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Identifikacija Colletotrichum acutatum sa ploda nektarine
No full textIsolates of Colletotrichum spp. obtained from nectarine fruits with typical anthracnose symptoms in 2010 were identified using morphological and molecular methods. Pathogenicity test was conducted on symptomless, detached nectarine fruits. All tested isolates caused anthracnose lesions on nectarine fruits after 7 days of incubation. On PDA medium nectarine isolates forming dark green to dark gray mycelia. Growth rates of all isolates and reference strain of C.acutatum were lower at 25°C compared with reference strain of C.gloeosporioides. The conidia were hyaline, aseptate, and fusiform. Appressoria were dark brown, smooth, simple, and clavate to ovate. Using the primer set CaInt2/ITS4, the 490 bp DNA fragment was amplified from all nectarine isolates and reference strain of C. acutatum - CBS 294.67. Based on these results, the causal agent of anthracnose on nectarine fruits in Serbia was identified as C.acutatum.Izolati Colletotrichum spp. dobijeni 2010. godine, sa antraknoznih plodova nektarine identifikovani su pomoću morfoloških i molekularnih metoda. Test patogenosti je obavljen sa reprezentativnim izolatima, na odabranim, zdravim plodovima. Svi ispitivani izolati prouzrokuju antraknozne lezije na plodu nektarine, 7 dana nakon inokulacije. Na PDA podlozi izolati formiraju tamno zelenu do tamno sivu miceliju. Stopa rasta izolata sa nektarine i referentnog soja C.acutatum je bila niža u odnosu na referentni soj C.gloeosporioides. Konidije su hialinske, neseptirane i fusiformne. Apresorije su tamno braon boje, glatke, jednostavne, okruglastog ili oblika izdužene palice. Korišćenjem para prajmera CaInt2/ITS4 iz genoma DNA izolata sa ploda nektarine i referentnog soja C. acutatum - CBS 294.67, amplifikovan je fragment veličine 490 bp. Na osnovu ovih rezultata, u Srbiji je kao prouzrokovač antrakoze plodova nektarine identifikovana vrsta C.acutatum
Exploring diversity of Erwinia amylovora population in Serbia by conventional and automated techniques and detection of new PFGE patterns
No full textForty Erwinia amylovora strains originating from different host plants and locations in Serbia and one strain from Montenegro were characterized by conventional, automated and molecular techniques. All strains were Gram-negative, nonfluorescent, facultative anaerobes, oxidase negative, levan positive, produced necrotic lesions followed by bacterial exudate on artificially inoculated immature pear fruits and caused HR on tobacco. Based on carbon source utilization, all strains tested with the Biolog system were identified as E. amylovora. Based on fatty acid profiles all tested strains clustered into three groups in which strains from north Serbia differed from strains isolated in central and south parts of the country. Restriction analysis of genomic DNA using XbaI and PFGE resulted in six different patterns differentiating the strains into six groups. Most of the investigated strains clustered in one group having the pattern type similar to Pt2 group described earlier as dominant in East Europe and the Mediterranean region. Two strains showed PFGE pattern similar to the previously described Pt3 pattern and one strain had pattern similar to Pt6. Based on size and number of the bands, new restriction patterns, assigned as Pt7, Pt8 and Pt9 were observed. PFGE results showed that E. amylovora population in Serbia is not homogenous and was possibly introduced from different directions. This is the first characterization of E. amylovora collection of strains from Serbia using fatty acid analysis and PFGE
Morfološke i odgajivačke karakteristike izolata Cercospora beticola
No full textDetermination of breeding and morphological characteristics of C. beticola isolates was performed on PDA, MEA i CDA mediums. Determination of morphological characteristics were evaluated by monitoring mycelial growth, texture, color, edge and color of beneath of mycelium. Isolates growth on different temperatures was monitored on PDA medium on 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C and 40°C. There was a significant increase in variability of the isolates on PDA, MEA and CDA mediums, but there is a variability in the growth of different isolates of the same medium too. Isolates expressed the variation in color and the width of the edge zone during growth on different substrates. The mycelium texture was cottony on all surfaces, while the beneath was brown to dark-olive colour. At temperatures of 10°C and 40°C isolates of C. beticola did not develop mycelium, and the highest increase was recorded at 25°C.Utvrđivanje morfoloških i odgajivačkih karakteristika izolata C. beticola izvedeno je na KDA, MEA i CDA podlozi. Utvrđivanje morfoloških karakteristika obuhvatilo je praćenje porasta micelije, teksture, boje, ivične zone i boje naličja micelije. Porast izolata na različitim temperaturama praćen je na KDA podlozi na temperaturama 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C i 40°C. Utvrđena je značajna varijabilnost porasta izolata na KDA, MEA i CDA podlozi, a variabilnost postoji i u porastu različitih izolata na istoj podlozi. Izolati su ispoljili i variranje u boji i širini ivične zone tokom porasta na različitim podlogama. Tekstura micelije bila je pamučasta na svim podlogama, dok je boja sa naličja bila mrka do tamno-maslinasta. Na temperaturama 10°C i 40°C izolati C. beticola nisu razvijali miceliju, a najintenzivniji porast je ostvaren na 25°C
