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Leaf spot disease on Philodendron scandens, Ficus carica and Actinidia deliciosa caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae in Serbia
No full textDuring the spring of 2014 and 2015, a leaf spot disease was observed on heart-leaf philodendron (Philodendron scandens Koch & Sello) plants grown in a several house gardens near city of Jagodina, Moraviki region of Serbia. Diseased leaves were covered with watersoaked leaf spots with surrounded by yellow halos. Based on biochemical and molecular tests Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae was identified as causing agent of bacterial leaf spot of heart-leaf philodendron and is in humid season accountable for appearence of disease. The genetic diversity within this pathogen isolated from different hosts in central Serbia, was studied to obtain insights into disease etiology. Therefore, kiwi fruit and fig tree leaves, with disease symptoms that were similar to those observed on heart-leaf philodendron plants, were collected and bacteria were isolated on NAS medium. Isolates were identified as P. syringae pv. syringae by detection of syrB gene, biochemical, pathogenicity tests and sequencing of gyrB gene. In cross inoculation tests on potted host plants, each strain induced leaf spot symptoms on heart-leaf philodendron and fig tree leaves, apart of the host of origin, and no significant symptoms in kiwi fruit leaves. Genomic profiles generated with rep-PCR analysis revealed that all strains originated from diseased heart-leaf philodendron, kiwi fruit and fig tree leaves had similiar DNA fingerprints. Overall, the data demonstrate P. syringae pv. syringae as a causing agent of leaf spot disease of heart-leaf philodendron and fig tree in Moraviki region of Serbia. This research is the first study that identified P. syringae pv. syringae associated with leaf spot disease on P. scandens, and also a starting point for investigation of the epidemiology of leaf spot disease on fruit trees that could be infected by the same bacterial strains
Rezultati klijavosti semena bele deteline u ISTA proficiency testu 17-2
No full textThe presence of hard seeds as a result of water impermeable seed coat is common in species of Fabaceae family. For wild plants, this characteristic allows better survival, but for agriculture production, hard seeds are undesirable, due to delayed and uneven germination. In seed testing laboratory several pre-treatments (pre-chill, mechanical scarification) can be applied for germination testing of these species. In this paper, Proficiency test 17-2 germination results of Trifolium repens seeds conducted in 150 laboratories around the world are presented. Those tests are organized by the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) and are mandatory for all accredited laboratories. In this way laboratory's competence (staff, apparatus, test methods) is checked. In August 2017, samples of three Trifolium repens seed lots were distributed. In the Seed Testing Laboratory at the Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje (LIZP), germination was tested in September using mechanical scarification and pre-chilling (2 days at 5-10°C) prior to germination at 20°C. Among 90 accredited participants, only one more laboratory applied mechanical scarification, 42 laboratories did not use any pre-treatment, and 39 laboratories applied pre-chilling. Obtained germination results in LIZP (Lot1-84.50%, Lot2-84%, Lot3-88.50%) were higher than overall mean (Lot1-76.95%, Lot2-79.63%, and Lot3-83.27%). The main conclusion of this Proficiency test is that seed scarification significantly reduced the number of hard seeds in favour of normal seedlings. The reason for the rare application of scarification may be the requirement of the applicant to obtain adequate information regarding the number of hard seeds that will appear during seed sowing.Pojava tvrdog semena kao posledica nepropustljivosti semenjače za vodu je izražena kod vrsta iz familije Fabaceae. Kod divljih biljaka ova osobina je biološki opravdana jer omogućava bolji opstanak, ali za poljoprivredu tvrda semena su nepoželjna jer klijaju sa zakašnjenjem i neravnomerno. Prilikom ispitivanja klijavosti semena ovih vrsta u laboratoriji može se primeniti predtretman (prethodno hlađenje, mehanička skarifikacija) pre naklijavanja u optimalnim uslovima. U ovom radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja klijavosti semena Trifolium repens sprovedena u 150 laboratorija širom sveta u okviru Proficiency testa 17-2. Ovi testovi su organizovani od strane Međunarodne organizacije za ispitivanje semena (ISTA), a