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Odgovor korovskih populacija i gajenih useva na prisustvo glifosata
No full textMeasuring amount of shikimate and chlorophyll content of hybrids of maize, line of soybean, C. canadensis and L. rigidum populations were examined after application of 1 kg a.e. ha-1 of the herbicide product TOUCHDOWN® [active ingredient: glyphosate trimesium salt (syn. sulfosate), 500 g L-1]. Samples collected 2, 4 and 6 day after treatment. Changes in amount of shikimate in treated plants vs control were significant for S plants and nosignificant for R plants. Content of chlorophyll in tretaed plants were statisticaly lower vs nontreated plant in every tested poulations/lines/hybrids, except in hybrids of maize (differences were not significant).Merenje sadržaja šikiminske kiseline i hlorofila kod hibrida kukuruza, linija soje, populacija C. canadensis and L. rigidum je obavljeno nakon primene 2 kg a.m. ha-1 herbicida TOUCHDOWN® [aktivna materija: glifosat trimezijum so (sin. sulfosat), 500 g L-1]. Uzorkovanje je urađeno 2, 4 i 6 dana posle primene. Promene sadržaja šikiminske kiseline kod tretiranih biljaka u odnosu na ne tretirane su bile značajne kod svih S biljaka i nisu imale značaja kod R biljaka. Sadržaj hlorofila kod tretiranih biljaka je statistički bio niži u odnosu na sadržaj kod ne teretiranih biljaka kod svih testiranih populacija/linija osim kod hibrida kukuruza (razlike nisu bile statistički značajne)
Geographic structure with no evidence for host-associated lineages in European populations of Lysiphlebus testaceipes, an introduced biological control agent
No full textLysiphlebus testaceipes (Cress.) is an aphidiine parasitoid originally introduced to Europe as a biological control agent of citrus aphids in the Mediterranean. It has rapidly become widespread in coastal areas continuing gradually to expand inland. L. testaceipes exploited a large number of aphids in Europe, including new hosts and significantly changed the relative abundance of the native parasitoids. This behavior may reflect a broad oligophagy of the introduced parasitoid or it may require the evolution of host specialization that results in genetically differentiated subpopulations on different hosts. To address this issue we used the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and seven microsatellite loci to analyze the structure of genetic variation for L. testaceipes samples collected from 12 different aphid hosts across seven European countries, as well as some samples from Benin, Costa Rica, USA, Algeria and Libya for comparison. Only five COI haplotypes with moderate divergence were identified overall. There was no evidence for the association of haplotypes with different aphid hosts in the European samples, but there was geographic structuring in this variation. Haplotype diversity was highest in France, where L. testaceipes was introduced, but only a single haplotype was detected in areas of south-eastern Europe that were invaded subsequently. The analysis of microsatellite variation confirmed the lack of host-associated genetic structure, as well as differentiation between populations from south-western and southeastern Europe. The parasitoid L. testaceipes in Europe is thus an opportunistic oligophagous species with a population structure shaped by the processes of introduction and expansion rather than by host exploitation. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
Crop Response to Glyphosate Trimesium Sulphosate
No full textGlyphosate may cause injury to non-target plants. The first detectable symptom after glyphosate treatment is the growth inhibition, followed by noticeable yellowing (chlorosis) of the treated tissue. Five to ten days after the treatment, the chlorosis turns into necrosis and the plants begin to die. Greenhouse research was conducted in 2007 to investigate the response of glyphosate resistant (GR) soybeans PAN 520 line and non-glyphosate resistant EGRET line of soybeans CO glyphosate trimesium sulphosate and to evaluate soybeans injury to help in weed resistance detection. The methods used to detect changes were dose response test, HPLC measurement based on glyphosate induced accumulation of shikimate, and morpho-anatomical changes (light and electron microscopy). Damaged chloroplasts are a clear indication of a glyphosate injury. If the injury rating is related to increased shikimate levels, there is greater certainty that differences among biotypes are due to glyphosate tolerance
Baktericidno delovanje nekih Bacillus spp. i Trichoderma harzianum na fitopatogene bakterije
No full textBiological control is an innovative, cost effective and eco-friendly approach for control of many plant diseases. Bacillus sp. and Trichoderma sp. were known for its mycoparasitic and antagonistic mechanism in the control of wide range of phytopathogenic diseases in many types of crops. This research is based on the antibacterial activities of some Bacillus spp. and Trichoderma harzianum in relation to the 10 selected phytopathogenic bacteria in vitro study. The results indicated that among 52 strains of Bacillus spp. presented against phytopathogenic bacteria, only 6 of them showed inhibition but only against Xanthomonas genera. Other Bacillus spp. strains weren't effective against tested phytopathogenic bacteria. Results of testing of T. harzianum efficacy against the growth of selected phytopathogenic bacteria showed that this fungi could be effective to strains from genera Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas but for other tested genera was ineffective. In further work, all of this trial need to be supported by evaluation of antimicrobial activity in vivo.Biološka kontrola predstavlja inovativni, isplativ, ekološki pristup za suzbijanje mnogih biljnih bolesti. Vrste roda Bacillus i Trichoderma su poznati po svom mikoparazitskom i antagonističkom mehanizmu suzbijanja širokog spektra fitopatogenih prouzrokovača bolesti kod brojnih poljoprivrednih kultura. U ovom radu proučavano je baktericidno delovanje nekih vrsta roda Bacillus, kao i gljive Trichoderma harzianum na 10 odabranih fitopatogenih bakterija u in vitro uslovima. Prema dobijenim rezultatima, od ukupno 52 testirana izolata iz roda Bacillus, samo 6 je inhibiralo porast fitopatogenih bakterija i to samo iz roda Xanthomonas. Rezultati ispitivanja efikasnosti gljive T. harzianum su ukazali na mogućnost delovanja ove gljive na bakterije iz roda Pseudomonas i Xanthomonas, ali ne i na druge rodove fitopatogenih bakterija testirane u ovom radu. Dalja istraživanja treba bazirati na proučavanjima antimikrobne aktivnosti testiranih agenasa prema fitopatogenim bakterijama u in vivo ogledima
The effect of temperature and light (PAR) on the induction of Chla fluorescence in situ. 2. Diurnal changes in stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) and red currant (Ribes spp.)