Stellaria media, klijanje, zelena svetlost, tamnocrvena svetlost, fitohrom A
No full textThe effects of green and far red light on germination of common chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Vill.) seeds were compared to determine a possible mechanism of activity of green light in the germination process of chickweed. A brief irradiation with far red light on the first day of imbibition was found to inhibit germination at a certain percentage but it was followed by a stimulating effect, which became evident on the second day of imbibition. Green light was not found to inhibit germination and its stimulating effect began simulataneously with the stimulating effect of far red light. The results indicate a possible role of phytochrome A in stimulation by green light.Upoređivan je uticaj zelene i tamnocrvene svetlosti na klijanje semena mišjakinje (Stellaria media (L.) Vill.) da bi se utvrdio mogući mehanizam delovanja zelene svetlosti na ovaj proces kod mišjakinje. Pokazano je da kratkotrajno osvetljavanje tamnocrvenom svetlošću tokom prvog dana imbibicije inhibira klijanje u određenom procentu, a zatim počinje da deluje stimulativno, što je potpuno očigledno tokom drugog dana imbibicije. Zelena svetlost ne inhibira klijanje, a njen stimuliativni efekat počinje u isto vreme kada i stimulatvni efekat tamnocrvene svetlosti. Rezultati ukazuju na moguću ulogu fitohroma A u stimulativnom delovanju zelene svetlosti
Response of different beans against common bacterial blight disease caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis PV. phaseoli
No full textCommon bacterial blight (CBB) in beans, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap), is an economically important disease worldwide which reduces crop yields and seed quality. Since there is no satisfactory chemical control for the disease, the use of resistant cultivars is an important management strategy. Sources of immunity are not yet recognized, but tolerance has been reported in several genetic stocks. The main objective of this study was to determine resistance to CBB on twenty-two local and foreign beans grown in Serbia. Two inoculation methods with Xap (spraying and multiple needles) as well as naturally infected plants in field conditions were taken for evaluation. The experiments were conducted in randomized complete blocks with three replications. Reaction to Xap was assessed as a diseased leaf area and the disease severity index was calculated. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for disease ratings of leaf reactions indicated significant interactions between cultivars and lines. Results indicate that none of evaluated beans was immune and was found to be resistant to CBB. HR 45, Oreol and XAN 159, -208, -273 were weakly susceptible; Biser, Dobrudzanski rani, KB 100, -101, Medijana, Naya Nayahit, Panonski gradistanac, Panonski tetovac, and Sremac were susceptible while Balkan, Belko, Dobrudzanski rani 7, Dvadesetica, Galeb, Maksa, Slavonski zutozeleni, and Zlatko were highly susceptible cultivars and lines. The five weakly susceptible can be identified and recommend as possible sources of tolerance in plant breeding program
Antifungalna aktivnost i genetički diverzitet selektovanih Pseudomonas spp. iz rizosfere kukuruza u Vojvodini
No full textAntibiotic production by plant-associated microorganisms represents an environmentally compatible method of disease control in agriculture. However, a vide application of bacterial strains needs careful selection and genetic characterization. In this investigation, selected Pseudomonas strains were characterized by rep-PCR methods using ERIC and (GTG)5 primers, and partial 16S rDNA sequence analysis. None of strains produced homoserine lactones (C4, C6, C8) as quorum sensing signal molecules. Very poor production of phenazines and no significant fungal inhibition was observed for PS4 and PS6 strains. High amount of phenazines were produced by Pseudomonas sp. strain PS2, which inhibited mycelial growth of 10 phytopatogenic fungi in percent of 25 (Verticillium sp.) to 65 (Fusarium equiseti). Genetic characterization of the Pseudomonas sp. PS2 and evaluation of phenazines production, as the main trait for growth inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi, will allow its application as a biosafe PGPR for field experiments of plant disease control.Ekološki prihvatljiv metod kontrole bolesti bilja u poljoprivredi obuhvata primenu rizosfernih mikroorganizama koji produkuju antibiotike. Široka primena bakterija zahteva njihovu pažljivu selekciju i genetičku karakterizaciju. Ova istraživanja obuhvatila su karakterizaciju selektovanih Pseudomonas sojeva na osnovu rep-PCR metode korišćenjem ERIC i (GTG)5 prajmera, kao i parcijalne sekvence 16S rDNA. Nije detektovana produkcija acil-homoserin laktona (C4, C6, C8) kao QS molekula. Sojevi PS4 i PS6 su vrlo oskudno produkovali fenazine i nisu značajno inhibirali rast fitopatogenih gljiva. Soj Pseudomonas sp. PS2 je obilno produkovao 2-OH-PCA i PCA i inhibirao rast micelija 10 fitopatogenih gljiva od 25% (Verticillium sp.) do 65% (Fusarium equiseti). Genetička karakterizacija soja Pseudomonas sp. PS2 i detekcija produkcije fenazina kao glavnog inhibitora rasta fitopatogenih gljiva omogućiće primenu ovog soja kao bezbednog PGP agensa za biološku kontrolu u budućim ogledima u polju
