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Biodiversity-friendly designs for gravel pit lakes along the Drina River floodplain (the Middle Danube Basin, Serbia)
No full textMassive gravel excavation is one of the most destructive forces affecting riverine habitats in Europe. However, gravel pit lakes are also recognized as valuable wildlife refuge areas. Different hydromorphological characteristics of gravel pits may influence aquatic biota differently. Optimal selection of gravel excavation procedures may create favorable conditions for ecosystem diversity. The aim of this study was to correlate hydromorphological variables against macrophyte composition and metrics in gravel pit lakes along the lower course of the Drina River. Field research was carried out at 18 gravel pit lakes (60 survey sectors) and four fluvial lakes (13 survey sectors), during the summer months of 2015, 2016 and 2018. The role of hydromorphological variables in structuring macrophyte assemblages was tested using the partial Canonical Correspondence Analysis, while the Generalized Linear Model was performed to test the ability of selected hydromorphological attributes to predict macrophyte quantitative metrics. The results demonstrated high habitat quality and conservation value of the gravel pit lakes compared to natural sites. Hydromorphological predictors for different macrophyte assemblages were defined. General recommendation is that two pit types should be excavated within a single extraction field, with the minimal impact to the riparian and shore zones. The first type should be located up to 100m from river main channel, having area lt 1000m(2) and a relative depth ratio gt 5%. The second type should be optimally located 300m form river main channel, with maximum depth of 3-4m, surface area of 10,000-20,000m(2), and a relative depth ratio lt 5%
Resource allocation in response to herbivory and gall formation in Linaria vulgaris
No full textTrehalose and its precursor, trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P), are essential regulators of plant response to abiotic and biotic stress. Here we used the specific host-insect interaction between Linaria vulgaris (Plantaginaceae) and stem-galling weevil, Rhinusa pilosa (Mecinini, Curculionidae) with the aim to distinguish carbohydrate allocation patterns in response to herbivory, gall formation (G1, 24 h after oviposition), and gall development (G2, 7 days after oviposition) under controlled conditions. The hypothesis is that herbivory and galling induce distinct responses in both leaves and stems, and that shifts in carbon allocations are regulated by signaling sugars. Systemic response to herbivory was accumulation of T6P and maltose. The main feature of G1 in the stems was accumulation of trehalose, accompanied by increased T6P, turanose and glucose content, oppositely to the leaves. In G2, galls had 3-folds higher weight than controls, with further accumulation of fructose, glucose, turanose, and total water-insoluble carbohydrates (TIC), while the sucrose/hexose ratio decreased. Analysis of fast chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic (OJIP) transients in G2 showed a slight decrease in quantum yield of electron transport flux from Q(A) to Q(B), and towards photosystem I acceptor side, correlated with the decreased content of photosynthetic pigments and hexoses accumulation. Redistribution of photosynthates, and accumulation of T6P were induced in response to herbivory, indicating its signaling role. The results support the hypothesis that R. pilosa can induce plant reprogramming towards the accumulation of beneficial carbohydrates in developing gall by mechanisms which include both T6P and trehalose
Increasing the pepper seed quality using mycorrhizal fungi
No full textThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the year of cultivation, seed population and mycorrhizal seed treatment on two most important indicators of the pepper seed quality, namely germination energy and total germination. The pepper seed quality parameters, i.e. the first count and the total germination rate, were examined in the period 2017-2018. The results obtained show significant differences (p < 0.01) between the parameter values under consideration relative to the year of cultivation (Factor A), seed population (Factor B) and mycorrhizal sees treatment (Factor C). In the first experimental year, there was an increase in the first count and total germination of 4 to 6 % compared to the control when pepper seeds were treated with the mycorrhizal formulation. In the second experimental year, an increase in the first count was in the range of 3 to 16 %, whereas an increase in the total germination was 3 to 4 %, compared to the control. The effect of mycorrhizal pepper seed treatment proved beneficial especially to aged seeds that were slow to germinate.Cilj istraživanja je bio da se izvrši ocena uticaja godine, populacije semena i tretmana semana formulacijom mikorize na dva najznačajnija pokazatelja kvaliteta semena paprike. Kao materijal u istraživanjima korišćene su tri domaće populacije začinske paprike poreklom sa dva lokaliteta iz Srbije: istočna - Negotin (dve populacije slatka i ljuta) i zapadna - Badovinci (ljuta). Seme populacija paprika proizvedeno je u organskom sistemu gajenja 2017. godine. Utvrđivanje vrednosti pokazatelja kvaliteta (energije klijanja i ukupne klijavosti) semena paprika izvedeno je 2017. i 2018. godine u Laboratoriji za ispitivanje kvaliteta semena poljoprivrednog bilja Instituta za zaštitu bilja i životnu sredinu u Beogradu. Analiza energije klijanja i klijavosti semena paprika pokazala je visoko značajne razlike (r <0,01) pod uticajem svih pojedinačnih faktora godine (faktor A), populacije semena (faktor B) i tretmana (faktor C). Veoma značajne interakcije ispitivanih faktora u pogledu energije klijanja i ukupne klijavosti semena paprika dobijene su i kod inetrakcije faktora A × B. Tretman semena populacija paprika izveden je komercijalnom formulacijom biostimulatora (Coveron) koji u sastavu sadrži Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices i Trihoderma atroviride. Tretmanom semena biostimulatorom u prvoj godini zabeleženo je povećanje energije klijanja i ukupne klijavosti od 4 do 6%, u odnosu na kontrolu. U drugoj godini povećanje energije klijanja kretalo se u interval od 3 do 16%, dok je efekat povećanja ukupne klijavosti bio od 3 do 4%, u odnosu na kontrolu. Porastom starosti semena opada energija klijanja i ukupna klijavost. U tim slučajevima efekat tretmana semena paprika biostimulatorima posebno dobija na značaju, jer utičena poboljšanje parametara kvalieteta semena
Biological control of Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata on sugar beet with Bacillus pumilus SS-10.7 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (SS-12.6 and SS-38.4) strains
No full textAim Assessment of biological control of Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata using crude lipopeptide extracts (CLEs) of two Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains (SS-12.6 and SS-38.4) and one Bacillus pumilus strain (SS-10.7). Methods and Results The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CLEs and their combinations against the pathogen and potential interaction between the extracts were determined in vitro. The most effective antibacterial activity was achieved with the CLE from B. amyloliquefaciens SS-12.6, with an MIC value of 0 center dot 63 mg ml(-1). Interactions between CLE combinations were mostly indifferent. The biocontrol potential of CLEs, mixtures of CLEs, and cell culture of B. amyloliquefaciens SS-12.6 was tested on sugar beet plants inoculated with P. syringae pv. aptata P53. The best result in inhibiting the appearance of tissue necrosis (up to 92%) was achieved with B. amyloliquefaciens SS-12.6 cell culture. Conclusion This work demonstrated significant biocontrol potential of the CLE and cell culture of B. amyloliquefaciens SS-12.6 which successfully suppress leaf spot disease severity on sugar beet plants. Significance and Impact of the Study The findings of biocontrol of sugar beet emerging pathogen will contribute to growers in terms of alternative disease control management. This study represents first assessment of biological control of P. syringae pv. aptata
Molecular Characterization of Pseudomonas syringae pv. coriandricola and Biochemical Changes Attributable to the Pathological Response on Its Hosts Carrot, Parsley, and Parsnip
No full textBacterial leaf spot caused by the plant pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. coriandricola (Psc) was observed on carrot, parsnip, and parsley grown on a vegetable farm in the Vojvodina Province of Serbia. Nonfluorescent bacterial colonies were isolated from diseased leaves and characterized using different molecular techniques. Repetitive element PCR fingerprinting with five oligonucleotide primers (BOX, ERIC, GTG5, REP, and SERE) and the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR with the M13 primer revealed identical fingerprint patterns for all tested strains. Multilocus sequence analysis of four housekeeping genes (gapA, gltA, gyrB, and rpoD) showed a high degree (99.8 to 100%) of homology with sequences of Psc strains deposited in the Plant-Associated Microbes Database and NCBI database. The tested strains caused bacterial leaf spot symptoms on all three host plants. Host-strain specificity was not found in cross-pathogenicity tests, but the plant response (peroxidase induction and chlorophyll bleaching) was more pronounced in carrot and parsley than in parsnip
