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Bembecia diamerica sp. n. - nova vrsta staklokrilca (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) iz doline Aston Rama u severozapadnom Pakistanu
No full textA new species, Bembecia diamerica sp. n., is described. It is similar to the West Caucasian species Bembecia syzcjovi Gorbunov, 1989, and to Bembecia pagesi Toševski, 1993. The specimen is collected in North West Pakistan, Chitral prov. using pheromone trap. Bionomics and host plant are unknown.U ovom radu prikazan je opis vrste Bembecia diamerica sp. n. Novoopisana vrsta je slična vrsti Bembecia syzcjovi Gorbunov, 1989 iz zapadnog Kavkaza i vrsti Bembecia pagesi Toševski, 1993. Nova vrsta je ulovljena na feromonske klopke u Čitral provinciji (severozapadni Pakistan). Biologija i biljka domaćin novoopisane vrste je nepoznata
Uticaj porekla sadnog materijala i veličine semenske krtole na produktivne osobine krompira
No full textThe aim of this study was to determine the impact of the size of tubers originating form different altitudes, on the yield of most commonly grown potato cultivars Cleopatra, Jaerla, Desiree and Kennebec in western Serbia (Macva). Potato seed-producing crop, from which the planting material came from, was grown during 2006 at two sites with different altitude: a plain region 72m a.s.l. and a mountainous region 1100m a.s.l. Evaluating the presence of the two most widespread potato virus (PYV) and (PLRV) in our conditions was performed by ELISA test. The investigation was carried out by planting the following mass of planted material: 50 ± 5g, 70 ± 5g, 90 ± 5g and 110 ± 5g in 2007 year. Higher yields of potato tubers in moist conditions in western Serbia (Macva) was achieved by planting larger mass of tubers originating from the lower altitude and shorter growing season varieties.Cilj rada je bio da se utvrdi uticaj porekla sadnog materijala i veličine semenske krtole na produktivne osobine četiri najčešće gajene sorte krompira Cleopatra, Jaerla, Desiree i Kennebec u uslovima zapadne Srbije (Mačve). Proizvodnja sadnog materijala krompira izvedena je 2006. godine u dva lokaliteta različite nadmorske visine (nv): ravničarskom 72m i planinskom regionu 1100m (nv). Ocena prisustva dva i najraširenija virusa krompira u našim uslovima (PYV) i (PLRV) izvršeno je ELISA testom. Istraživanja su izvedena sadnjom semenskih krtola mase 50 ± 5g, 70 ± 5g, 90 ± 5g i 110 ± 5g tokom 2007. godine. Najveći ukupan prinos krtola od 36,10 t/ha־¹ ostvarila je rana sorta Cleopatra na varijantama gde je sađena najkrupnija frakcije (110g) poreklo sa planinskog područja. Veći prinosi krtola krompira u uslovima prirodnog vodnog režima zapadne Srbije (Mačve) postižu se sadnjom zdravih semenskih krtola veće mase poreklom sa ravničarskog regiona i sorti kraće vegetacije
Uticaj zemljišnih bakterija na klijanje semena korovske vrste Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.