obavezni su za sve akreditovane laboratorije, jer se na taj način kontroliše kompetentnost osoblja, ispravnost aparata i pou-zdanost primenjenih metoda ispitivanja. U avgustu 2017. godine distribuirani su uzorci tri partije semena Trifolium repens. U Laboratoriji za ispitivanje semena u Institutu za kukuruz Zemun Polje (LIZP), ispitana je klijavost u septembru primenom mehaničke skarifikacije i prethodnog hlađenja (2 dana na 5-10°C), a zatim klijanje na 20°C. Od 90 akreditovanih laboratorija samo je još jedna primenila mehaničku skarifikaciju, 42 laboratorije nisu primenile nikakav predtretman, a 39 laboratorija je primenilo prethodno hlađenje. Dobijeni rezultati klijavosti u LIZP (Lot1-84.50%, Lot2-84%, Lot3-88.50%) su bili iznad proseka svih laboratorija (Lot1-76.95%, Lot2-79.63%, Lot3-83.27%). Kao glavni zaključak ovog Proficiency testa jeste da je skarifikacija semena značajno smanjila broj tvrdih semena u korist normalnih klijanaca. Razlog retke primene skarifikacije može biti potreba korisnika da dobije adekvatnu informaciju vezanu za broj tvrdih semena koja će se pojaviti prilikom setve semena
Sugar profiles as a promising tool in tracing differences between potato cultivation systems, botanical origin and climate conditions
No full textThis research proposes a new way of tracing differences between potato cultivation systems, botanical origin, and climate conditions by using sugar profiles. A set of 90 potato tubers of four varieties with different ripening times, cultivated in three types of agricultural systems: conventional (C), integral (I), and organic (0) were characterized based on sugar profiles of their bulk and peel. A total of nineteen sugars were quantified. In order to determine the source of variation among the types of production, the years of production and varieties, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted. The results indicated that starch may be considered an important indicator of the type of production, botanical origin, and ripening time. Additionally, the analyses showed that sugar macro and microcomponents such as fructose, glucose, saccharose, sorbitol, trehalose, arabinose, turanose and maltose were the main factors for the differentiation of production types, production years and botanical origin of potato
Three new species and new records of eriophyoid mites (Acari, Eriophyoidea) from Karadag Nature Reserve, Crimea
No full textThree new species of eriophyoid mites are described from Karadag Nature Reserve, Crimea: Cecidophyopsis cephalarius n. sp. from Crimean endemic Cephalaria demetrii (Caprifoliaceae), Aculus althaeus n. sp. from Althaea cannabina (Malvaceae) and Aculus karadagensis n. sp. from Ballota nigra (Lamiaceae). Seven new records are reported from Karadag: Aceria ankarensis Denizhan et al. 2006 from Dianthus capitatus, Aceria cichorii Petanovic, Boczek, Shi 2000 from Cichorium inthybus, Aceria paradianthi Keifer 1952 from Dianthus capitatus, Aceria stipacea Sukhareva, 1983 from Stipa capillata, Aculops acraspis (Nalepa 1891) Nalepa 1892 from Medicago falcata, Tegonotus tataricis (Farkas 1963) from Acer tataricum and Rhyncaphytoptus amplusKeifer 1961 from Acer tataricum
Determination of relevant parameters in the red clover seed processing (Trifolium pratense L.)
No full textThe paper presents the results of the seed processing of the natural red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seed with different initial purity in the seed processing center in the Institute for forage crops in Kruševac. Seeds of red clover for sowing must be clean, with high germination and high genetic value. Most of these requirements can be achieved through the seed processing, by the removal of impurities and seeds of poorer quality. In this process, there are number of technical-technological operations such as: cleaning, declarations, packaging in appropriate wrapping material and storage. The task of cleansing seeds is to remove all other seeds, weeds, impurities and extracts pure seed of the basic culture. In this way, the seed is prepared in a timely manner for good germination, sprouting, and cropping. During the processing of the red clover seeds, the relevant parameters on the equipment were determined: pure seed (%), weeds and seed of other cultures (%), inert matter (%), amount of processed seed (kg), seed losses (%) and processing output of the seed processing (%). The losses of red clover seeds in seed processing are in direct dependence on the type and quantity of weeds and other impurities present in the natural seed. On the basis of the obtained results, it is possible to optimally adjust and select the appropriate equipment for the red