The negative influence of Ambrosia artemisiifolia and A. Trifida on agriculture production
No full textAmbrosia artemisiifolia is considered a serious and problematic weed in crops and other crops, but also on non-agricultural land in Serbia. Due to the early rapid growth in spring and the large vegetative and generative production, as well as the seeds that maintain germination in the soil for many years (up to 40 years) it is very difficult to control the spread. Also, its related species Ambrosia trifida, currently only locally present in the territory of Serbia, is in the focus of interest of many researchers dealing with invasive biology. It does great damage to crops, reducing yield and product quality. Also, both weed species have a negative impact on human and animal health with their allergens, so it is necessary to continuously monitor and implement adequate suppression measures, as well as to continuously promote the topic and inform the public about problems and damages that they cause.Ambrosia artemisiifolia smatra se ozbiljnim i problematičnim korovom u okopavinama i drugim usevima ali i na nepoljoprivrednim zemljištima na području Srbije. Zbog ranog brzog porasta tokom proleća i velike vegetativne i generativne produkcije, kao i semena koje održava klijavost u zemljištu dugi niz godina (i do 40 godina), veoma je teško kontrolisati njeno širenje. Takođe, njoj srodna vrsta Ambrosia trifida, za sada samo lokalno prisutna na području Srbije, nalazi se u žiži interesovanja mnogih istraživača koji se bave invazionom biologijom. U usevima pravi velike štete, redukujući prinos i kvalitet proizvoda. Takođe, obe korovske vrste svojim alergenima negativno utiču na zdravlje ljudi i životinja, pa je neophodno kontinuirano vršiti monitoring i sprovoditi adekvatne mere suzbijanja, kao i neprekidno sprovoditi popularizaciju ove tematike i javnost informisati o problemima i štetama koje prouzrokuju
Supplementary description of five species from the genus Cecidophyopsis (Eriophyoidea: Eriophyidae: Cecidophyinae)
No full textSupplementary morphological descriptions of five Cecidophyopsis species collected in Europe (Serbia, Austria, Italy and Montenegro) are given: Cecidophyopsis vermiformis from Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae), C. hendersoni from Yucca gigantea Lem. (Asparagaceae), C. verilicis from Ilex aquifolium L. (Aquifoliaceae), C. psilaspis from Taxus baccata L. (Taxaceae) and C. malpighianus from Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae). Males of C. vermiformis, C. verilicis, C. hendersoni and C. malpighianus, and immatures of C. hendersoni and C. verilicis, are described for the first time. C. verilicis is recorded for the first time in the fauna of Serbia and the European region. Female cuticle-lined internal genitalia of five Cecidophyopsis species are studied under confocal laser scanning microscopy. A several steps of oviposition in cecidophyines is proposed based on CLSM observations on their internal genitalia. Sequences of the barcoding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene are given for the following species: C. hendersoni, C. verilicis, C. psilaspis and C. malpighianus
In vitro biodegradation potential of airborne Aspergilli and Penicillia
No full textThe study addresses in vitro degradation potential of airborne Aspergillus and Penicillium/Talarmyces species originating from cultural heritage conservation premises. A series of rapid, cost effective biodegradation assays were performed to assess production of extracellular pigments, acids, and enzymes. Most of the isolates have demonstrated positive growth in at least one of the preformed tests. Strongest overall degradation potential was demonstrated for Penicillium brevicompactum, P. glabrum, and Talaromyces sayulitensis while Aspergillus domesticus, A. penicillioides, A. pseudoglaucus, and A. ruber did not exhibit positive reaction in any of the employed assays. Majority of isolates exhibited proteolytic and cellulolytic activity while carbonate dissolution was observed for only five tested fungi. Highest alteration of pH value in liquid media was documented for T. sayulitensis while A. niger and P. expansum exhibited strongest acid production on CREA. Certain isolates, mostly Penicillium species, displayed production of extracellular pigments. The results imply that many of the tested fungi have significant biodegradation capacity, indicating their potential to inflict structural and esthetic alterations on cultural heritage objects
