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Identifikacija rasa Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola na domaćim sortama pasulja
No full textHalo blight caused by the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola is economically important disease of bean in our area. In the present study, the pathogen was isolated from the leaves of the diseased bean plants, with the leaf samples having been collected from cultivars Oplenac, Slavonski žutozeleni and Zlatko using a nutrient agar (NA) and the medium enriched with 5% sucrose (NSA). Pathogenicity of the obtained isolates was proved by inoculation of young bean pods and by hypersensitive reaction (HR) on tobacco and geranium leaves. Biochemical and physiological characteristics were tested by conventional phytobacteriological methods. The race identity of the isolates was determined using a differential set of Phaseolus spp.: Canadian Wonder, ZAA54 (A52), Tendergreen, Red Mexican U13, 1072 P. acutifolius, ZAA55 (A53), ZAA12 (A43) i Guatemala 196-B). Inoculation was performed with atomizer, by spraying of bacterial suspension onto the undersurface of primary leaves. Obtained results indicated that strains showed the most similarity to race 1 of this bacterium.Oreolna plamenjača pasulja čiji je prouzrokovač fitopatogena bakterija Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola ekonomski je štetno oboljenje ove gajene kulture kod nas. U ovom radu vršena je izolacija patogena iz obolelog lišća pasulja sorti Oplenac, Slavonski žutozeleni i Zlatko na hranljivi agar (NA) i podlogu obogaćenu saharozom (NSA). Patogenost izolata je dokazana infiltracijom bakterijske suspenzije u mlade mahune boranije i pozitivnom hipersenzitivnom reakcijom (HR) na listu duvana i muškatle. Biohemijsko-fiziološke odlike ispitane su standardnim bakteriološkim metodama. Pripadnost dobijenih izolata fiziološkim rasama određena je korišćenjem diferencijalnog sortimenta Phaseolus spp.: Canadian Wonder, ZAA54 (A52), Tendergreen, Red Mexican U13, 1072 P. acutifolius, ZAA55 (A53), ZAA12 (A43) i Guatemala 196-B. Inokulacija je vršena atomizerom, prskanjem naličja primarnog lišća bakterijskom suspenzijom. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na najveću sličnost izolata sa rasom 1 ove bakterije
Detection of Flavescence doree phytoplasma strain C on different grapevine cultivars in Serbian vineyards
No full textThe presence and distribution of grapevine phytoplasma Flavescence doree (FD) was investigated in the eight important viticultural areas of Serbia from 2005 to 2007. Overall 272 vineyards were investigated in 67 vineyard localities. Results are presented through phytoplasma infection FD C by locality and grapevine cultivars. The presence of FD stain C was detected in seven of nine investigated areas. Phytoplasma FD was detected in the six grapevine cultivars - Plovdina, Frankovka, Zupski bojadiser, Smederevka, Italian Riesling and Black Burgundy, of eight tested cultivars. The cultivar Plovdina appeared to be extremely sensitive to FD phytoplasma. Phytoplasma presence in grapevine is checked by PCR and RFLP. The RFLP patterns obtained from the Serbian grapevine samples confirmed that all detected FD strains belong to 16SrV-C subgroupe of phytoplasma
A study of suitability of grapevine cultivar Plovdina as a possible indicator plant for flavescence doree disease
No full textGrapevine cv. Plovdina is a traditional local variety that is very sensitive to flavescence doree (FD) disease. In this paper, we present the results of top-grafting FD-infected cv. Plovdina plants with scions originating from healthy mother plants of the same cultivar using the "green grafting" method. The first grapevine yellows (GY) symptoms, consisting of yellowing of the Plovdina leaves, have been observed on scions 20 days after grafting. Our results show that GY symptoms were due to phytoplasma and not the viral infection, since grapevine leafroll associated viruses-1, 2 and 3 (GLRaV-1, 2, 3) could not be detected in the scions. Twenty days after-grafting, phytoplasma FD was detected in all grafted scions. Our results indicate that grapevine cv. Plovdina is very suitable as an indicator plant for Flavescence doree disease
