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Ocenjivanje ekoloških aspekata biološke sigurnosti genetski modifikovanih biljaka po životnu sredinu
No full textBiotechnology alongside the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops is constantly providing new opportunities for increasing crop productivity and tackling problems in agriculture, such as diseases, pests and weeds, abiotic stress and nutritional limitations of stopple food crops. Crops possessing new traits enabling the use in pharmaceutical production are also being generated. As GM crops are being introduced into various locations with different ecosystems, agriculture, biodiversity and agriculture practice, a scientifically based understanding of the environmental effects of GM crops cultivation would assist decision markers worldwide in ensuring environmental safety and sustainability. The main important environmental assessment of GM crops deals with their putative invasiveness, vertical and/or horizontal gene flow, effects on biodiversity and the impact on other products. These investigations are all highly interdisciplinary and complex. This paper deals with some of the most important problems related to entering GM crops into the environment, such as plant protection, ecological effects of HRCs, gene flow, biodiversity, stress, ecological risks of Bt crops, effects on soil ecosystems etc. There is a clear need to further assess the severity, magnitude and scope of risks associated with the massive field deployment of transgenic crops. When assessing GMC inter-relation with the existing cultivars, an increased knowledge base underpinning the development of GMC will provide greater confidence in plant science while assessing the risks and benefits of releasing such crops.Biotehnologija uz uvođenje genetski modifikovanih (GM) biljaka konstantno stvara nove mogućnosti povećanja biljne proizvodnje i rešavanja problema u poljoprivredi, kao što su bolesti, štetočine, korovi, abiotički stres i nutritivna ograničenja. Stvaraju se i biljke koje poseduju nove osobine, koje omogućavaju njihovo korištenje u farmaceutskoj proizvodnji. Budući da se GM biljke uvode na različite lokacije okarakterisane raznovrsnim ekosistemima, tipovima poljoprivrede, biodiverzitetom i agrikulturalnom praksom, neophodno je naucno razumevanje efekata uzgoja GM biljaka na životnu sredinu, koje ce obezbediti bezbednost i održivost životne sredine. Najvažnija istraživanja su ona usmerena na invazivnost GM biljaka, vertikalni i horizontalni prenos gena, uticaj na biološku raznovrsnost i na druge proizvode. Ova ispitivanja su veoma složena i multidisciplinarna. Ovaj rad razmatra neke od najvažnijih problema vezanih za uvođenje GM biljaka u životnu sredinu, kao što su zaštita biljaka, ekološki efekti horizontalnog prenosa gena, biodiverzitet, stres, efekti na zemljište itd. Postoji jasna potreba da se dublje istraži veličina i opseg rizika povezanih sa masivnom upotrebom transgenih biljaka. Pri procenjivanju međuodnosa GM biljaka I postojećih sorti, detaljnije poznavanje razvoja GM biljaka će omogućiti jasnije, pouzdanije i preciznije usmerene aktivnosti u biljnim naukama
Germination ecology of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Ambrosia trifida L. biotypes suspected of glyphosate resistance
No full textThe germination ecology of Ambrosia artemisiifolia and A. trifida glyphosate susceptible biotypes sampled in marginal areas, was compared with that of the same species but different biotypes suspected of glyphosate resistance, common and giant ragweed, respectively. The suspected resistant biotypes were sampled in Roundup ReadyA (R) soybean fields. Within each weed species, the seeds of the biotype sampled in marginal area were significantly bigger and heavier than those of the biotype sampled in the soybean fields. A. artemisiifolia biotypes exhibited a similar dormancy and germination, while differences between A. trifida biotypes were observed. A. artemisiifolia biotypes showed similar threshold temperature for germination, whereas, the threshold temperature of the susceptible A. trifida biotype was half as compared to that of the resistant A. trifida biotype. No significant differences in emergence as a function of sowing depth were observed between susceptible A. artemisiifolia and suspected resistant A. trifida biotype, while at a six-cm seedling depth the emergence of the A. artemisiifolia susceptible biotype was 2.5 times higher than that of the A. trifida suspected resistant biotype. This study identified important differences in seed germination between herbicide resistant and susceptible biotypes and relates this information to the ecology of species adapted to Roundup ReadyA (R) fields. Information obtained in this study supports sustainable management strategies, with continued use of glyphosate as a possibility
