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Morfološka i molekularna identifikacija Cercospora apii na celeru u Srbiji
No full textC. apii is one of the most damaging plant pathogenic fungi of celery. During the 2012, samples of celery with typical symptoms of leaf blight were collected on the territory of Veliko Grdaište and their identification is performed using morphological and molecular methods. The pathogenicity test was conducted on healthy plants and all tested isolates caused typical symptoms after inoculation. Conidiophores arising from the stromata formed dense fascicles or single, straight to slightly curved, brown. Conidia are solitary, hyaline and septate (5-13 septa), cylindrical to obclavate, or straight to slightly curved, obtuse at the apex. Truncated and thickened at the base. Fragments of the expected length for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1/ITS4), calmodulin (CAL-228F/CAL2Rd) and histone (CYLH3F/ CYLH3R) gene were amplified and the obtained sequences showed 100% identity with the C. apii sequences deposited in GenBank.C. apii predstavlja jednu od najštetnijih fitopatogenih gljiva celera. Tokom 2012. god na teritoriji Velikog Gradišta su prikupljeni uzorci celera sa karakterističnim simptomima pegavosti lista i njihova identifikacija je izvršena pomoću morfoloških i molekularnih metoda. Test patogenosti je obavljen na zdravim biljkama i svi ispitivani izolati prouzrokuju karakteristične simptome nakon inokulacije. Konidiofore iz stroma formiraju zbijene fascikule ili su pojedinačne, prave do blago zakrivljene, smeđe boje. Konidije su pojedinačne, hijalinske i septirane (5-13 septi), cilindrične do blago sužene na jednoj strani ili prave do blago zakrivljene i zatupaste na vrhu. U osnovi su zasečene, skoro kvadratnog oblika i stanjene. Amplifikovani su fragmenti očekivanih dužina za internal transcribed spacer (ITS1/ITS4), kalmodulin (CAL-228F/CAL2Rd) i histon (CYLH3F/CYLH3R) genima i dobijene sekvence su pokazale 100% identitet sa sekvencama C. apii u bazi gena
Antifungalna aktivnost Pseudomonas chlororaphis Q16 prema Sclerotinia sclerotiorum poreklom sa različitih lekovitih biljaka
No full textPhytopathogenic fungi Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is very destructive pathogen of the stem of many medicinal plants. Because the use of pesticides is forbidden during production of medicinal plants, presence of S. sclerotiorum may produce serious loss. The use of PGP (Plant Growth Promoting) bacteria, for which have been demonstrated to show antifungal activity with varying degrees of antagonism, gives protection to medicinal plants. The antifungal activity of different fractions of P. chlororaphis Q16 culture was examined on 6 representative isolates of S. sclerotiorum from medicinal plants: nettle, cumin, marshmallow, valerian and two strains of Echinacea. The highest efficacy of mycelial growth inhibition showed heat stabile antifungal factor with growth inhibition range from 52.75% (marshmallow isolate) up to 83.36% (isolate from E. purpurea). The inhibition of mycelial growth was similar for all S. sclerotiorum isolates when 24h culture was performed and ranged from 60.28% (cumin isolates) to 76.47% (nettle isolates).Fitopatogena gljiva Sclerotinia sclerotiorum je veoma destruktivni patogen stabla brojnih vrsta lekovitih biljaka. Kako u proizvodnji lekovitih biljaka nije dozvoljena upotreba pesticida, prisustvo ovog patogena prouzrokuje ozbiljne štete. Primena PGP (Plant Growth Promoting) bakterija, kao antagonista S. sclerotiorum, omogućuje zaštitu lekovitih biljaka. U ovim istraživanjima je ispitana aktivnost soja Pseudomonas chlororaphis Q16, pripadinka vrste koja spada među najefikasnije antagoniste S. sclerotiorum. Antifungalna aktivnost različitih frakcija kulture P. chlororaphis Q16 ispitivana je na 6 reprezentativnih izolata S. sclerotiorum poreklom sa različitih lekovitih biljaka: koprive, kima, belog sleza, odoljena i 2 vrste Echinacea. Najefikasnija je bila primena termostabilnih antifungalnih metabolita, frakcije koja je inhibirala porast micelije od 52,75% (izolata sa belog sleza) do 83,36% (izolata sa E. purpurea). Najujednačenija inhibicija porasta micelije ispoljena je primenom kultura starih 24h: od 60,28% (izolata sa kima) do 76,47% (izolata sa koprive)
Uticaj folijarne primene cinka na energiju klijanja semena lucerke i udeo tvrdih semena