On the Identity of Cereal Aphid Parasitoid Wasps Aphidius uzbekistanicus, Aphidius rhopalosiphi, and Aphidius avenaphis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) by Examination of COI Mitochondrial Gene, Geometric Morphometrics, and Morphology
No full textIn this study, the relationships among and the taxonomic status of three closely related parasitic wasps that are widely used as biological control agents of cereal aphids, Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzhetzki, Aphidius rhopalosiphi De Stefani Perez, and Aphidius avenaphis (Fitch), were examined. Genetic divergence at an average of 6% was recorded between A. uzbekistanicus and A. rhopalosiphi by using the mitochondrial (mt) gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI) barcoding region. Identical mtCOI gene sequences were observed in A. uzbekistanicus specimens that originated from Eurasia and in the North American species A. avenaphis. The haplotype fluctuation in A. rhopalosiphi specimens that originated from the west Palaearctic was an average of 1.5% (maximum, 2.4%). In contrast, specimens of A. uzbekistanicus from central and western parts of Eurasia were largely homogenous, with only a single mutation recorded in a specimen from eastern Europe (Serbia). The morphological and genetic diversity found in A. rhopalosiphi may suggest the existence of cryptic species, especially for lineages that have a large degree of mtCOI diversity and sympatric occurrence. The geometric morphometric analysis of stigma shape presented in this study demonstrated that members of A. uzbekistanicus have a shorter forewing r vein and a more elongated stigma, relative to those of A. avenaphis. Our research validates the use of stigma shape and flagellomere 1 color for morphological discrimination between wasp species
Antifungalna aktivnost autohtonog izolata Bacillus sp. Q3 na mikopopulaciju belog sleza
No full textMarshmallow is a host of a number of saprophytic and parasitic fungi in Serbia. The seeds of marshmallow are contaminated with fungi from different genera, especially Alternaria and Fusarium, which significantly reduced seed germination and caused seedling decay. In this study we investigate antagnonism of indigenous Bacillus sp. isolate Q3 against marshmallow mycopopulation. Bacillus sp. Q3 was isolated from maize rhizosphere, characterized by polyphasic approch and tested for plant growth promoting treats. Bacillus sp. Q3 produced antifungal metabolites with growth inhibition activity against numerous fungi in dual culture: 61.8% of Alternaria alternata, 74.8% of Myrothecium verrucaria and 33.6% of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. That effect could be caused by different antifungal metabolites including siderophores, hydrolytic enzymes, organic acids and indole acetic acid (IAA). Suppression of natural marshmallow seed infection by Q3 isolate was observed. The seeds were immersed in different concentrations of bacterial suspension during 2h and their infections by phytopathogenic fungi were estimated. The results showed significant reduction of seed infection by Alternaria spp. The presented results indicate possible application of this isolate as promising biological agent for control of marshmallow seed pathogenic fungi.Beli slez gajen u Srbiji je domaćin mnogim saprofitnim i parazitskim gljivama. Seme je zaraženo gljivama iz različitih rodova, naročito Alternaria i Fusarium, ko je značajno redukuju klijavost semena i izazivaju sušenje. U ovom radu ispitivan je antagonizam autohtone bakterije Bacillus sp. izolata Q3 i mikopopulacije belog sleza. Bacillus sp. Q3 je izolovan iz rizosfere kukuruza, karakterizacija je izvršena polifaznom metodologijom i testirane su osobine odgovorne za stimulaciju rasta biljaka. Bacillus sp. Q3 produkuje antifungalne metabolite sa izraženom aktivnošću protiv fitopatogenih gljiva sa različitim procentom inhibicije rasta u dvojnoj