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Uticaj zemljišnih bakterija na klijanje semena Datura stramonium L., Abutilon theophrasti Med., Onopordon acanthium L. i Verbascum thapsus L.
No full textThe effects of several bacterial media [Bacillus licheniformis population 1 (MO1); B. licheniformis population 2 (MO2); B. subtilis (MO3); B. megatherium (MO4); humates (MO5)] on seed germination of Datura stramonium L., Abutilon theophrasti Med., Onopordon acanthium L. and Verbascum thapsus L. were tested. Seeds were germinated in Petri dishes containing solutions with different bacterial media. The highest germination percentage in all treatments was recorded for V. thapsus seeds (100.0%). Different treatments had diverse effects (stimulative or inhibitory) on seed germination of D. stramonium [from 5% (MO1) to 13.3% (MO3), with 10.0 % in H20], A. theophrasti [from 28.3% (MO3) to 65.0% (MO5), with 43.3 % in H20] and O. acanthium [from 10.0% (MO2) to 13.3% (MO1 and MO3), with 6.7% in H20], depending on the type of media and weed species.Testiran je efekat bakterijskih kultura [Bacillus licheniformis populacija 1 (MO1); B. licheniformis populacija 2 (MO2); B. subtilis (MO3); B. megatherium (MO4); humati (MO5)] na klijanje semena Datura stramonium L., Abutilon theophrasti Med., Onopordon acanthium L. i Verbascum thapsus L. Semena su naklijavana u Petri posudama u rastvorima različitih bakterijskih kultura. Najveća klijavost zabeležena je kod semena V. thapsus (100%). Različiti tretmani pokazali su različiti uticaj (stimulativni ili inhibitorni) na klijanje semena D. stramonium [od 5,0% (MO1) do 13,3% (MO3), u H20 10,0%], A. theophrasti [od 28,3% (MO3) do 65,0% (MO5), u H20 43,3%] i O. acanthium [od 10,0% (MO2) do 13,3% (MO1 i MO3), u H20 6,7], u zavisnosti od tipa kulture i vrste korova
Morfološka i molekularna identifikacija izolata Alternaria alternata - patogena plodova kima u Srbiji
No full textDuring 2013, samples of infected seed grown caraway were collected from commercially grown crops in the experimental field in Mošorin and analyzed for the presence of plant pathogenic fungi. In all samples of seeds, weaker germination and a high seed infection 100%, with phytopathogenic fungi of the genus Alternaria, was found. From the infected caraway seed, monosporial cultures, based on morphology, were identified as Alternaria alternata, and their pathogenicity proved on artificially inoculated caraway and parsley seedlings. Molecular identification was performed utilizing polimerase chain reaction (PCR) with primer pair ITS1/ITS4 and by amplification of the ITS region of ribosomal DNA. Gene sequences of selected isolates CC1 (KP822948), CC2 (KP822949) i CC3 (KP822950) exhibited 100% nucleotide identity with the sequences of 31 isolates of A. alternata deposited in the GenBank. The presence of a large number of phytopathogenic fungi on caraway seed should be further investigated in order to clarify their relationships and relative significance.Tokom 2013. godine, na oglednom polju u Mošorinu, prikupljeni su uzorci zaraženog semena gajenog kima i analizirani na prisustvo fitopatogenih gljiva. U svim uzorcima semena, ustanovljena je slabija klijavost i visok stepen zaraze fitopatogenim gljivama iz roda Alternaria, 100%. Iz zaraženog semena izolovane su monosporijalne kulture, čija je patogenost potvrđena pojavom simptoma na veštački inokulisanim klijancima kima i peršuna, a na osnovu morfoloških svojstava identifikovane su kao Alternaria alternata. Molekularna identifikacija obavljena je primenom lančane reakcije polimeraze (PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction) uz korišćenje prajmera ITS1/ITS4 i amplifikaciju ITS regiona ribozomalne DNK. Sekvence gena odabranih izolata CC1 (KP822948), CC2 (KP822949) i CC3 (KP822950) pokazale su 100% nukleotidne identičnosti sa sekvencama 31 izolata A. alternata deponovanih u GenBank bazi podataka. Prisustvo većeg broja vrsta gljiva na semenu kima, zahteva dalja ispitivanja njihovih međusobnih odnosa i relativnog značaja
The Praon dorsale-yomenae s.str. complex (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae): Species discrimination using geometric morphometrics and molecular markers with description of a new species