Integrative taxonomy of root aphid parasitoids from the genus Paralipsis (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) with description of new species
No full textSpecies from the genus Paralipsis are obligatory endoparasitoids of root aphids in the Palaearctic. It is known that these species are broadly distributed, parasitizing various aphid hosts and showing great biological and ecological diversity. On the other hand, this group of endoparasitoids is understudied and was thought to be represented by a single species in Europe, viz., Paralipsis enervis (Nees). However, recent description of two new species indicated the possibility of cryptic speciation and recognition of additional Paralipsis species in Europe. In this research, Paralipsis specimens collected during the last 60 years from eight European countries, as well as one sample from Morocco, were subjected to molecular and morphological characterization. Newly designed genus-specific degenerative primers successfully targeted short overlapping fragments of COI of the mitochondrial DNA. Molecular analyses showed clear separation of four independent lineages, two of which are the known species P. enervis and P. tibiator, while two new species are described here, viz., P. brachycaudi Tomanovic & Stary, sp. n. and P. rugosa Tomanovic & Stary, sp. n. No clear specialization of the taxa to a strict root aphid host has been determined. The recognized mitochondrial lineages were distinct one from another, but with a substantial within-lineage divergence rate, clearly indicating the complexity of this group of parasitoids, on which further research is required in order to clarify the factors triggering their genetic differentiation. We reviewed literature data and new records of Paralipsis enervis aphid host associations and distributions. A key for the identification of all known Paralipsis species is provided and illustrated
Mogućnosti poboljšanja kvaliteta semena lucerke primenom temperaturnih tretmana pred setvu
No full textIn addition to normal seeds, hard seeds of alfalfa have often been found after harvest. Such seeds prevent the penetration of water and gases into the seed interior, causing the reduction in germination. They do not tend to germinate even under ideal laboratory or field conditions, or they exhibit late germination. Consequently, they are of no relevance to planting crops. A decrease in the amount of hard seeds and an increase in germination can be achieved by scarification of acids, physical damage to the seed coat, hot water, cooling, etc. Temperature treatment scarification prior to sowing is a simple and inexpensive solution, safe for humans and the environment. The tests were carried out on three alfalfa cultivars: 'Medijana', 'Banat' and 'Zaječarska 83'. Their seeds were exposed to temperatures of 70 oC (for 10, 30, 60 and 90 minutes), 80 oC (for 10, 30, 60 and 90 minutes) and 90 oC (for 10, 30, 60 and 90 minutes). After the treatment under laboratory conditions, the germination rate and the share of hard/dormant seeds were investigated. The results obtained indicate that the increase in germination can be significant (p ≥ 0.05) provided temperature seed treatments are applied. Furthermore, the optimal temperature treatment was found to be essentially dependent on the specific alfalfa cultivar.U semenu lucerke se, osim normalnog semena, javlja i seme sa tvrdom semenjačom koja onemogućava prodiranje vode i gasova u unutrašnjost i tako sprečava klijanje. Zbog toga, tvrda semena ne klijaju, iako su u idealnim laboratorijskim uslovima ili u polju. Dešava se i da klijaju naknadno, kada su klijanci iz normalnih semena razvijeni, ali kao takvi nemaju značaja za zasnivanje useva. Smanjenje broja tvrdih semena i povećanje klijavosti može se postići skarifikacijom semena kiselinama, fizičkim oštećenjem semenjače, toplom vodom, hlađenjem i dr. Skarifikacija primenom temperaturnih tretmana pred setvu je jednostavna, jeftina i bezbedna za čoveka i okolinu. Ispitivanja su sprovedena na tri sorte lucerke: Medijana, Banat, Zaječarska 83. Seme sve tri sorte je izlagano 10, 30, 60 i 90 minuta na temperaturama od 70, 80 i 90oC. Nakon tretmana u laboratorijskim uslovima ispitivana je klijavost i tvrda-dormantna semena. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da se temperaturnim tretmanima semena može značajno (p≥0.05) uticati na povećanje klijavosti. Utvrđena je značajna interakcija sorta x temperaturni tretman, što ukazuje da je optimalni temperaturni tretman bio različit za različite sorte