kulturi: 61.75% kod Alternaria alternata, 74.80% kod Myrothecium verrucaria i 33.63% kod Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Ovaj efekat je posledica produkcije različitih antifungalnih metabolita, uključujući siderofore, hidrolitičke enzime, organske kiseline i indolsirćetnu kiselinu (IAA). Ustanovljeno je suzbijanje prirodne infekcije semena belog sleza primenom izolata Bacillus Q3. Semena su potapana u različite koncentracije bakterijske suspenzije tokom 2 h i praćen je stepen infekcije fitopatogenim gljivama. Rezultati su pokazali značajan stepen redukcije infekcije semena belog sleza gljivom Alternaria spp. Ovi rezultati ukazuju na moguću primenu ovog izolata kao potentnog biološkog agensa za kontrolu infekcije semena belog sleza fitopatogenim gljivama
Hosts of stolbur phytoplasmas in maize redness affected fields
No full textThe plant host range of a phytoplasma is strongly dependent on the host range of its insect vector. Maize redness in Serbia is caused by stolbur phytoplasma (subgroup 16SrXII-A) and is transmitted by the cixiid planthoper, Reptalus panzeri (Low). R. panzeri was the only potential vector found to be infected with stolbur phytoplasm in and around maize redness affected fields, and the phytoplasma was only found in monocotyledonous plants including maize, Johnsongrass, and wheat. Other known stolbur phytoplasma vectors and weedy plant hosts tested were not infected. These results are discussed with respect to potential differentiation of the pathogen in different host-vector systems
Uticaj nikosulfurona na neke fiziološke grupe mikroorganizama u zemljištu
No full textThe effect of nicosulfuron on abundance of amino-autotrophs, amino-heterotrophs, Azotobacter sp., phospho-mobilizers and phospho-mineralizers was examined. A trial was set up in laboratory conditions on chernozem soil type. Nicosulfuron was applied in concentrations 0.3, 1.5 and 3 mg/kg soil. Sampling for analysis was done 1, 7, 14, 21, 30 and 60 days after atrazine application. The results showed that the effect of nicosulfuron depended on rates of application, duration of activity and group of microorganisms. Nicosulfuron had an inhibiting effect on Azotobacter sp., amino-heterotrophs, and phospho-mobilizers. Nicosulfuron inhibited amino-autotrophs initially, and stimulated them after the population recovered, while nicosulfuron had stimulating effect on phospho-mineralizers. However, the changes detected were found to be transient, and therefore there is no real risk of the compound disrupting the balance of biochemical processes in chernozem soil.U radu je ispitivano kratkotrajno delovanje herbicida nikosulfurona na brojnost nekih fizioloških grupa mikroorganizama. Ogled je postavljen u laboratorijskim uslovima na zemljištu tipa černozem. Nikosulfuron je primenjen u količinama od 0,3, 1,5 i 3 mg/kg zemljišta. Praćene su neke fiziološke grupe mikroorganizama i to: aminoheterotrofi, aminoautotrofi, Azotobacter sp., fosfomineralizatori i fosfomobilizatori. Uzorci za analize uzimani su 1, 7, 14, 21, 30 i 60 dana posle primene nikosulfurona. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da je uticaj nikosulfurona na brojnost ispitivanih fizioloških grupa mikroorganizama zavisio od primenjene količine i dužine delovanja i da je bio stimulativan ili inhibitoran. Nikosulfuron je inhibitorno delovao na Azotobacter sp., aminoheterotrofe i fosfomobilizatore. Na aminoautotrofe je prvo delovao inhibitorno, a kasnije, zbog obnavljanja populacije, stimulativno. Na fosfomineralizatore nikosulfuron je delovao stimulativno. Međutim, utvrđene promene su bile prolaznog karaktera, tako da se može smatrati da nema realnog rizika od narušavanja ravnoteže mikrobioloških procesa u zemljištu pod uticajem ovog herbicida
Efikasnost rokova primene fungicida za suzbijanje Taphrina deformans, prouzrokovača kovrdžavosti lista breskve u Srbiji