No full textIn three year study, the influence of foliar application of zinc on seed germination energy and share of hard alfalfa seeds was examined. The experiment was conducted at the experimental field of the Institute of Forage Crops, Kruševac. The soil on which the trial was conducted is of weakly acidic reaction and zinc content which is considered adequate. Zinc fertilization was performed by foliar split application. In the investigation years, meteorological factors showed large variations. Treatment with zinc achieved on average slightly higher germination energy, but differences were not statistically significant. Zinc fertilization had no effect on the number of hard seeds. Climatic conditions had impact on the germination energy and the proportion of hard seeds.Cink je jedan od mikroelementa koji se često nalazi u nedostatku kod gajenih biljaka. Cilj ovih istraživanja bio je ispitati uticaj folijarne primene cinka na energiju klijanja semena lucerke i udeo tvrdih semena. U trogodišnjem periodu obavljena su ispitivanja na oglednom polju Instituta za krmno bilje u Kruševcu. Zemljište na kome je izveden ogled je slabo kisele reakcije a sadržaj cinka u zemljištu je za lucerku bio u adekvatnom rangu. Folijarna primena cinka (1% cink sulfata (ZnSO4 x 7H2O) je obavljena u podeljenoj aplikaciji. Prosečna energija klijanja je iznosila 78.0% sa velikim variranjem po godinama od 68,5% do 84,8%. Velika ukupna količina padavina u 2005. godini (808 mm), odnosno velika količina padavina u junu, julu i avgustu je dovela do poleganja useva još na početku cvetanja i do kasnije loše oplodnje i prorastanja semenskog otkosa što je uticalo da energija klijanja u toj godini bude znatno niža (68,7%) u odnosu na ostvarenu energiju klijanja u 2006. (84,5%) i 2007. godini (80,8%). Tretman sa cinkom je u proseku ostvario nešto veću energiju klijanja (78,2%) u odnosu na kontrolu (77,7%), ali razlike nisu i statistički opravdane. Energija klijanja je pokazala jaku negativnu korelacionu zavisnost sa ukupnom količinom padavina i količinom padavina u junu, julu i avgustu a srednju negativnu korelaciju sa brojem kišnih dana. Najveći udeo tvrdih semena ustanovljen je u sušnoj i toploj godini (6,2%), a najmanji u godini sa dosta padavina (5,1%). Đubrenje cinkom nije imalo uticaja na broj tvrdih zrna
Experimental and molecular evidence of Reptalus panzeri as a natural vector of bois noir
No full textBois noir (BN) is an economically important grapevine yellows disease induced by the stolbur phytoplasma and principally vectored by the cixiid Hyalesthes obsoletus. This study addresses the involvement of other planthoppers and/or leafhoppers in BN epidemics in the South Banat district of northeastern Serbia, by performing transmission experiments and multilocus typing of stolbur phytoplasma isolates to determine the vector-related characteristics of the disease. Transmission trials were conducted with adults of two cixiid congeners, Reptalus panzeri and R.quinquecostatus, which were found to harbour stolbur phytoplasma in the vineyards under study. A molecular characterization of stolbur phytoplasma isolates was performed by sequence analysis and/or RFLP typing of the two housekeeping genes tuf and secY and the two membrane proteins stamp and vmp1. Transmission trials with naturally infected R.panzeri adults from either the BN-infected vineyards or maize redness (MR)-affected maize fields revealed a high stolbur phytoplasma transmission efficiency to grapevines. In contrast, experiments conducted with stolbur-positive R.quinquecostatus originating from BN-infected vineyards, provided no evidence for a vector role of this species. Seven stolbur phytoplasma genotypes, all of which were tuf-b types, were detected among the grapevine- and insect-associated field samples according to the tuf/secY/vmp1/stamp typing. STOLg was the genotype most frequently found in naturally infected grapevine (42%), as well as R.panzeri originating from the vineyards (85%) and maize fields (98%). The same genotype was found in all experimental plants inoculated by R.panzeri, confirming its vectorship of the disease
Revision of Mecinus heydenii species complex (Curculionidae): integrative taxonomy reveals multiple species exhibiting host specialization
No full textA combined taxonomic, morphological, molecular and biological study revealed that the species presently named Mecinus heydenii is actually composed of five different species: M.heydenii Wencker, 1866; M.raphaelis Baviera & Caldara sp. n., M.laeviceps Tournier, 1873; M.peterharrisi Toevski & Caldara sp. n. and M.bulgaricus Angelov, 1971. These species can be distinguished from each other by a few subtle characteristics, mainly in the shape of the rostrum and body of the penis, and the colour of the integument. The first four species live on different species of Linaria plants, respectively, L.vulgaris (L.) P.Mill., L.purpurea (L.) P.Mill. L.genistifolia (L.) P.Mill. and L.dalmatica (L.) P.Mill., whereas the host plant of M.bulgaricus is still unknown. An analysis of mtCOII gene sequence data revealed high genetic divergence among these species, with uncorrected pairwise distances of 9% between M.heydenii and M.raphaelis, 11.5% between M.laeviceps, M.heydenii and M.raphaelis, while M.laeviceps and M.peterharrisi are approximately 6.3% divergent from each other. Mecinus bulgaricus exhibits even greater divergence from all these species and is more closely related to M.dorsalis Aube, 1850. Sampled populations of M.laeviceps form three geographical subspecies: M.laeviceps laeviceps, M.laeviceps meridionalis Toevski & Jovi and M.laeviceps corifoliae Toevski & Jovi. These subspecies show clear genetic clustering with uncorrected mtDNA COII divergences of approximately 1.4% from each other
Štetnost i suzbijanje kukuruzove zlatice
