožđa po jedinici površine u direktnoj je zavisnosti od nivoa zaraze