First Report of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris as the Causal Agent of Black Rot on Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) in Serbia
No full textThe influence of planting material origin and seed tuber size on morphological and productive characteristics of potato
No full textU trogodišnjem periodu (2007-2009. godina) na lokalitetu zapadne Srbije(potes Batar, selo Badovinci, KO Bogatić) na zemljištu tipa recentni aluvijum ispitivanje uticaj porekla sadnog materijala i veličine semenske krtole na morfološke iproduktivne osobine različitih sorti krompira.U cilju rešavanja postavljenog zadatka ogled je izveden kao trofaktorijalnimetodom podeljenih parcela u četiri ponavljanja. Istraživanja su izvedena sadnjomsemenskih krtola veličine 50 ± 5g, 70 ± 5g, 90 ± 5g i 110 ± 5g sledećih sorti krompira:Cleopatra, Jaerla, Desiree i Kennebec.Priprema sadnog materijala paralelnom proizvodnjom semenskog krompiraizvedena je tokom 2006-2008. godine u dva lokaliteta različite nadmorske visine:ravničarskom 72 m nv. i planinskom 1100 m nv.Kod sadnog materijala poreklom sa 72 m nv. utvrđen je značajno veći broj okacapo krtoli, vrlo značajno veći broj klica po krtoli i veoma značajno veći broj primarnihstabala po biljci, u odnosu na krtole poreklom sa 1100 m nv.Na varijanti sa sadnjom krtola semenske frakcije prosečne mase 110 g, ostvarenesu vrlo značajno veće vrednosti svih ispitivanih morfoloških osobina, u odnosu navarijantu sa sadnjom najsitnije semenske frakcije prosečne mase 50 g. Vrednostipraćenih morfoloških osobina opadaju sa smanjenjem veličine semenske krtole.Sadni materijal poreklom sa 72 m nv. bio je veće fiziološke starosti i nicao jebrže i ujednačenije, u odnosu na fiziološki mlađe krtole poreklom sa 1100 m nv. Navarijantama sa sadnjom krupnijih semenskih frakcija biljke su nicale brže i ujednačenijeu odnosu na varijante sa sadnjom sitnijih frakcija. Kod ranih sorti Cleopatra i Jaerla jeutvrđeno znatno brže i ujednačenije nicanje biljaka, u odnosu na nicanje kod kasnihsorti Desiree i Kennebec.Na varijantama sa sadnjom semenskih krtola poreklom sa 72 m nv. ostvaren jeveoma značajno veći broj krtola po biljci, u odnosu na varijante gde su za sadnju korišćene krtole poreklom sa 1100 m nv ...The effects of origin and seed tuber size on morphological andproductive characteristics of different potato varieties was investigated on recentalluvial soil at the location of village Badovinci in western Serbia, during three-yearperiod 2007 - 2009.The trial was carried out as three factorial split-plot design in four replications.Investigation was conducted by planting seed tubers of Cleopatra, Jaerla, Desiree andKennebec potato varieties, weighing 50 ± 5 g, 70 ± 5 g, 90 ± 5 g and 110 ± 5 g.The different origin of planting material was obtained from seed potatoes cropsgrown at two location with the different altitude - lowland and highland (72 m and 1100m above sea level, respectively), during the period 2006 – 2008.Sigitificantly higher number of eyes per tuber, very significantly higher numberof sprouts per tuber and very significantly higher primary stems per plant wasdetermined on seed tubers originating from the lowland location (72 m a. s. l.),compared with the planting material originating from the highland site (1100 m a. s. l.).On variants planted with tubers fraction of 110 g, significantly higher values ofall tested morphological characteristics were registered, comparing to the variantsplanted with smallest fraction, with an average weight of 50 g. The values of surveyedmorphological traits are decreasing with the reduction of the size of seed tubers.Propagated material obtained from 72 m a. s. l. physiologically was morematured and sprouted faster and more uniform comparing to the tubers obtained from1100 m a. s. l. In variants being planted with bigger seed fractions, potato plantssprouted faster and more uniform comparing to the variants where smaller seedfractions were planted. Early varieties Cleopatra and Jaerla germinated faster and moreuniform comparing to the later varieties Desiree and Kennebec.Those variants planted with seed tubers originating from 72 m a. s. l. hadsignificantly higher number of tubers per plant, comparing to the variants planted with tubers originating from 1100 m a. s. l..