No full textSoil bacteria are able either to stimulate or inhibit seed germination. If seed germination is stimulated, the seedlings of weed species emerge more uniformly, so that they could be killed in the next step of weed control. This investigation focused on testing the germination of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. on several media: Pseudomonas fluorescens (B1), Azotobacter chroococcum (B2), Bacillus licheniformis (B3), B. pumilus (B4), B. amyloliquefaciens (B5). In control, seeds germinated in water. Seed germination varied depending on bacterial media. Germination was inhibited by bacterial treatments B1 and B3, treatments B2 and B4 stimulated germination, while germination in treatment B5 was similar to control.Zemljišne bakterije mogu imati stimulativno ili inhibitorno delovanje na klijanje semena mnogih biljaka. Ukoliko je klijanje semena stimulisano, ponici korova se javljaju znatno uniformnije, što pruža realnu mogućnost da se u nekoj od narednih operacija nege useva korovi eliminišu. U ovim istraživanjima ispitivan je uticaj nekoliko zemljišnih bakterija (Pseudomonas fluorescens (B1), Azotobacter chroococcum (B2), Bacillus licheniformis (B3), B. pumilus (B4), B. amyloliquefaciens (B5) na klijanje semena alohtone invazivne korovske vrste Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. U kontrolnu varijantu je dodata česmenska voda. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se konstatovati da je klijanje semena A. artemisiifolia variralo u zavisnosti od toga na kojoj bakterijskoj podlozi je vršeno naklijavanje. Naime, utvrđen je manji procenat klijavosti semena na podlozi B1 i B3, odnosno veća klijavost je postignuta na podlogama B2 i B4 u odnosu na čistu vodu. Osim toga, klijanje semena A. artermisiifolia na podlozi B5 je bilo gotovo istovetno kao i u čistoj vodi (kontroli)
Novi nalazi Globodera rostochiensis u Srbiji
No full textBelonging to a group of quarantine organisms classifies potato cyst nematodes into the most dangerous parasites whose presence in crops is high-risk and assumes legal consequences. Knowledge of the morphology of Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis is important for proper diagnostics of potato nematode diseases and it is especially important for services established by the phytosanitary system of the Republic of Serbia, which is the first barrier of introduction of quarantine and pest organisms. Two new populations of G. rostochiensis are described. In spite of certain morphological overlap between them, there are morphological characters such as stylet length and morphology, vulva-anus distance as well as number of cuticular ridges that indicate two new records of G. rostochiensis in Serbia.Pripadnost grupi karantinskih organizama svrstava cistolike nematode krompira u najopasnije parazite čije je prisustvo visoko rizično u usevima i zasadima gajenih biljaka i pretpostavlja zakonske konsekvence. Poznavanje morfologije Globodera pallida i G. rostochiensis je od značaja za pravilnu dijagnostiku nematoloških oboljenja krompira a posebno je od značaja za službe koje se nalaze u fitosanitarnom sistemu Republike Srbije koji je i prva brana introdukcije karantinskih i ekonomski štetnih organizama. Dve nove populacije G. rostochiensis su opisane. Uprkos određenom morfološkom preklapanju među njima, postoje morfološke karakteristike poput dužine i morfologije stileta, distance vulvaanus i broja kutikularnih nabora ciste koji ukazuju na dva nova nalaza G. rostochiensis u Srbiji
Različiti aspekti inhibicije rastenja i fotosinteze kukuruza (Zea mays L.) - uzrokovanih fosfonatnim herbicidom sulfosatom - 6. Manipulacija statusom lisnog pokrova zasenjivanjem
No full textLeaf canopy manipulation by shading (irrelevant from the plants was treated with herbicide sulfosate or not) of maize plants raised in controlled environment, did not caused large changes in partitioning of dry-mass in plant. But inhibition of dry-matter and growth of maize plants caused by sulfosate treatment is bigger in unshaded (S) in relation to shaded (Sh) plants. Our opinion is that differences caused by functional-compensation processes, before viewed in other types of manipulation of source-sink relationship in plant. Inhibition of parameters of Chla fluorescencije and photosynthesis, caused by herbicide sulfosate, beginning in 6th day of trial, but decay of maize leaf photosynthetic function is so rapidly. Meanwhile in control plants that parameters on the end of trial is larger in shaded (Sh) relative to unshaded (S) plants. We interpreted that result also as functional-compensation processes. In maize plants raised in the field conditions under full day-light and then transfered in the