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Stimulative influence of germination and growth of maize seedlings originating from aged seeds by 2,4-D potencies
No full textBackground: The 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) is using as a growth regulator in tissue culture media. Maize seeds have poor ability to maintain germination rate in the long term. Objective: To examine the possible restorative effect of homeopathic 2,4-D potencies on maize seedlings originating from seeds damaged by accelerated aging. Methods: Seeds of four maize lines were subjected to accelerated aging stress treatment. Seed samples were treated with distilled water (control) and a range of potencies of 2,4-D: 3C, 3.75C, 4.5C, 5.25C and 6C. The germination capacity, fresh substance (FS) and length of root and shoot were determined. Hydrolysis and biosynthesis, GSH/GSSG ratio and redox capacity were calculated. Results: Induced seed aging decreased germination rate and growth of seedlings. 2,4-D potencies did not have a statistically significant effect on germination. However, there were statistically significant effects on FS production, root and shoot length and redox capacity. The 3C potency had the largest effect on the FS accumulation, 4.5C increased root and shoot length, compared to control (statistically significant). The GSH/GSSG ratio and the redox capacity were decreased by aging. The 3C and 4.5C potencies tended to reverse the GSH/GSSG ratio (statistically significant) in the root and shoot, (i.e., shifted the redox balance to the reduced state). Conclusion: Homeopathic potencies of 2,4-D appear to have a beneficial effect on artificially aged maize seeds: they stimulate growth through better substance conversion from seed rest, and shift the redox capacity towards a reduced environment. Further work is required to determine if this is an useful means of improving maize seed germination and growth
Uticaj različitih temperatura na klijanje semena Avena fatua L. i Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.
No full textA good understanding of seed ecology of weed species is important in evaluating the invasibility potential of some weed species, and in constructing efficient programmes for the eradication of weeds. Wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) are two widespread weed species in the territory of Serbia, so the knowledge of their seed ecology is a necessity. Germination of their seeds was examined at different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40ºC). Germination rates were calculated based on everyday monitoring of the number of germinated seeds, and 7 days after the initiation of the experiment, the final germination percent was determined. Percent of germinated seeds of A. fatua was highest at 10ºC (90%), and lowest at 35ºC (6,87%), while the germination rate was highest at 25ºC (7,9 germinated seeds/day), and lowest at 30ºC (0,79 germinated seeds/day). In contrast, the germination percent for A. artemisiifolia was highest at 40ºC (2,08%), while no germination was registered at 5 - 10ºC temperature range. The germination rate of common ragweed was highest at 30ºC (7,84 germinated seeds/day), and lowest at 40ºC (0,7 germinated seeds/day).Poznavanje ekologije semena korova je značajno za procenu potencijala invazivnosti neke korovske vrste, kao i za osmišljavanje efikasnih programa za suzbijanje korova. Divlji ovas (Avena fatua L.) i ambrozija (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) su dve veoma rasprostranjene korovske vrste na području Srbije, pa je stoga neophodno poznavanje ekologije semena ovih vrsta. Klijavost njihovog semena je ispitivana na različitim temperaturama (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 i 40ºC). Na osnovu svakodnevnog praćenja broja klijalih semena izračunata je stopa klijavosti, a 7 dana nakon postavljanja eksperimenta određen je finalni procenat klijavosti. Procenat klijavosti A. fatua je bio najveći pri temperaturi od 10ºC (90%), a najmanji pri temperaturi od 35ºC (6,87%), dok je stopa klijavosti bila najveća na temperaturi od 25ºC (7,9 klijalih semena/dan), a najmanja na temperaturi od 30ºC (0,79 klijalih semena/dan). Nasuprot tome, procenat klijavosti A. artemisiifolia je bio najveći pri temperaturi od 25ºC (30%), a najmanji pri temperaturi od 40ºC (2,08%), dok na temperaturama od 5 i 10ºC seme nije klijalo. Stopa klijavosti je bila najveća na temperaturi od 30ºC (7,84 klijalih semena/dan), a najmanja na temperaturi od 40ºC (0,7 klijalih semena/dan)