No full textIn this paper we apply an integrative approach combining morphometric and molecular analyses to explore parasitoids of the Praon dorsale-yomenae s.str. complex. These parasitoids occur in natural and agricultural ecosystems throughout the Palaearctic and parasitize aphid hosts belonging to the tribe Macrosiphini. The P. dorsale-yomenae species complex represents a morphologically cryptic group, consisting of several hidden taxa with specific host adaptations and distributions. For the morphometric analyses we used a large dataset comprising 230 female specimens that emerged from 30 different species of aphid hosts throughout the Palaearctic. The molecular analysis included a reduced dataset of 44 specimens that emerged from 19 aphid hosts. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and the nuclear second expansion segment of the 285 rRNA gene (28SD2) were used to estimate a genetic diversity within this complex. Although all Praon species clustered closely together in the 28SD2 tree, confirming their close relatedness, the molecular characterization based on COI identified five clearly separate taxa with sequence divergences in the range of 4.7-8.9%. These taxa also exhibited significant differences in forewing shape as revealed by geometric morphometric analyses. Classical morphometric analyses revealed the length of m-cu vein as a new taxonomic character, but suggested that one commonly used trait, the color pattern of the Rs + M and m-cu veins, cannot be used for species distinction as it was highly variable in one of the taxa. Based on the combined morphometric and genetic data, we confirm the species status of Praon dorsale, P. yomenae, P. longicorne and P. volucre, and describe and illustrate a new parasitoid species of the "dorsale-yomenae" group, i.e. Praon staticobii n.sp. associated with Staticobium limonii on Limonium angustifolium. (C) 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved
Ispitivanje kvaliteta semena engleskog ljulja, italijanskog ljulja i crvenog vijuka
No full textExamination is seed quality of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and red fescue (Festuca rubra) during the five years 2010 - 2014. The average established seed purity was over 98.40%, with varying by year from 96.7% to 99.2%. The greatest part of the impurities was inert matter, which are varied over the years in the range from 0.0% to 2.30%. Presence of weed seeds by year varied in the range from 0.0% to 0.50%. In the seeds of the tested grasses dominate the weeds from the family Asteraceae, Caryophillaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Polygonaceae. The most common weeds in the investigated grasses were Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album. Participation of other species by year ranged from 0.0% to 1.8%. Seed germination varied from 75 to 88%, the average was 83%. The number of abnormal seedlings was 4%, while the average number of ungerminated seeds was 13%.Ispitivanjem semena engleskog ljulja (Lolium perenne), italijanskog ljulja (Lolium multiflorum) i crvenog vijuka (Festuca rubra) u toku pet godina (2010 - 2014. godina) utvrđene su vrlo visoke vrednosti svih značajnih pokazatelja kvaliteta semena. Prosečna utvrđena čistoća semena bila je preko 98,40%, sa variranjem po godinama od 96,7 % do 99,2 %. Pri tome najveći deo primesa činile su inertne materije, koje su varirale po godinama u intervalu od 0,0 % do 2,30 %. Prisustvo semena korova po godinama je variralo u intervalu od 0,0 % do 0,50 %. U semenu ispitivanih trava dominiraju korovi iz familija Asteraceae, Caryophillaceae, Chenopodiaceae i Polygonaceae. Najzastupljeniji korovi u ispitivanim travama su Amaranthus retroflexus (obični štir) i Chenopodium album (obična pepeljuga). Učešće drugih vrsta po godinama kretalo se u intervalu od 0,0 % do 1,8 %. Klijavost semena varirala je od 75 do 88%, prosečno je iznosila 83%. Broj nenormalnih klijanaca bio je 4%, dok je prosečan broj neklijalog semena bio 13%
Characterization and phylogenetic diversity of Agrobacterium vitis from Serbia based on sequence analysis of 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region