shade (were they acclimatized), we noticed large inhibitions of growth, accumulation of dry-matter and their allocation in root and leaves with considerable increase of stem dry-mater and also early decrease of value of RWC parameter of leaves water regime under treatment of herbicide sulfosate. Besides that treatment of sulfosate in shaded plants caused significant decrease of all parameters of photosynthesis and Chla fluorescence. That caused early degradation of Chla and Chl b photosynthetic pigments, and degradation of carotenoids only at the end of trial (according to unchanged values of NPQ parameter of leaf photoprotektion) in shaded and sulfosate treated maize plants. Conclusion is that antenic function of photosynthesis was not destroyed by sulfosate action. Accordingly that in shaded maize plants the main part of inhibitory and degradative processes caused by herbicide sulfosate to mediate by inhibition of functions and growth of root and also by inhibition of water regime of leaves. Shading of herbicide sulfosate treated maize plants, raised in controled environment is largely different in comparison to shaded and sulfosate-treated maize plants raised in the field. We interpreted that differences with fact that shading of plants raised in controlled environment is not complete and it is more shorter than in field plants, and this results we interpreted as functional-compensation processes. But in field plants shading is so longer before treatment, and in this plants raised so called phenotype of 'shade plants', particularly sensitive to inhibitory action of sulfosate. And as conclusion we stated that longevity and completeness of shading is very influential factor to inhibitory action of sulfosate on maize plants. That testify of importance of 'source-sink' relationship in this particularly case.Manipulacija statusom lisnog pokrova putem zasenjivanja (nezavisno od toga da li su tretirane ili ne herbicidom sulfosatom) biljaka kukuruza raslih u kontrolisanim uslovima, ne dovodi do značajnijih izmena u preraspodeli suve mase. Međutim, inhibicija akumulacije suve mase i rastenja biljaka kukuruza usled tretmana sulfosatom znatno je veća kod nezasenjenih (S) odnosno zasenjenih (Sh) biljaka. Smatramo da su ove razlike uslovljene funkcionalno kompenzacionim procesima, ranije primećenim kod drugih vidova manipulacija 'proizvođač-potrošač' odnosa u biljci. Do inhibicije parametara fluorescencije Chla i fotosinteze, usled dejstva herbicidom sulfosatom, dolazi tek 6-og dana ogleda, ali je tad gašenje fotosintetskih funkcija listova kukuruza naglo. Međutim, kod kontrolnih biljaka, pomenuti parametri su na kraju ogleda značajno veći kod zasenjenih (Sh) odnosno nezasenjenih (S) biljaka. Pomenuti nalaz isto tumačimo funkcionalno kompenzacionim procesima. Kod biljaka kukuruza raslih u polju, pri punoj dnevnoj svetlosti, pa prenetih u senku (gde su aklimatizovane), zapažamo znatnu inhibiciju rastenja, akumulacije ukupne suve mase i njene alokacije prema korenu i listovima, uz znatno povećanje udeone suve mase stabla i rano smanjenje vrednosti RWC parametra vodnog režima listova, pri tretmanu herbicidom sulfosatom. Pored toga tretman sulfosatom dovodi kod zasenjenih biljaka i do značajnog sniženja svih parametara fotosinteze i fluorescencije Chla. To vodi ranoj degradaciji Chla i Chl b, a tek na kraju ogleda i degradaciji karotenoida (što je saglasno nepromenjenim vrednostima NPQ parametra fotoprotekcije lista), kod zasenjenih i sulfosatom tretiranih biljaka kukuruza. Znači, antenske funkcije fotosinteze tokom ogleda nisu bitno ugrožene dejstvom sulfosata. Prema tome, kod zasenjenih biljaka kukuruza većina inhibitornih i degradativnih procesa uzrokovanih dejstvom sulfosata posredovano je inhibicijom rastenja i funkcije korena, kao inhibicijom vodnog režima listova. Zasenjivanje tretiranih biljaka kukuruza, raslih u kontrolisanim uslovima, izgleda da vodi drugačijim posledicama, nego kod zasenjenih biljaka raslih u uslovima polja i tretiranih sulfosatom. To tumačimo time da je kod kontrolisanih biljaka zasenjivanje bilo delimično i znatno kraće, pa se nastale promene mogu smatrati procesima kompenzacije, dok je kod biljaka raslih u uslovima polja zasenjivanje bilo dugotrajnije pre samog tretmana, pa se nastali fenotip 'biljaka senke' pokazao veoma osetljivim na inhibitorno dejstvo sulfosata. Znači, dužina i obim zasenjivanja veoma utiču na reakciju biljaka kukuruza na dejstvo sulfosata, što svedoči o značaju 'proizvođač-potrošač' odnosa u tom slučaju
Complete nucleotide sequence and genome organisation of grapevine Bulgarian latent virus