Poboljšanje rasta lucerke, Medicago sativa L. - pomoću inokulacije preduseva rizosfernim bakterijama
No full textIn the greenhouse experiment, the possibility of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) growth promotion by inoculation of preceding barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) was examined. The aim of experiment was to select the effective strains as biofertilizer applied in plant rotation. Effects of inoculation with two Azotobacter and two Pseudomonas strains as well as one Sinorhizobium, Enterobacter and Bacillus strain on shoot dry weight and total N content of alfalfa were determined. The results pointed out significant plant growth promotion abilities of strains A1, A2 and P1 which increased alfalfa shoot dry weight over untreated control Ø, by 41, 39 and 35 %, respectively. These three strains increased total N content of alfalfa plants by 34.92 - 40.45% in respect to control Ø. The presented study showed a significant positive influence of preceding barley inoculation with rhizobacteria alone and their mixture on shoot yield and total N content of alfalfa. Results indicated that strains of Azotobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Enterobacter sp. alone can be investigated in further researches as potential agents of biofertilizer for plant growth promotion of alfalfa.U eksprimentu u sudovima ispitana je mogućnost poboljšanja rasta lucerke (Medicago sativa L.) pomoću inokulacije ječma (Hordeum vulgare L.) kao preduseva bakterijama koje poboljšavaju rast biljaka (PGPR). Cilj eksperimenta je bio odabiranje efikasnih sojeva koji bi se primenili u plodoredu u formi biološkog đubriva. U radu je korišćeno sedam sojeva koji pripadaju sledećim bakterijskim vrstama: Sinorhizobium meliloti, Bacillus megaterium, Enterobacter sp, Azotobacter sp, kao i vrsti Pseudomonas sp. Efekat inokulacije ječma primenjenim sojevima je određen na osnovu suve nadzemne mase (SDW) i sadržaja ukupnog azota (N) u biljnoj masi lucerke. Rezultati su ukazali na sposobnost nekih sojeva da poboljšaju rast biljaka. Značajno je povećan prinos lucerke u odnosu na kontrolu Ø (lucerka gajena posle neinokulisanog ječma kao preduseva) inokulacijom sojevima Azotobacter-a A1 (41%) i A2 (39%) i Pseudomonas-a P1 (35%). Sadržaj ukupnog N je bio u korelaciji sa vrednostima SDW. Rezultati su ukazali na uticaj inokulacije ječma kao preduseva na prinos lucerke i njen kvalitet kao i da sojevi Azotobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp. i Enterobacter sp. imaju PGPR potencijal što daje osnovu za dalja ispitivanja i mogućnost primene kao biođubriva
Selekcija i RAPD analiza izolata Pseudomonas spp. koji poboljšavaju biološku sposobnost krtola krompira
No full textIndoleacetic acid (IAA) producing Pseudomonas isolates from the rhizosphere of maize (Q4 and Q20), alfalfa (Q1 and Q16) and wild red clover (B25) were selected for the investigation of their effect on the biological vitality of the potato seed tubers. The production of IAA ranged from 4.09 to 15.9 µ gmL- 1 after 24h of cultivation and 4.08 to 26.4 µ gmL-1 after 48h of cultivation. The molecular comparison by RAPD analysis also was done. RAPD patterns of selected Pseudomonas spp. isolates obtained by BC318, AF14, SPH 1 and AP 10 primers demonstrated the suitability of RAPD method in distinguishing a high variability among the four isolates (44 to 68%). The effect on the biological viability of potato (industrially important variety Pirol) was observed during the seven weeks of sprouting at the temperature of 18-20°C. Potato tubers treated by the selected isolates formed slightly lower number of sprouts, but statistically higher mean length - up to 129.9% higher than the control. The mean sprouting capacity was 64.5% higher than a control. Obtained results suggested positive effects of selected IAA producing Pseudomonas isolates on the length of potato tubers and sprouting capacity as the parameters which define biological viability.Izolati Pseudomonas iz rizosfere kukuruza (Q4 i Q20), lucerke (Q1 i Q16) i divlje bele deteline (B25) selektovani su na osnovu produkcije indolsirćetne kiseline (IAA) radi ispitivanja efekta na biološku sposobnosti semenskih krtola krompira. Produkcija IAA iznosila je 4.09 do 15.9 µ gmL-1 posle 24h i 4.08 do 26.4 µ gmL-1 posle 48h