clover processing, depending on the quantity and type of weeds and other ingredients in the natural red clover seeds.Rad prikazuje rezultate ispitivanja pri doradi naturalnog semena crvene deteline (Trifolium pratense L.) različitih početnih čistoća u doradnom centru Instituta za krmno bilje u Kruševcu. Seme crvene deteline za setvu mora biti čisto, visoke klijavosti i genetske vrednosti. Najveći deo ovih zahteva je moguće ostvariti kroz doradu, odnosno odstranjivanjem nečistoća i semena lošijeg kvaliteta. Pri procesu dorade semena crvene deteline postoji veći broj tehničko-tehnoloških operacija kao što su: čišćenje, deklarisanje, pakovanje u odgovarajuću ambalažu i skladištenje. Zadatak čišćenja semena je da se iz naturalnog semena sa primesama odstrane sva semena drugih kultura, korovi, primese i izdvoji samo čisto seme osnovne kulture. Ovakvim načinom seme se blagovremeno priprema u povoljno stanje za kvalitetnu setvu, klijanje i nicanje. Relevantni parametri na mašinama za doradu određivani su pri procesu dorade semena crvene deteline. Određivani su sledeći parametri: čisto seme crvene deteline (%), seme korova i seme drugih kultura (%), inertne materije (%), količina dorađenog semena (kg), gubici semena (%) i randman dorade (%). Kod dorade semena crvene deteline gubici su u direktnoj zavisnosti od vrste i količine korova i ostalih nečistoća prisutnih u naturalnom semenu deteline, odnosno početne čistoće. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata ispitivanja moguće je izvršiti kvalitetno podešavanje i izbor odgovarajućih mašina za doradu semena crvene deteline, u zavisnosti od količine i vrste korova i primesa u naturalnom semenu crvene deteline
Cixiidae) and on epidemiological transmission routes of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani'
No full textHyalesthes obsoletus, vektor biljnog patogena 'Candidatus (Ca.) Phytoplasmasolani', smatra se polifagnom štetočinom od ekonomskog značaja u centralnojEvropi i Mediteranu. Istraživanjima sprovedenim u jugoistočnoj Evropi, kojagravitira centru arela vrste i gde je zabeležen značajan broj 'Ca. P. solani'-uslovljenih biljnih bolesti, utvrđeno je postojanje četiri asocijacije vektora sabiljkama dualnim domaćinima: Convolvulus arvensis (Ca), Urtica dioica (Ud), Vitexagnus-castus (Vac) i Crepis foetida (Cf). Populaciono-genetičkim analizamamitohondrijskih i nuklearnih markera (mikrosatelita) utvrđena je kriptičnadiferencijacija simpatričkih (uključujući sintopske) i geografski udaljenih H.obsoletus populacija na tri filogenetičke linije uslovljene biljkom domaćinom: (1)Ca-Ud, (2) Vac i (3) Cf. Pored jasne diferencijacije na mitohondrijskim genima(1.1% - 1.5%) i mikrosatelita koji potvrđuju izdvajanje populacija u jedan od triklastera prema biljci domaćinu (pripadnost >90%), podršku za izdizanje genetičkedivergencije H. obsoletus sensu lato na nivo kriptične specijacije daje registrovanadistanca u odnosu na morfološki najsrodniju vrstu - Hyalesthes thracicus (2.1% -3.3%). Posledice specijalizacije i diferencijacije H. obsoletus sensu lato premabiljkama domaćinima na epidemiologiju 'Ca. P. solani' procenjene su multigenskomkarakterizacijom izolata fitoplazme detektovanih (1) in situ u prirodnimepidemiološkim sistemima mediteranskih vinograda i (2) eksperimentimaunakrsne inokulacije biljaka putem prirodno inficiranih populacija vektora.Potvrđena je osnovna epidemiološka divergencija 'Ca. P. solani' na tuf-a/-ab i tuf-bcikluse vezane za Ud i Ca uz ukrštanje sa Vac-uzrokovanom tuf-b epidemiologijom iutvrđena kompleksnost tuf-b epidemiologije u kojoj učestvuje i treća genetičkalinija vektora, H. obsoletus ex Cf, kao i sama biljka dualni domaćin - C. foetida.The cixiid planthopper Hyalesthes obsoletus is generally considered as apolyphagous vector of 'Candidatus (Ca.) P. solani' associated with numerous wildand cultivated plants in central Europe and Mediterranean. Research conducted insoutheastern Europe, the distribution centre of H. obsoletus and the area of most'Ca. P. solani'-inflicted crop diseases, points toward specific dual host-plantassociations with: Convolvulus arvensis (Ca), Urtica dioica (Ud), Vitex agnus-castus(Vac) and Crepis foetida (Cf). Population-genetic analysis of mitochondrial andnuclear genetic markers (microsatellites) have revealed cryptic differentiationbetween sympatric (including syntopic) and geographically distant H. obsoletuspopulations into three phylogenetic lineages delineated by host-plant preference:1) Ca-Ud, 2) Vac i 3) Cf. Cryptic species diversification within H. obsoletus sensu latois supported by the genetic divergence of mitochondrial genes (1.1% - 1.5%),microsatellites that confirm population