Reke Srbije kao putevi invazije - istočni koridor invazije Reynoutria spp.
No full textIncreasing levels of invasion worldwide have been the source of concern for scientists, due to significant costs and efforts required for managing them. The knowledge of invasion pathways, both those of initial introduction and subsequent spread, is of key importance, since further increase in the number of pathways and vectors of invasion is predicted for the 21st century. At regional scales habitat type has proven to be a reliable predictor of the level of invasion, as certain habitat types (i.e. frequently disturbed, under strong anthropogenic influence) is characterized by high invasion levels. Riparian habitats, as hotspots of alien species diversity and primary sources of their spread, represent some of the most important invasion corridors, where water acts as an effective dispersal mechanism. Some invasive plant species, like Reynoutria spp. show a strong tendency to invade riparian habitats. Preliminary findings of field surveys aimed to assess the level of riparian invasion by Reynoutria spp. in Serbia suggest that some river basins are significantly affected by the presence of these invasive species. Bearing in mind the principal means of their propagation, further spread of Reynoutria spp. along the rivers in Serbia is to be expected over the following years.Stepen invazija koji je u porastu širom sveta zabrinjava naučnike, zbog značajnih troškova i napora koji su neophodni u njihovom kontrolisanju. Poznavanje puteva invazije, kako početnog unosa tako i naknadnog širenja vrsta, od ključnog je značaja, jer je u 21. veku prognoziran dalji porast broja puteva i vektora invazije. Na regionalnom nivou tip staništa se pokazao kao pouzdani pokazatelj nivoa invazije, jer određene tipove staništa (često remećena, pod snažnim antropogenim uticajem) karakteriše visok nivo invazije. Riparijalna staništa, kao centri diverziteta alohtonih vrsta i primarni izvor njihovog širenja, predstavljaju neke od najznačajnijih koridora invazije, u kojima voda deluje kao uspešan mehanizam disperzije. Neke invazivne vrste biljaka, poput Reynoutria spp. pokazuju snažnu tendenciju ka invaziji riparijalnih staništa. Preliminarni rezultati terenskih istraživanja koji su za cilj imali procenu nivoa invazije riparijalnih staništa vrstama roda Reynoutria u Srbiji ukazuju na to da su slivovi nekih reka pod značajnim uticajem prisustva ovih invazivnih vrsta. Imajući u vidu osnovni vid njihove propagacije, dalje širenje Reynoutria spp. duž reka u Srbiji može se očekivati tokom narednih godina
Uticaj bakar-citrata na porast kolonija Venturia inaequalis
No full textCopper citrate is a complex compound of copper, which is characterized by a higher degree of dissociation in relation to the other copper compounds that are presently in the use and can be used in lower concentrations for the control of plant pathogens. Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) is on of the economically most important diseases of apples in all regions where this fruit species grown. A successful apple production is not possible without intensive chemical control. The use of copperbased products to protect apples, positioned at the start of the growing season. The earliest apple infections are the most destructive, and the effective protection of the apples in this period is very important. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the influence of copper citrate at different concentrations applied to the growth of V. inaequalis colonies. The results show that copper citrate in significantly lower concentrations of application 0.2 and 0.1 % higher than the standard product, effectively inhibiting the growth of V. inaequali mycelium (colony), which is the result of significantly higher amounts of copper ions, that is released from compound.Bakar-citrat je kompleksno jedinjenje bakra koje se odlikuje višim stepenom disocijacije u odnosu na druga bakarna jedinjenja koja su trenutno u primeni pa se može koristiti u nižim koncentracijama za suzbijanje biljnih patogena. Čađava pegavost lista i krastavost plodova (Venturia inaequalis) je jedna od ekonomski najštetnijih bolesti jabuke u svim regionima gde se ova voćna vrsta gaji. Uspešna proizvodnja jabuke nije moguća bez izvođenja intenzivnih hemijskih mera zaštite. Primena preparata na bazi bakra u zaštiti jabuke, pozicionirana je na sam početak vegetacije. Najranije zaraze jabuke su i najdestruktivnije, pa je efikasna zaštita jabuke u ovom periodu veoma važna. Cilj ovog rada je da se u in vitro uslovima ispita uticaj bakar-citrata u različitim koncentracijama primene na porast kolonija Venturia inaequalis. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da bakar citrat u znatno nižim koncentracijama primene 0,2 i 0,1% nego sandardni preparat, efikasno blokira porast micelije (kolonija) fitopatogene gljive V. inaequalis, što je rezultat znatno veće količine bakarnih jona koje ovo jedinjenje oslobađa
Uticaj prisustva žute cistolike nematode Globodera rostochiensis na prinos različitih sorti krompira
No full textThe aim of this study was to determine the effect presence populations of yellow potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis (Wollen, 1923; Behrens, 1975) on the yield 15 different varieties of potatoes, during 2008. Investigations were carried out in the locality Planina mountain Jagodnja, near Krupanj, West Serbia. The susceptible potato varieties on y-PCN pathotype Ro1: Desiree, Cleopatra, Riviera, Romano and Virgo, which was exhibited a high degree sensitivity to y-PCN pathotype Ro1 in the locality Planina. Potato cultivars: Agria, Arnova, Kuroda, Rocco, Amorosa, Sante, Tomensa, Jelly, Navigation and Eldena, which are declared as resistant on Ro 1 y-PCN, has been resistant-on root system we not found female and cysts of y-PCN, and in soil male of y-PCN. The lowest yield was observed for susceptible varieties Romano (15.2 t ha-1) and Cleopatra (16.7 t ha-1), and the highest yield for resistant varieties Naviga (44.8 t ha-1) and Eldena (33.3 t ha-1). Obtained results indicate the practical importance of growing resistant varieties in the infected areas of Mačva District in order to achieve higher yields of potatoes and eradicate the quarantine nematode G. rostochiensis.Tokom 2008. godine ispitivan je uticaj prisustva populacije žute krompirove cistolike nematode Globodera rostochiensis (ž-KCN) patotip Ro1 na prinos 15 različitih sorti krompira. Istraživanja su izvedena na lokalitetu Planina na Jagodnji kod Krupnja u zapadnoj Srbiji. U istraživanjima korišćene su sledeće osetljive sorte krompira prema ž-KCN Ro1: Desiree, Cleopatra, Riviera, Romano i Virgo, koje su ispoljile visok stepen neotpornosti (osetljivosti) prema Ro1 ž-KCN u ispitivanom likalitetu. Sorte deklarisane kao otporne prema Ro1 ž-KCN ispoljile su visok stepen otpornosti prema ovom patotipu ž-KCN u lokalitetu Planina (Agria, Arnova, Kuroda, Roko, Amorosa, Sante, Tomensa, Jelly, Naviga i Eldena). Najmanji prinos utvrđen je kod osetljivih sorti Romano (15,2 t ha-¹) i kod sorte Cleopatra 16,7 t ha-¹, dok je najveći prinos krtola krompira ustanovljen kod otpornih sorti Naviga 44,8 t ha-¹ i Eldena 33,3 t ha-¹. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na praktični značaj gajenja otpornih sorti na zaraženom području u Mačvanskom okrugu u cilju postizanja većih prinosa krompira i iskorenjavanja karantinske nematode G. rostochiensis
Diverzitet faune cikada podfamilije Deltocephalinae u agroekosistemima Srbije i potencijalni vektori fitoplazmi