No full textThe complete genome sequence of grapevine Bulgarian latent virus (GBLV) has been determined. RNA-1 (7,452 nt in length) contains a single ORF of 6,285 nt, encoding a polyprotein with conserved motifs characteristic of the viral protease cofactor (Prot-cofact), the NTP-binding protein (NTP), the cysteine-like protease (Cyst-Prot) and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of members of the order Picornavirales and show high aa sequence identity with blackcurrant reversion virus (BRV, 64%). RNA-2 (5,821 nt) contains a single ORF of 4,500 nt, encoding a polyprotein in which the conserved motifs of the movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP) have been identified. The GBLV CP aa sequence shows highest homology with that of blueberry leaf mottle virus (BLMoV, 68%). Both RNAs have a poly(A) tail and a NCR at the 3' and 5' termini, respectively. The results of this study confirm the classification of GBLV as a member of a distinct species in subgroup C of the genus Nepovirus
Plasmopara obducens - nova pretnja proizvodnji Impatiens Walleriana u Srbiji
No full textDuring 2010, Impatiens walleriana plants with symptoms of downy mildew were collected in a greenhouse in the vicinity of Mionica, Kolubara District. Disease incidence was extremely high, approaching 100%, and wilting and collapse of affected plants was very rapid, resulting in losses of more than 90%. White downy growth produced on the lower leaf surface consisted of hyaline, thin-walled sporangiophores with monopodial branching and numerous, ovoid and hyaline sporangia. Apical branchlets of sporangiophores were at right angles to the main axis, with no apical thickening. Pathogenicity tests included inoculation of young I. walleriana plants by spraying with a sporangial suspension, and downy mildew symptoms were observed after 13 to 15 days. The absence of well-defined spots on the infected impatiens leaves and straight sporangiophores indicated that the pathogen was P. obducens, which was further supported by molecular identification, the 5'-end of the nuclear DNA coding for the large ribosomal subunit (LSU rDNA) was amplified by PCR, using primers NL1 and NL4. A representative isolate, 28-10, was sequenced and phylogenetic analysis showed its grouping with other P. obducens isolates of different origin. Considering that impatiens downy mildew in Serbia is proved to be caused by P. obducens it is necessary to employ adequate phytosanitary measures to prevent further spread of the pathogen.Tokom 2010. godine biljke Impatiens walleriana sa simptomima plamenjače sakupljene su u stakleniku u okolini Mionice, Kolubarski okrug. Učestalost oboljenja bila je izuzetno visoka, blizu 100%, a sušenje i propadanje zaraženih biljaka veoma brzo, što je dovelo do šteta većih od 90%. Bela prevlaka patogena koja se razvijala na naličju listova sastojala se od hijalinskih monopodijalno razgranatih sporangiofora sa tankim zidovima i brojnih, ovoidnih i hijalinskih sporangija. Vrhovi grana sporangiofora granali su se pod pravim uglom u odnosu na glavnu osu, bez vršnog zadebljanja. Testovi patogenosti uključili su inokulacije mladih biljaka I. walleriana prskanjem suspenzijom sporangija, a simptomi plamenjače razvili su se nakon 13-15 dana. Odsustvo definisanih pega na zaraženim listovima impatiensa i prisustvo pravih sporangiofora ukazalo je da je prouzrokovač P. obducens, što je dalje potvrđeno molekularnom identifikacijom. Primenom lančane reakcije polimeraze (polymerase chain reaction, PCR), pomoću prajmera NL1 i NL4, umnožen je kodirajući 5'-kraj DNA velike ribozomalne podjedinice (LSU rDNA). Amplifikovani produkt odabranog izolata 28-10 je sekvencioniran, a filogenetske analize pokazale su njegovo grupisanje sa ostalim izolatima P. obducens različitog porekla. Uzimajući u obzir da je ovim istraživanjima dokazano da je prouzrokovač plamenjače na Impatiens walleriana u Srbiji P. obducens, neophodno je preduzimanje odgovarajućih fitosanitarnih mera u cilju sprečavanja daljeg širenja patogena u našoj zemlji
Optimalni rokovi primene fungicida za suzbijanje Podosphaera leucotricha, prouzrokovača rđaste mrežavosti plodova breskve u Srbiji