clustering into three genetic groupsassociated with specific host-plant (average assignment >90%) and geneticdistances among host-associated H. obsoletus metapopulations comparable to themost closely related, morphologically distinguishable species - Hyalesthes thracicus(2.1% - 3.3%). Consequences of the H. obsoletus sensu lato differentiation on theepidemiology of 'Ca. P. solani' are assessed by multilocus genotyping of thephytoplasma isolates detected (1) in situ in natural epidemiological systems of theMediterranean vineyards and (2) plant inoculation experiments using naturallyinfected vector populations. Basic 'Ca. P. solani' epidemiological divergence intotuf-a/-ab and tuf-b cycles, each associated with Ud and Ca, respectively, isconfirmed with evidences of intermixing Vac-induced tuf-b epidemiology, whilecomplexity of the tuf-b epidemiology is further evidenced through influence of thethird genetic lineage of the vector H. obsoletus ex C. foetida and its dual host-plant
Complete Genome of the Xanthomonas euvesicatoria Specific Bacteriophage K Phi 1, Its Survival and Potential in Control of Pepper Bacterial Spot
No full textXanthomonas euvesicatoria phage K Phi 1, a member of Myoviridae family, was isolated from the rhizosphere of pepper plants showing symptoms of bacterial spot. The phage strain expressed antibacterial activity to all X. euvesicatoria strains tested and did not lyse other Xanthomonas spp., nor other less related bacterial species. The genome of K Phi D1 is double-stranded DNA of 46.077 bp including 66 open reading frames and an average GC content of 62.9%, representing the first complete genome sequence published for a phage infecting xanthomonads associated with pepper or tomato. The highest genome similarity was observed between phage K Phi 1 and the Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae specific phage OP2. On the other hand, when compared with other members of the genus Bcep78virus, the genome similarity was lower. Forty-four (67%) predicted K Phi 1 proteins shared homology with Xanthomonas phage OP2, while 20 genes (30%) were unique to K Phi 1. Phage K Phi 1, which is chloroform resistant and stable in different media and in the pH range 5-11, showed a high titer storage ability for at least 2 years at +4 degrees C. Copper-hydroxide and copper-oxychloride reduced phage activity proportionally to the used concentrations and the exposure time. UV light was detrimental to the phage strain, but skim milk plus sucrose formulation extended its survival in vitro. The phages survived for at least 7 days on the surface of pepper leaves in the greenhouse, showing the ability to persist on the plant tissue without the presence of the host bacterium. Results of three repeated experiments showed that foliar applications of the unformulated K Phi 1 phage suspension effectively controlled pepper bacterial spot compared to the standard treatment and the untreated control. The integration of the phage K Phi 1 and copper-hydroxide treatments resulted in an increased efficacy compared to the copper-hydroxide alone
The impact of high-power ultrasound and microwave on the phenolic acid profile and antioxidant activity of the extract from yellow soybean seeds
No full textThe aim of the study was to investigate and compare several extraction protocols like 1) high-power ultrasound probe assisted solvent extraction; 2) microwave assisted solvent extraction; 3) direct acid hydrolysis; 4) direct alkali hydrolysis, and 5) two step extraction consisting of ultrasound or microwave assisted solvent extraction followed by alkaline and acid hydrolysis in terms of efficiency of the extraction of phenolic acids from the yellow soybean seed variety Laura. These extracts were screened for their total phenol content (TPC), and for their antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH) assay, as well as on content of some individual phenolic acids. It appeared that the acetone containing mixtures gave much higher TPC than methanol containing ones, but the presence of acid in the methanol solvent significantly improved the extraction of phenolic compounds. To further improve the extraction, an ultrasound lab-scale probe at 20 kHz was used, with 15 and 30% of the maximum amplitude, and the extraction time was varied from 2 to 15 min. Microwave assisted extraction was performed varying the temperature from 55 to 85 degrees C, microwave power from 25 to 100 W and extraction time from 2 to 10 min. Changes in the content of six phenolic acids were examined: gallic, trans cinnamic, chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acid. The separation and quantification of phenolic acids was accomplished by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (DAD) procedure. The results suggested that microwaves contributed to more efficient extraction of phenolic acids from the seed of yellow soybean. The amount of phenolic acids varied from 65.52 mu g/g of dry matter (d.m.) for caffeic acid, to 581.84 mu g/g d.m. for p-coumaric acid. Both, ultrasound and microwaves contributed to more efficient extraction of total phenol compounds and enhanced antioxidant activity of soybean seed extracts. TPC varied from 12.48 to 18.77 mg GAE/g d.m. and antioxidant activity varied from 244.58 to 345.21 mu mol TROLOX eq/g d.m