No full textThe phenomenon of a midday decrease in quantum and all other efficiencies of photosynthesis has been acknowledged. Quantum efficiency of PSII in nettle is known to be lower at midday than in the morning or evening. On other hand, the parameters of induction of Chla fluorescence in stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) during the daytime were shown to depend on temperature alone. An increase in temperature also slowed down processes in reaction centres (RCs) and on the acceptor side of PSII, which showed its effect on electron transport in PSII and overall photosynthesis. A similar situation was found for red currant (Ribes spp.). The temperature effect was considered to be transient thermal inhibition of photosynthesis caused by diurnal changes in temperature
First Report of Group 16SrXII-A Phytoplasma Causing Stolbur Disease in Saponaria officinalis Plants in Serbia
No full textBiological effectiveness of plasma and electromagnetic field seeds treatments against plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi
No full textAn influence of RF air plasma and RF electromagnetic field pre-sowing treatments on germination and level of fungal and bacterial infection of seeds of some important agricultural plants has been studied. Two plasma systems (plan-parallel and cylindrical) were used for treatment. It is shown that the treatments provide a fungicidal and bactericidal effects and positively influenced seeds germination. The modification of seed coat surface structure is investigated with scanning electron microscopy
Identification and characterization of Agrobacterium spp. isolated from apricot in Serbia
No full textCrown gall, caused by tumorigenic strains of Agrobacterium spp., is considered one of the most important diseases in stone fruit nurseries throughout the world. Since the crown gall disease has not been studied extensively in Serbia for more than 30 years, the objective of this study was to isolate, identify and characterize the bacterium associated with crown gall symptoms on one-year-old apricot trees. Samples were collected from a nursery in central Serbia and subjected to laboratory analysis. Bacteria were isolated from tumour tissue on yeast mannitol agar (YMA) and six gram-negative isolates were selected for further study. PCR assay using primers specific for virD2, virC, ipt and tms2 pathogenicity-associated plasmid genes revealed that isolates harbour Ti plasmids. All studied strains carrying Ti plasmids were classified as nopaline-type based on further molecular analysis. Using a multiplex PCR assay, targeting 23S rRNA gene sequences, and physiological and biochemical tests, five strains were assigned as A. rhizogenes/biovar 2 and the remaining one as A. tumefaciens/biovar 1. Identity of the strains was confirmed by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. In pathogenicity assay, all six strains caused tumour formation on inoculated carrot root discs, young tomato and sunflower plants
Uticaj temperature i svetlosti (PAR) na indukciju fluorescencije Chla in situ - 2. diurnalne promene kod koprive (Urtica dioica) i ribizle (Ribes spp.)
No full textThe phenomenon of a midday decrease in quantum and all other efficiencies of photosynthesis has been acknowledged. Quantum efficiency of PSII in nettle is known to be lower at midday than in the morning or evening. On other hand, the parameters of induction of Chla fluorescence in stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) during the daytime were shown to depend on temperature alone. An increase in temperature also slowed down processes in reaction centres (RCs) and on the acceptor side of PSII, which showed its effect on electron transport in PSII and overall photosynthesis. A similar situation was found for red currant (Ribes spp.). The temperature effect was considered to be transient thermal inhibition of photosynthesis caused by diurnal changes in temperature.Razmatran je fenomen podnevne inhibicije kvantne efikasnosti i drugih aspekata fotosinteze. Parametri kvantne efikasnosti PSII kod koprive su niži u podne nego ujutro ili uveče. Nađeno je, u oglednim uslovima, da parametri indukcije fluorescencije Chla kod koprive (Urtica dioica L.) tokom dana zavise samo od promena temperature. Porast temperature usporava procese u reakcionom centru (RC) i na akceptorskoj strani PIII, što utiče na transport elektrona u PSII, kao i na ukupnu fotosintezu. Slična situacija je zapažena i kod ribizle (Ribes spp.). Zapaženi efekat temperature može se razmatrati kao privremena termalna inhibicija fotosinteze usled diurnalnih promena temperature. Mišljenja smo da je taj fenomen karakteristika ispitivanih biljaka iz jedne planinske ekološke niše, kao i specifičnih uslova merenja