kultivacije. Upoređivanje izolata izvršeno je na osnovu RAPD analize. Na osnovu RAPD profila selektovanih Pseudomonas spp. izolata, dobijenih amplifikacijom BC318, AF14, SPH1 i AP10 prajmerima, ustanovljen je visok stepen različitosti između 4 izolata (44 do 68%), što je potvrdilo efikasnost RAPD metode pri upoređivanju izolata. Efekat na biološku sposobnosti semenskih krtola krompira (industrijski važnu sortu Pirol) ispitivan je tokom sedam nedelja naklijavanja na temperaturi 18-20°C. Krtole tretirane selektovanim izolatima bakterija formirale su nešto manji broj klica, ali je dužina klica statistički značajno veća i do 129,9% u odnosu na kontrolu. Ostvaren je kapacitet klijanja veći do 64,6% u odnosu na kontrolu. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na pozitivan efekat selektovanih Pseudomonas izolata koji produkuju IAA na dužinu klica i kapacitet klijanja kao parametara koji određuju biološku sposobnosti semenskih krtola krompira
Procena otpornosti različitih inbred linija i hibrida suncokreta na volovod (Orobanche cumana wallr.)
No full textResistance to broomrape of different inbred lines, hybrids and hybrid combinations of sunflower was investigated. The trial for this experiment, which was set at 6 locations on territory of Bačka, included set of differential genotypes which, according to literature, posess genes for resistance to races A-E, 152 inbred and 121 restorer lines developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, 72 crosses between these lines and 15 Russian and Ukrainian varieties. Differential genotypes behaved identically in all test sites. Domestic mother lines, restorer lines, newly developed hybrids as well as hybrid combinations showed resistance to present races of broomrape in all test sites in Vojvodina. Determination of resistance genes requires analysis of crossing inbred lines and differential lines. Results of the experiment performed in Romania and Turkey, with part of the experimental material, shows that these genotypes behaved differently in terms of resistance to broomrape in different conditions for experiments. The results require further separation on the basis of resistance to different races of the parasite by introducing new differential line.Ispitivana je otpornost na volovod različitih inbred linija, hibrida i hibridnih kombinacija suncokreta. Ogled za ovaj eksperiment, koji je postavljen na 6 lokacija na teritoriji Bačke, uključio je set diferencijalnih genotipova koji, prema literaturi, imaju gene za otpornost prema rasama A-E, 152 i 121 samooplodne restorer linije stvorene u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad, 72 ukrštanja ovih linija i 15 ruskih i ukrajinskih sorti. Diferencijalni genotipovi su se ponašali identično u svim ispitivanim lokacijama. Domaće linije majke, restorer linije, novorazvijeni hibridi, kao i hibridne kombinacije su pokazali otpornost na prisutne rase volovoda u svim ispitivanim lokacijama na teritoriji Vojvodine. Određivanje gena otpornosti zahteva analizu ukrštanja inbred linija i diferencijalnih linija. Rezultati ogleda izvedenog u Rumuniji i Turskoj sa delom eksperimentalnog materijala pokazuju da su se ovi genotipovi različito ponašali u pogledu otpornosti na volovod u različitim uslovima izvođenja ogleda. Rezultati nalažu dalje razdvajanje na osnovu otpornosti na različite rase volovoda uvođenjem novih diferencijalnih linija
Brojnost i štetnost Dasineura brassicae (Winn.) u različitim sistemima gajenja uljane repice
No full textThe study of Dasineura brassicae (Winn.) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), was conducted in northern Serbia, in the 2011, in conventional, integrated and organic system of cultivation of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), and in 2011/12 on the winter wheat, which was in rotation with oilseed rape. Pest develops two generations per year and overwinters as a larva in a cocoon in the soil. Immigration of adults of the first generation lasts from the beginning of flowering, April 12 (BBCH 60-62), up to achieving the final size pods, May 26 (BBCH 77-78). The female lays eggs in pods that can warp and crack, the seeds fall out, resulting in a decrease in the yield of oilseed rape. Infestation pods of oilseed rape from 3 different cropping systems is 2.5 to 11.6%.There is a statistically significant difference between the mean number of larvae and adults of D. brassicae in an integrated with respect to the conventional and organic oilseed rape management cropping system. It was found that D. brassicae lays eggs in undamaged pods and that there is no correlation with Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham). Due to the low number of adults and their appearance in the late stage of oilseed rape development second generation of D. brassicae is of no importance for the production. During the second year of study, in winter wheat fields, emergence of D. brassicae is not registered indicating the duration of diapause for more than one year.Proučavanje Dasineura brassicae (Winn.) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), sprovedeno je na severu Srbije, tokom 2011. godine, u konvencionalnom, integralnom i organskom sistemu gajenja uljane repice (Brasica napus L.), kao i 2011/12. godine, na ozimoj pšenici koja je u plodoredu sa uljanom repicom. Vrsta razvija dve generacije godišnje a prezimljava kao larva u kokonu u zemljištu. Imigracija imaga prve generacije traje od početka cvetanja uljane repice 12. aprila (BBCH 60-62), do postizanja konačne veličine ljuske, 26. maja (BBCH 77-78). Ženka polaže jaja u ljuske koje se deformišu i pucaju, semenke ispadaju, što ima za posledicu smanjenje prinosa uljane repice. Oštećenost ljusaka u tri sistema gajenja uljane repice iznosi 2,5-11,6%. Postoji statistički značajna razlika između brojnosti larava i imaga D. brassicae u integralnom u odnosu na konvencionalni i organski sistem gajenja uljane repice. Utvrđeno je da D. brassicae polaže jaja u zdrave ljuske i da nema korelacije sa Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham). Zbog malog procenta eklodiranih imaga (0,57-1,5%) u kasnoj fenofazi domaćina, druga generacija D. brasicae u našim uslovima nema značaja u proizvodnji uljane repice. Na ozimoj pšenici, tokom druge godine istraživanja, nije registrovana eklozija imaga mušice kupusne ljuske, što upućuje na trajanje dijapauze duže od jedne godine
Characterisation of benzimidazole resistance of Cercospora beticola in Serbia using PCR-based detection of resistance-associated mutations of the beta-tubulin gene
No full textA survey to detect and characterise benzimidazole resistance within populations of Cercospora beticola in Serbia was performed. From 52 field isolates collected from sugar beet and beet root, only eight were found to be benzimidazole-sensitive based on the inhibition of mycelial growth by discriminatory concentrations of carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl. Sensitivity tests revealed the presence of three resistant phenotypes among the tested isolates: high-resistance (HR), low-resistance (LR) and moderate-resistance (MR). The benzimidazole resistant isolates were characterised based on the DNA sequence of the beta-tubulin gene and temperature sensitivity. The HR isolates showed no temperature sensitivity regardless of carbendazim concentration, whereas the LR and MR isolates were sensitive at lower temperatures. Analysis of the beta-tubulin gene sequence revealed two amino acid replacements in the benzimidazole-resistant isolates of C. beticola. One was a glutamic acid to alanine change at position 198 (codon GAG to GCG) that was identified in HR isolates; this mutation has previously been reported to be associated with the development of benzimidazole resistance in C. beticola. The second replacement was a novel point mutation of phenylalanine (TTC) to tyrosine (TAC) at position 167, identified in low and moderate benzimidazole-resistant isolates, sharing a single LR/MR beta-tubulin genotype. A diagnostic PCR-RFLP assay utilising a BsaI restriction site present in the benzimidazole sensitive and LR/MR genotypes but absent in the HR genotype was developed for the routine detection of high resistance. A mutation-specific PCR assay was developed for the diagnosis of LR/MR genotype based on a mutation from T to A at codon 167, which is unique to this genotype
Značaj i stanje semenarstva krmnih biljaka u poljoprivredi Republike Srbije