Influence of Different Pre-Sowing Treatments on Seed Dormancy Breakdown, Germination and Vigour of Red Clover and Italian Ryegrass
No full textA two-year study was conducted using seed of six cultivars of Trifolium pratense (red clover) and three cultivars of Lolium multiflorum (Italian iyegrass), to test the effect of different treatments including exposure to 50% H2SO4 for 10, 30, 60, 90 min; to 80 degrees C temperature for 10, 30, 60, 90 min; gibberellic acid (GA(3)) at 250, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg L-1; and potassium nitrate (KNO3) at 0.1, 0.2, 0.35 and 0.5%. Germination, dormancy and vigour of both red clover and ryegrass were assessed. In case of T. pratense seed, there was a significant (p lt = 0.05 or p lt = 0.01) interaction between all the cultivars and treatments. A significant (p lt = 0.05) interaction was also observed between the L. multiflorum cultivars and H2SO4 including temperature treatments. However, no significant interactions were noted between the GA(3) or KNO3 treatment, germination and vigour. The results showed that by selecting the optimal treatment (H2SO4 30' or H2SO4 60'T. pretense and GA(3) 1000 mg L-1 L. multiflorum) for a particular cultivar it is possible to significantly improve germination and vigour, and thus ensure technologically more effective and economical establishment of a grass-legume mixture of L. multiflorum and T. pratense. (C) 2018 Friends Science Publisher
Karakterizacija i diverzitet populacije sojeva Erwinia amylovora poreklom iz jabučastih voćaka gajenih u Srbiji
No full textThe diversity of 30 Erwinia amylovora strains, isolated from quince, pear and apple trees on 14 localities in Serbia, was studied using bacteriological and molecular methods. In pathogenicity tests, all strains caused necrosis and oozing of bacterial exudate on inoculated immature pear, cherry and plum fruits, and induced hypersensitive reaction in tobacco leaves. The studied strains were Gram and oxidase negative, non-fluorescent, levan and catalase positive and facultatively anaerobic. The strains did not reduce nitrates, but utilized citrate and produced acid from sorbitol, hydrolyzed gelatine, produced reducing substances from sucrose and grew in the presence of 5% NaCl, but not at 36oC. Identity of the strains was confirmed by conventional and nested PCR methods. Rep-PCR with REP, ERIC and BOX primers resulted in amplification of several DNA fragments respectively, but showed no variation within the strains. However, different genetic profiles were obtained with RAPD-PCR by using six primers which enabled differentiation of the strains into four groups. Genetic differences between the studied strains did not correlate with the host plants, geographical origin or year of isolation.Primenom standardnih bakterioloških i molekularnih metoda proučen je diverzitet 30 sojeva Erwinia amylovora izolovanih iz dunje, kruške i jabuke, poreklom iz 14 lokaliteta u Srbiji. Svi proučavani sojevi izazvali su nekrozu i pojavu bakterijskog eksudata na nesazrelim plodovima kruške, trešnje i šljive, kao i hipersenzitivnu reakciju duvana. Proučavani sojevi bili su Gram i oksidaza negativni, fakultativno anaerobni, levan i katalaza pozitivni i nisu stvarali fluorescentni pigment na Kingovoj podlozi B. Svi sojevi hidrolizuju želatin, koriste citrate i stvaraju kiselinu iz sorbitola, proizvode redukujuće supstance iz saharoze, ne redukuju nitrate, razvijaju se u prisustvu 5% NaCl, ali ne i pri 36°C. Identitet sojeva potvrđen je konvencionalnim PCR i nested PCR metodama. Rep-PCR metodom korišćenjem REP, ERIC i BOX prajmera umnoženo je više fragmenata DNK čiji broj i veličina su se podudarali kod svih proučavanih sojeva. Za razliku od Rep-PCR, primenom RAPD-PCR metode uz korišćenje šest prajmera došlo je do izdvajanja različitih genetičkih profila i diferencijacije sojeva u četiri grupe. Genetičke razlike među proučavanim sojevima nisu bile u korelaciji sa domaćinima iz kojih su izolovani, niti sa njihovim geografskim poreklom i godinom izolacije