No full textPeach rusty spot has regularly occurred in Serbia in recent years, causing significant economic losses in the production of late maturing cultivars (Summerset, Suncrest, Fayette and O'Henry). Concerns regarding the etiology of this disease have been solved using molecular identification and cross-pathogenicity tests, which have proved that peach rusty spot is caused by Podosphaera leucotricha. The usual recommended strategy for its control, by multiple treatments starting from petal fall phenophase, has not proved satisfactory in agro-ecological conditions in Serbia. After testing the fungicide efficacy, a three-year study was carried out to determine the precise treatment terms and make the control of P. leucotricha more efficient. The investigation was conducted in the conditions of natural infection in a Summerset cultivar orchard at the locality of Bela Crkva, during the period 2006-2008. Nine different variants of both single and mixed treatments were tested, covering six defined peach growth phenophases - from green top, until the phenophase of second fruit falling. In the conditions of high levels of natural infection in the control plots, in all three investigation years the most efficient was the variant in which kresoxim-methyl was applied three times: in green top, pink bud and full bloom phenophases (91.69 - 91.92%), followed by the variant of treatments in the phenophases of rose bud, full bloom and petal fall (86.3-87.87%) and the variant of two treatments, performed in the phenophases of pink bud and full bloom (79.3-83.09%). The other tested variants showed significantly lower efficiency. The results obtained could significantly contribute to better peach fruit production, without losses caused by peach rusty spot which is commercially very important disease in Serbia.Rđasta mrežavost plodova breskve poslednjih godina u Srbiji redovno se javlja i u proizvodnji poznih sorti (Summerset, Suncrest, Fayette i O'Henry) nanoseći značajne ekonomske gubitke. Nedoumice u pogledu etiologije ove bolesti razrešene su na osnovu molekularne identifikacije i unakrsnih testova patogenosti čime je dokazano da rđastu mrežavost breskve izaziva Podosphaera leucotricha. Strategija kontrole P. leucotricha primenjena u svetu, po kojoj suzbijanje treba sprovoditi u višekratnim tretmanima od fenofaze precvetavanja, nije dala zadovoljavajuće rezultate u agroekološkim uslovima Srbije. Nakon izvršenih ispitivanja efikasnosti fungicida, obavljeno je trogodišnje istraživanje u cilju određivanja preciznih rokova tretiranja breskve radi uspostavljanja efikasne kontrole P. leucotricha. Ispitivanje je obavljeno u periodu od 2006. do 2008. godine, u zasadu breskve sorte Summerset, u uslovima prirodne zaraze na lokalitetu Bela Crkva. Testirano je devet različitih varijanti, koje su se sastojale iz kombinovanih i pojedinačnih tretiranja, tako da je pokriven period od šest definisanih fenofaza razvoja breskve, počevši od fenofaze zeleni vrh do fenofaze drugo opadanje plodova. U uslovima visokog nivoa prirodne zaraze u kontrolnim parcelama, najvišu efikasnost u sve tri godine ispitivanja ispoljila je varijanta u kojoj je kresoksim- metil primenjivan tri puta, u fenofazi zeleni vrh, roze pupoljak i cvetanje (91,69-91,92%), odmah zatim varijanta u kojoj su izvođeni tretmani u fenofazi roze pupoljak, cvetanje i precvetavanje (86,3-87,87%) i varijanta u okviru koje su bila vršena dva tretmana u fenofazi roze pupoljak i cvetanje (79,3-83,09%). Ostale varijante u ogledu ispoljile su znatno nižu efikasnost. Dobijeni rezultati značajno doprinose poboljšanom načinu proizvodnje breskve bez gubitaka izazvanih rđastom mrežavosti ploda, ekonomski sve značajnijeg oboljenja u Srbiji
Morphological, molecular and biological evidence reveal two cryptic species in Mecinus janthinus Germar (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), a successful biological control agent of Dalmatian toadflax, Linaria dalmatica (Lamiales, Plantaginaceae)
No full textA combined morphological, molecular and biological study shows that the weevil species presently named Mecinus janthinus is actually composed of two different cryptic species: M. janthinus Germar, 1821 and M. janthiniformis Tosevski & Caldara sp.n. These species are morphologically distinguishable from each other by a few very subtle morphological characters. On the contrary, they are more readily distinguishable by both molecular and biological characters. A molecular assessment based on the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene revealed fixed differences between the two species with p-distances between samples of both species ranging from 1.3 to 2.4%. In addition to this, the larvae of the two species are found to develop on different species within the genus Linaria (Plantaginaceae): M. janthinus is associated with yellow toadflax (L. vulgaris) and M. janthiniformis with broomleaf toadflax (L. genistifolia) and Dalmatian toadflax (L. dalmatica). Molecular and host use records further suggest the occurrence of a third species associated with L. vulgaris within M. janthinus, sampled from north Switzerland, central Hungary and east Serbia. The significance of these new findings is of particular importance because species of the M. janthinus group are used, or are potential candidates, for the biological control of invasive toadflaxes in North America