No full textThe causal agent of peach leaf curl Taphrina deformans, in recent years in Serbia occurs regularly and causes significant economic losses. As the leaf curl important in many areas of growing peaches in the world, great attention is focused on finding a measure of control. According to recommendations from the literature sources of chemical protection against this pathogen should be carried out in several treatments, ie. in the fall after the leaves fall and the spring just before and during the swelling buds. As is well known that the pathogen T. deformans infection achieved solely through the undifferentiated tissue swelling in the bud stage of development, there were determined the effectiveness of fungicides recommended in all phenological stages of development. The study was conducted during fall 2006. and spring of 2007. year, the Summerset peach orchards cultivars in conditions of natural infection at the site of Bela Crkva. We tested seven different varieties, which are comprised of individual and combined treatments, so that the period covered by the three defined phenological stages of peach, starting from autumn treatment stage of development in 50% of leaves yellow and dorman and growth stages of vegetation where the applied fungicide copper hidroksid, and phenophase bud swell to when fungicide was applied ziram. In conditions of high levels of natural infection in the control plots, the highest efficiency demonstrated the variant that contained the treatment of swelling in the bud stage of development (96.22 - 97.84%), while other variants did not show satisfactory efficiency (7.78 - 16.85% ). These results significantly contribute to an improved method of groweing peach with substantial savings on chemicals without losses caused by disease, peach leaf curl.Prouzrokovač kovrdžavosti lista breskve Taphrina deformans, poslednjih godina u Srbiji redovno se javlja i nanosi značajne ekonomske gubitke. Kako je kovrdžavost lista značajna u mnogim područjima gajenja breskve u svetu velika pažnja usmerena je na iznalaženje mera kontrole. Prema preporukama iz literaturnih izvora hemijsku zaštitu protiv ovog patogena treba sprovoditi u nekoliko tretmana, tj. u jesen nakon opadanja lišća i u proleće neposredno pre i u toku bubrenja pupoljaka. Kako je poznato da patogen T. deformans ostvaruje infekciju isključivo preko nediferenciranog tkiva u fenofazi bubrenja pupoljka, vršena su ispitivanja efikasnosti primene fungicida u svim preporučenim fenofazama razvoja. Ispitivanje je obavljeno u periodu jesen 2006. i proleće 2007. godine, u zasadu breskve sorte Summerset, u uslovima prirodne zaraze na lokalitetu Bela Crkva. Testirano je sedam različitih varijanti, koje su se sastojale iz kombinovanih i pojedinačnih tretiranja, tako da je pokriven period od tri definisane fenofaze razvoja breskve, počevši od jesenjeg tretmana u fenofazi 50% lišća žuto i opalo i fenofaze mirovanja vegetacije gde je primenjen fungicid bakar hidroksid do fenofaze bubrenje pupoljka kada je primenjen fungicid ciram. U uslovima visokog nivoa prirodne zaraze u kontrolnim parcelama, najvišu efikasnost ispoljile su varijante koje su sadržale tretman u fenofazi bubrenja pupoljka (96,22 - 97,84%), dok ostale varijante nisu pokazale zadovoljavajuću efikasnost (7,78 - 16,85%). Dobijeni rezultati značajno doprinose poboljšanom načinu proizvodnje breskve uz značajnu uštedu hemijskih sredstava bez gubitaka izazvanih oboljenjem kovrdžavosti lista breskve
Testiranje rezistentnosti Lolium rigidum Gaudin na glifosat
No full textGlyphosate resistance was found in Lolium rigidum Gaudin (Rigid ryegrass, LOLRI) in South Africa. Suspected glyphosate-resistant L. rigidum populations were collected and grown under greenhouse conditions. The plants were sprayed with a range of doses of glyphosate 35 days after planting and shoot dry biomass was determined 17 days after herbicide treatment. Based on the dose-response experiment conducted in the greenhouse, one population of L. rigidum suspected to be resistant to glyphosate was approximately 5.3 fold more resistant than susceptible population. The other population was 2.8 fold more resistant than susceptible population. Difference between the two suspected resistant populations was 1.9 fold. All plants were