No full textIt's been over 20 years since Diabrotica virgifera virgifera was introduced in Serbia. Its expansion and colonization of the territory was quickly, over a few years. D. v. virgifera is present in all's territories where corn is grown in Serbia. Damage to corn in the rotation have occurred during the period of its territorial expansion and population build up. In recent years, losses are small and occur on maize in monoculture. The main control measures in D.v. virgifera is crop rotation. The mass use of crop rotation in the cultivation of maize has led to a reduction in damages.Prošlo je više od 20 godina od kako je kukuruzova zlatica, D. v. virgifera, uneta u Srbiju. Njeno širenje i naseljavanje teritorije je bilo brzo, tokom svega nekoliko godina, pa je sada prisutna na svim teritorijama gde se gaji kukuruz u Srbiji. Štete na kukuruzu u plodoredu su se javljale u periodu njenog teritorijalnog širenja i umnožavanja brojnosti populacije. Zadnjih godina štete su male i javljaju se na kukuruzu u monokulturi. Glavna mera suzbijanja D. v. virgifera je plodored. Masovna primena plodoreda u gajenju kukuruza je dovela do smanjenja šteta
Bacteriophage of Erwinia amylovora - Host Range and Fire Blight Control Potential
No full textIn search for an alternative to chemical control of fire blight, we isolated seven bacteriophages specific to E. amylovora. Three phages were isolated from water, three from symptomless pear leaves and one from apple leaves with characteristic fire blight symptoms. Host-range studies showed that the phages differed in the ability to lyse 40 strains of E. amylovora isolated in Serbia. Based on its lytic activity, phage Phi Ea2 was chosen for further study of biological control potential in pear and apple blossom bioassays. A phage suspension of 10(8) PFU/ml was applied on blossoms either 2 h before, 2 h after or at the same time of inoculation. In three fully replicated bioassay experiments, application of host-specific phages 2 h before inoculation and at the time of inoculation significantly reduced fire blight symptom development compared to untreated control. However, disease reduction was not significant when phages were applied 2 h after inoculation
Erratum to: Biology and host specificity of Rhinusa pilosa, a recommended biological control agent of Linaria vulgaris (BioControl, 10.1007/s10526-014-9578-7)
No full textUticaj količine azota i vremena korišćenja na kvalitet stočnog kelja
No full textA field study in central Srem (Serbia) evaluated during two seasons the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application (50, 100 and 150 kgha-1) and harvest time (from 70 to 110 days after the seeding) on fodder kale quality. Fodder kale was sown as a second crop in the conditions of irrigation. The goal of study was to evaluate the most important parameters of fodder kale quality (raw proteins and raw cellulose) depending on different nitrogen fertilization and harvest time. The average crude protein content increased (20.78-22,85 %) and the crude cellulose content decreased (15.12-13,96 %) as the nitrogen rates increased, directly due to the higher adoption of nitrogen and indirectly, by increasing the proportion of leaf dry matter in the total yield. The plants used in the first time of harvest had the highest leaf proportion and the highest protein content. Such trends changed in the last harvest time (by postponing the usage) when the crude cellulose content increased because of the leaf biomass reduction. The highest crude protein content (23.10 %) and the lowest crude cellulose content (13.63 %) in the fodder kale dry matter were obtained in the first harvest time (70 days after the seeding) using the highest nitrogen rate (150 kgha-1).U radu su izneti dvogodišnji rezultati ispitivanja uticaja različitih količina azota (50, 100 i 150 kgha -1) kroz tri roka korišćenja (od 70 do 110 dana nakon setve) na sadržaj sirovih proteina i sadržaj sirove celuloze u suvoj materiji stočnog kelja, gajenog kao postrni usev u centralnom Sremu, u uslovima navodnjavanja. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se ispita način reagovanja stočnog kelja na različite količine azota u različitim rokovima korišćenja, izraženog preko najvažnijih parametara kvaliteta. Parametri kvaliteta značajno su se menjali u zavisnosti od ispitivanih faktora. Prosečan sadržaj sirovih proteina je rastao (20,78 - 22,85%), a sadržaj sirove celuloze opadao (15,12 - 13,96%) primenom većih količina azotnog đubriva, zbog direktnog uticaja na veće usvajanje azota i indirektno povećanjem udela lisne mase u ukupnom prinosu. Biljke korišćene u prvom roku imale su najveći udeo lišća i najveći sadržaj proteina. Takva kretanja su izmenjena u poslednjim rokovima (odlaganjem korišćenja) kada dolazi do povećanja sadržaja sirove celuloze, zbog smanjenja udela lisne mase. Najveći sadržaj sirovih proteina (24,10%) i najmanji sadržaj sirove celuloze (13,63%) u suvoj materiji stočnog kelja, utvrđeni su u prvom roku korišćenja (70 dana od setve) na varijanti sa primenom najveće količine azota (150 Kgha-1)