No full textDiversity of the cicads from the subfamily Deltocephalinae have been investigated in Serbia, over a period of 2004-2010 in vineyards on localities Vršac, Topola, Rajac and Jasenovik and maize fields of South Banat. Individuals of different species belonging to a subfamily Deltocephalinae were collected in plantations and crops, as well as from a surrounding vegetation. The most abundant species on all localities was Psammotettix alienus (Dahlbom, 1850). Less numerous species of the subfamily were Euscelis incisus (Kirschbaum, 1858), Neoaliturus fenestratus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1834) and Errastunus ocellaris (Fallén, 1806), while the percentage representation of Doratura impudica Horváth, 1897 was much lower. Among the representatives of the subfamily Deltocephalinae, species that have been recorded in the South Banat were Arocephalus languidus (Flor, 1861), Euscelis distinguendus (Kirschbaum, 1858) and Metalimnus steini (Fieber, 1869). In vineyards of Jasenovik as the most dominant species occurred N. fenestratus.Istraživanje diverziteta cikada podfamilije Deltocephalinae sprovedeno je u periodu od 2004. do 2010. godine u vinogradima na lokalitetima Vršac, Topola, Rajac i Jasenovik i usevima kukuruza u južnom Banatu. Jedinke različitih vrsta podfamilije Deltocephalinae su sakupljane u zasadima i usevima, kao i na okolnoj vegetaciji. Najbrojnija vrsta na svima lokalitetima bila je Psammotettix alienus (Dahlbom, 1850). Manje brojne vrste ove podfamilije bile su vrste Euscelis incisus (Kirschbaum, 1858), Neoaliturus fenestratus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1834) i Errastunus ocellaris (Fallén, 1806), dok je procentualna zastupljenost vrste Doratura impudica Horváth, 1897 bila znatno manja. Od predstavnika podfamilije Deltocephalinae, vrste koje su zabeležene u južnom Banatu su Arocephalus languidus (Flor, 1861), Euscelis distinguendus (Kirschbaum, 1858) i Metalimnus steini (Fieber, 1869). U vinogradima Jasenovika kao najdominantnija vrsta javljala se vrsta N. fenestratus
Otpornost korovskih populacija u voćnjacima na glifosat
No full textNowadays, both worldwide and in Serbia, for weed eradication in orchards mostly herbicides based on glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, diquat and others are used. Intensive glyphosate application has led to the development of resistant weed species, which has consequently resulted in a decrease in its effectiveness. In our country, areas under orchards amount to 224.000 hectares, which certainly points to a significant herbicide use and a possibility that weed resistant populations have developed. For this reason, seeds of several weed species from areas where glyphosate has been intensively used for years were collected (localities: Inđija, Brestovac, Šabac, Vršac, Sombor, Glogonjski Rit, Padinska Skela and Surčin). Plants were grown in controlled conditions and in the open field. Plant material was then crushed using liquid nitrogen, and the extraction of shikimic acid was performed using hydrochloric acid (1 g of plant material + 5 ml 1M HCl). 24 hours later the amount of shikimic acid was detected using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The analysis of the obtained results showed that species Amaranthus retroflexus (loc. Šabac), Abutilon teophrasti (loc. Brestovac) and wild Helianthus annuus (loc. G. Rit) have developed a certain degree of glyphosate resistance.Danas, u Svetu i kod nas, za suzbijanje korova u voćnjacima najviše se koriste herbicidi na bazi glifosata, glufosinat-amonijuma, dikvata i drugi. Intenzivna primena glifosata uticala je na pojavu rezistentnih korovskih vrsta što za posledicu ima smanjenu efikasnost. U našoj zemlji površine pod voćnim zasadima iznose 224 hiljade hektara što svakako ukazuje na veliku upotrebu herbicida i mogućnost da je došlo do razvoja rezistentnih populacija korova. Zbog toga su sakupljana semena nekoliko korovskih vrsta sa površina gde je bila višegodišnja intenzivna primena glifosata u voćnjacima (Inđija, Brestovac, Šabac, Vršac, Sombor, Glogonjski Rit, Padinska Skela, Kosančić i Surčin). Biljke su gajene u kontrolisanim uslovima i na otvorenom polju. Biljni materijal je nakon uzorkovanja usitnjen u tečnom azotu i ekstrakcija šikiminske kiseline je urađena pomoću hlorovodonične kiseline (1 g biljnog materijala + 5 ml 1M HCL). Nakon 24 h očitavan je sadržaj šikiminske kiseline na tečnom hromatografu (HPLC). Analiza dobijenih rezultata je pokazala da su vrste Amaranthus retroflexus (lok. Šabac), Abutilon theophrasti (lok. Brestovac) i korovski Helianthus annuus (lok. G. Rit) razvile određeni stepen rezistentnosti prema glifosatu