No full textSerious outbreaks of grapevine crown gall disease were observed in major Serbian viticultural regions during the last five years. Tumorigenic Agrobacterium vitis was identified as a causal agent by using conventional bacteriological and molecular tests. The 36 studied strains of A. vitis showed homogeneous biochemical and physiological characteristics, but were heterogeneous in their pathogenic properties, especially on tomato and sunflower. Furthermore, genetic differences related to chromosomal and plasmid DNA were observed. The Ti plasmid of 35 strains was classified as the octopine/cucumopine (O/C) type, whereas one was classified as the vitopine (V) type. The O/C strains were further divided into O/C-1 and O/C-2 groups based on PCR analysis. Moreover, the sequence analysis of the 16S-23S rRNA ITS region provided robust and precise delineation of studied strains. Although a high level of genetic diversity in A. vitis strains from Serbia was revealed by using this approach, their genotypic relatedness with the strains from other countries suggested their common origin. Also, association between the chromosomal and plasmid DNA was determined for some phylogenetic groups and clusters
Bolesti i štetočine komorača
No full textFennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is aromatic plant from Apiaceae family. Fennel fruits (Foeniculi fructus) usually contain 2-6% of essential oil, with trans-anethole which is main component with 60-90%. The fruits are widely used in medicine and nutrition, but also in organic agricultural production. In the world and in our country it was found a large number of diseases, including fungal which are more abundant, than bacterial and phytoplasmas on the fennel. It was determined and the appearance of insects and parasitic flower dodder (Cuscuta sp.).Komorač (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) je aromatična biljka iz familije Apiaceae. Plodovi komorača (Foeniculi fructus) obično sadrže 2-6% etarskog ulja, čija je glavna komponenta trans-anetol koji čini 60-90%. Imaju široku upotrebu u medicini i ishrani, ali i u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. Na komoraču je u svetu i kod nas zabeležen veliki broj bolesti, među kojima su gljivične najbrojnije, ali se javljaju i bakterioze i fitoplazme. Utvrđena je i pojava insekata i parazitne cvetnice Cuscuta sp
Novi pravci zaštite paprike i paradajza od bakteriozne pegavosti
No full textBacterial spot, caused by bacteria that belong to Xanthomonas complex, is one of the widespread and economically important disease of pepper and tomato. Growing resistant genotypes, use of treatments based on copper compounds or streptomycin do not provide efficient control of this disease due to the appearance of new races of bacteria and development of strains resistant to antibiotics and copper compounds. Pepper and tomato producers do not have adequate resources for pathogen control since standard bactericides are not effective enough if weather conditions are favorable for the disease development. Due to lack of resistant cultivars and effective means of protection, researchers have searched for alternative solutions that would provide effective control of this disease. Only integration of different control methods can enable positive effect and achieve an adequate crop protection. Biological methods (use of bacteriophages) and some recent alternative treatments (Systemic Acquired Resistance inducers), have provided the possibility of developing an effective strategy for X. euvesicatoria control.Bakteriozna pegavost paprike i krastavost plodova paradajza koju prouzrokuju bakterije Xanthomonas kompleksa, spada u red rasprostranjenih i ekonomski veoma značajnih bolesti paprike i paradajza. Gajenje otpornih genotipova i primena preparata na bazi streptomicina i jedinjenja bakra ne obezbeđuju zadovoljavajući efekat zaštite, usled pojave novih rasa bakterije i razvoja sojeva rezistentnih prema antibioticima i jedinjenjima bakra. Proizvođači paprike i paradajza nemaju adekvatna sredstva za borbu protiv ovog patogena, jer standardni baktericidi često nisu dovoljno efi kasni kada vremenski uslovi pogoduju razvoju bolesti. Usled nedostatka otpornih sorti, kao i efi kasnih sredstava za zaštitu, istraživači pokušavaju da pronađu alternativna rešenja kojima bi se omogućila efi kasna kontrola ove bolesti. Jedino se integracijom pozitivnog efekta različitih metoda može postići odgovarajući efekat zaštite. Biološke metode (primena bakteriofaga) i neke novije alternativne metode (aktivatori sistemične opornosti), ukazuju na mogućnost razvoja efi kasne strategije za suzbijanje X. euvesicatoria
First Report of Cercospora apii, Causal Agent of Cercospora Early Blight of Celery, in Serbia