No full textFor contemporary and economical livestock production, especially cattle and sheep raising, it is necessary to achieve high production of livestock feed while reducing production costs. Improving the production of perennial grasses and legumes creates a good basis for the development of livestock production in different agro-ecological conditions of Serbia. It also establishes a link between farming and animal husbandry, which is of particular importance for the preservation and higher fertility of arable land and the protection of agro-ecosystems. An important factor for the cheaper production of livestock feed is the possibility to provide sufficient quantities of quality seeds at affordable prices. Production of quality seeds of local varieties of perennial legumes is possible to obtain sufficient amounts of good quality forage. Current situation in forage crop seed production of the Republic of Serbia is unsatisfactory because the seed of perennial grasses are mostly imported. Domestic production of alfalfa, red clover and birdsfoot trefoil met domestic needs only in some years. Seed of imported varieties are often not satisfactory because those varieties are not adapted to our local agro-ecological conditions. The present results provide the basis and direction for further researches that may provide solutions to increase seed yields and which will be widely accepted in practice, which will make the production more cost-effective. Institute for forage crops Kruševac is making a significant contribution to the development of technology of seed productions, especially alfalfa, red clover and perennial grasses. Therefore the role of the Institute is very important and necessary link between production, processing and trading seeds of perennial legumes and grasses in Serbia.Za savremenu i ekonomičnu stočarsku proizvodnju, a naročito govedarsku i ovčarsku potrebno je ostvariti visoku produkciju stočne hrane uz istovremeno smanjenje troškova proizvodnje. Unapređenjem proizvodnje višegodišnjih trava i leguminoza stvara se dobra osnova za razvoj stočarske proizvodnje u različitim agroekološkim uslovima Srbije. Takođe se uspostavlja veza između ratarstva i stočarstva, što je od posebne važnosti za očuvanje i povećanje plodnosti oraničnog zemljišta i zaštite agroekosistema. Značajan faktor za jeftiniju proizvodnju stočne hrane je mogućnost obezbeđenja dovoljnih količina kvalitetnog semenskog materijala po povoljnim cenama. Proizvodnjom kvalitetnog semena domaćih sorti višegodišnjih leguminoza moguće je dobiti dovoljne količine kvalitetne kabaste stočne hrane. Trenutno stanje u proizvodnji semena krmnog bilja u Republici Srbiji je nezadovoljavajuće jer se seme višegodišnjih vlatastih trava uglavnom uvozi. Domaća proizvodnja semena lucerke, crvene deteline, žutog zvezdana je samo u pojedinim godinama na nivou domaćih potreba. Seme uveženih sorti uglavnom nije zadovoljavajuće jer te sorte nisu prilagođene našim agroekološkim uslovima. Dosadašnji rezultati daju osnov i ukazuju na pravac istraživanja koja u narednom periodu mogu dati rešenja koja bi uticala na povećanje prinosa semena i koja će biti široko prihvaćena u praksi, a što će ovu proizvodnju učiniti rentabilnijom. Institut za krmno bilje u Kruševcu daje značajan doprinos u razvoju tehnologije semenske proizvodnje, naročito lucerke i crvene deteline, kao i višegodišnjih trava. Stoga je uloga ovog Instituta veoma važna i neophodna karika između proizvodnje dorade i prometa semena višegodišnjih leguminoza i trava u Srbiji
The effect of IAA producing Bacillus sp. Q3 strain on marshmallow seed germination
No full textMarshmallow (Althea officinalis) is one of the important medicinal plants in Serbia. One of the bigest problem in growing of marshmallow is poor seeds germination. Rhyzospheric bacteria able to produced plant growth stimulating hormones can inpruve seed germinations and decreace seed infections with patogens. IAA production by Bacillus sp. Q3 strain estimate in this investigation ranged from 3.76-10.62 μgml-1. The application of soil bacteria as the antagonists to the growth of pathogenic fungi, indicated that IAA producing Bacillus sp. strain Q3 demonstrated not only a high level of antagonism towards the seed mycoflora, but significantly increased the germination rate of the marshmallow seeds. Soaking marshmarrow seeds for 24 h in the 105 CFU ml-1 of investigated strain Bacillus sp. strain Q3 increased the 55.1% germination and decreased the percentage of the seed infection by the fungus Alternaria alternata, compared to the control (32%). Strong increasing percent germination of marshmallow's seeds from 26.9-55.1% and decreasing seed infection with phytopathogen Alternaria alternate, as predominant marshmallow seeds pathogen, can recommend this strain for seed protection and as PGPR