Non-persistently aphid-borne viruses infecting pumpkin and squash in Serbia and partial characterization of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus isolates
No full textCucurbit species grown in the Vojvodina Province, Serbia, were surveyed for the incidence of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Squash mosaic virus (SqMV), Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) and Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) from 2007 to 2009. Samples from more than 700 pumpkin, squash and bottle gourd plants with virus-like symptoms were analyzed by double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA. ZYMV, WMV and CMV were detected in 79.2, 32.2, and 12.8% of tested samples, respectively. WMV was prevalent in 2007 and ZYMV in 2008-09. Mixed infections were the most frequent type in 2007-08 in contrast to 2009 when single infection of ZYMV prevailed. ZYMV was the most widespread being found in 33 out of 39 inspected fields. Virus species identification was confirmed in selected samples by conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing of their coat protein genes. By comparing the obtained virus isolate sequences with those available in GenBank, the identification of serologically detected viruses was confirmed. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete coat protein (CP) sequences highlighted that Serbian ZYMV isolates were closely related to other Central European ZYMV isolates. Finally, additional testing of ELISA-negative samples by RT-PCR using primers specific to six other mosaic viruses revealed the presence of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in winter (Cucurbita maxima) and summer (C. pepo 'Beogradska') squash. This is the first report of TSWV natural occurrence on cucurbits in Serbia and on winter squash worldwide
Taksonomski diverzitet gljivica povezanih sa nekim populacijama CNK iz Srbije
No full textIncreased content of pesticides in food chain resulted in using microorganisms as agents of biological control. The potato cyst nematodes (PCN) - Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis belong to the group of the most important parasites - the quarantine organisms. The external and internal area of a cyst harbor numerous fungal and bacterial species. The aim of this study was to identify antagonistic fungi associated with some PCN populations from Serbia. Fungal antagonists of potato cyst nematodes have not been previously investigated in our country. The diversity of PCN fungal antagonists is not reflected only at the species level but also at the level of higher taxonomic categories.Povećan sadržaj pesticida u lancu ishrane je rezultirao korišćenjem mikroorganizama kao agenasa biološke kontrole. Cistolike nematode krompira (CNK) - Globodera pallida i G. rostochiensis spadaju u grupu najznačajnijih parazita - karantinskih organizama. Spoljašnjost i unutrašnjost ciste krije brojne vrste gljiva i bakterija. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se identifikuju gljivice u asocijaciji sa nekim populacijama CNK iz Srbije. U našoj zemlji fungalni antagonisti cistolikih nematoda krompira nisu bili istraživani do sada. Diverzitet fungalnih antagonista CNK se ne reflektuje samo na specijskom nivou, već i na nivou viših taksonomskih kategorija
Etiologija oboljenja važnijih plantažno gajenih lekovitih biljaka u Srbiji
No full textMarshmallow, coneflower, St. John's wort and sage, which grown in plantation, were the hosts of numerous fungi species that cause a variety of symptoms. A total of 34 species from 22 genera were determined. Some species pathogen on only one host (Puccinia malvacearum on marshmallow, Diaporthe eres and Seimatosporium hypericum on St. John's wort), while others were present at all examined hosts (species of the genus Fusarium are present in all examined hosts). The most abundant species in the seed was Alternaria alternate. The percentage of contaminated seeds ranged from 5% to 69%. Fusaium species were isolated from 2.5% to 29% of seeds, depending on the host and year. From the root of the studied medicinal plants seven species of Fusarium (F.graminearum, F. oxysporum, F.proliferatum, F.semitectum, F.solani, F.subglutinans and F.verticilioides) and one of the genus Sclerotinia (S.sclerotiorum) were isolated. Thirteen fungi species belonging to 10 genera were isolated from stem, leaves and flower of medicinal plants.Plantažno gajeni beli slez, ehinacee, kantarion i žalfija su domaćini brojnih vrsta gljiva koje prouzrokuju različite simptome. Ukupno je determinisano 34 vrsta iz 22 roda. Neke vrste parazitiraju samo jednog domaćina (Puccinia malvacearum na belom slezu, Diaporthe eres i Seimatosporium hypericum na kantarionu), dok druge ispoljavaju izrazitu polifagnost (vrste iz roda Fusarium prisutne su na svim ispitivanim domaćinima). Najzastupljenija vrsta na semenu bila je Alternaria alternata, koja je uvek prisutna na semenu u visokom procentu, a pojednih godina i preko 60 %. Procenat kontaminiranog semana kretao se od 5% do 69%. godini. U proseku procenat zaraženog semena sa vrstama roda Fusaium bio 17,2% i kretao se od 2,5% do 29% u zavisnosti od domaćina i godine. Na korenu ispitivanih lekovitih biljaka izolovano je sedam vrsta gljiva iz roda Fusarium (F.graminearum, F.oxysporum, F.proliferatum, F.semitectum, F.solani, F.subglutinans i F verticilioides) i jedna iz roda Sclerotinia (S.sclerotiorum). Sa nadzemnih organa izolovano je 13 vrsta gljiva iz 10 rodova