treated with glyphosate (1000 g a.i. ha-1) and shikimic acid was extracted 2, 4 and 6 days after treatment. The plants of susceptible populations accumulated more shikimic acid than other two populations.Rezistentnost na glifosat je potvrđena kod Lolium rigidum u Južnoj Africi. Semena rezistentne, očekivano glifosat-rezistentne i osetljive populacije L. rigidum su sakupljena u usevu pšenice sa različitih lokaliteta na području Južnoafričke Republike. Testiranje rezistentnosti na glifosat je izvedena u kontrolisanim uslovima staklare Univerziteta u Pretoriji (Južnoafrička Republika). Tridesetpet dana nakon setve (u plastičnim sudovima) biljke su tretirane suspenzijom od 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 i 12000 ml ha-1 glifosata, a suva masa je izmerena 17 dana nakon primene herbicida. Za fitovanje krive i utvrđivanje efektivne doze (dose-response-test) korišćena je jednačina ne-linearne regresione analize (R softver, drc paket). Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata utvrđena je 5,3 puta veća otpornost na glifosat kod rezistentne populacije L. rigidum (RLR) u poređenju sa osetljivom populacijom (OLR). Kod pretpostavljeno rezistentne populacije (PRP) konstatovana je 2,8 puta veća otpornost u odnosu na osetljivu populaciju. Razlika između pretpostavljeno rezistentne i rezistentne populacije je bila 1,9 puta. Za utvđivanje efekta glifosata na sadržaj šikiminske kiseline biljke su tretirane suspenzijom od 1000 g a.m. ha-1, a sadržaj šikiminske kiseline (HPLC metodom) je meren 2, 4 i 6 dana posle primene herbicida. Sadržaj šikiminske kiseline je bio veći kod osetljive populacije u poređenju sa druge dve testirane populacije L. rigidum. Dakle, potvrđena je rezistentnost RLR populacije, odnosno osetljivost OLR populacije, što obavezuje farmere da sprovode elemente antirezistentne strategije da bi usporili i sprečili ekspanziju rezistentnih populacija L. rigidum na području Južnoafričke Republike. Takođe, ta iskustva treba preneti i na druga područja u svetu da bi se sprečilo/usporilo širenje rezistentnosti korova na glifosat
Sektorijalna otpornost šljive na šarku (virus šarke šljive)
No full textA special resistance to sharka (Plum Pox Virus, PPV) has been discovered and studied in plum trees. That resistance is characterized by the absence of sharka symptoms and PPV, too, in some of primary branches of plum trees otherwise diseased by sharka. Symptoms appearance was observed and PPV presence was checked serologically by DAS-ELISA test as well as by grafting transmission. That resistance mainly appears in a portion of the tree crown, i.e. on some primary branches of young plum trees and it is diminishing in following years. That distinct resistance to sharka (PPV) was found in trees of Čačanska rodna, Stanley and Crvena ranka cvs. In selected plum trees in the parts with such resistance no sharka symptoms appeared nor PPV was proved. The absence of sharka symptoms as well as PPV in a portion of a plum tree otherwise diseased by sharka is considered as a sign of resistance. For such resistance the name 'Sectorial Resistance' is proposed. More and detail research on sectorial resistance of plum to PPV are in progress.Otkrivena je i istraživana jedna posebna otpornost šljive na virus šarke šljive (VŠŠ, Plum pox virus - PPV) za koju se predlaže naziv 'sektorijalna otpornost'. Ta otpornost se ispoljava u delu krune, odnosno na pojedinim skeletnim granama obolelih stabala. U tom delu krune, odnosno na skeletnim granama koje pokazuju sektorijalnu otpornost nema simptoma oboljenja, niti je prisutan VŠŠ. Odsustvo VŠŠ proveravano je serološki DAS-ELISA testom i kalemljenjem. Sektorijalna otpornost je nađena kod stabala Čačanska rodna, Stenley-a i Crvene ranke. Sektorijalna otpornost šljive na VŠŠ je u negativnoj korelaciji sa starošću stabala na kojima se javlja. Broj skeletnih grana sa sektorijalnom otpornošću kod obolelih stabala se smanjuje iz godine u godinu, a povećava broj skeletnih grana sa simptomima oboljenja. U toku su dalja i svestranija proučavanja te novootkrivene otpornosti šljive prema VŠŠ