No full textPrimena različitih koncentracija Polyethylene glycola i ocena različitih metoda na klijavost semena lucerke
No full textThis paper presents the germination three cultivars of alfalfa using different concentrations of PEG-6000 (Polyethylene glycol) and control. The aim of this study was to determine the tolerance of alfalfa under drought stress effects and the choice of optimal testing methods. Seed germination and establish the presence of hard seed alfalfa was done by the standard method without pretreatment and with pretreatment. Readout germination of alfalfa seeds was done after ten days, according to the Rules for testing seed quality of agricultural products. The concentration of PEG of 0.4 MPa has proven to be optimal for assessing the seed germination of alfalfa. The alfalfa cultivars have behaved differently towards different concentrations on PEG, indicating the possibility of correct selection of alfalfa cultivars for autumn sowing period (September) after seed harvest in August.Lucerka je najvažnija višegodišnja i višeotkosna krmna biljka, koja daje visoke prinose i odličan kvalitet krme u različitim ekološkim uslovima. Gajena u kombinovanoj proizvodnji (seme/krma) tokom višegodišnjeg korišćenja veoma je varijabilna prema visini prinosa semena (CV = 29,4% do 47,5%) dok je prema visini prinosa krme sa nižom varijabilnšću (CV=17,1% do 25,7%), i najmanjom varijabilnošću za kvalitet semena (klijavost CV=5,4% do 6,4%). U radu je prikazana klijavost tri sorte lucerke primenom različitih koncentracija PEG-6000 (Polyethylene glycol) i kontrole. Cilj ovog rada je utvrđivanje tolerantnosti lucerke prema efektu stresa na sušu i izbor najoptimalnije metode ispitivanja. Ispitivanje klijavosti i utvrđivanje prisustva tvrdih semena lucerke rađeno je standardnom metodom bez predtretmana i sa predtretmanom. Očitavanje klijavosti semena lucerke urađeno je nakon deset dana, prema pravilniku za ispitivanje kvaliteta semena poljoprivrednog bilja. Koncentracija PEG-a od 0,4 Mpa pokazala se optimalnom za ocenu klijavosti semena lucerke. Sorte lucerke su se različito ponašale prema različitim koncentracijama na PEG, što ukazuje na mogućnost pravilnog izbora sorti lucerke za jesenji setveni rok (septembar) nakon žetve semena u avgustu mesecu. Sorte lucerketolerantnije na PEG u jesenjem setvenom roku, kada je i najčešće uspešnije za zasnivanje lucerišta. Ove sorte bi bile pogodne i za prema stresu na sušu
Kvalitet zrna samooplodnih linija kukuruza dobijenih od lokalnih populacija
No full textEvaluation of seed quality was done from seeds of inbred lines originated from local maize populations of Eastern Serbia. Following parameters were investigated: 1000 seed weight, dry matter content, protein content and lysine content. In this study, 1000 seeds weight ranged from 311.03 to 365.04 g. In dry matter content were included soluble carbohydrates, starch, ash, and the remainder of proteins. It ranged from 10.14 to 10.96 %. The protein content is ranged from 9,31 to 10,84 %, but the crude protein content is not necessarily an indicator of quality. Important quality indicator is the amount of the essential amino acids and their digestibility. Several lines were obtained a lysine content up to 3 %, which is considered to be the high content of lysine in the 'normal' maize types. The results indicated that the local maize populations can be a significant source of beneficial genes to obtain better quality hybrids.Zbog visoke produktivnosti, kao i visoke adaptabilnosti, kukuruz je postao veoma raširena kultura i gaji se u različitim klimatskim uslovima. Današnji hibridi daju znatno veće prinose od ranije gajenih sorti i hibrida, što je rezultat dugogodišnjeg oplemenjivačkog procesa. Semenarske kompanije diktiraju programe oplemenjivanja gde je glavni cilj prvenstveno prinos, dok je hranljivi kvalitet dobijenih hibrida uglavnom zapostavljen. U eri najveće tehnološke razvijenosti otkadpostoji ljudska civilizacija, sve je veća potreba za proizvodnjom zdravstveno bezbedne hrane. Zbog toga organska poljoprivreda zauzima sve značajnije mesto u agrarnoj politici razvijenih zemalja. S obzirom da su izvori varijabilnosti za stvaranje novih hibrida kukuruza gotovo iscrpljeni, javlja se trend povratka starim, gotovo zaboravljenim, sortama kukuruza koje mogu biti značajan izvor kvalitetne hrane za ljude. Lokalne sorte - populacije kukuruza mogu dati značajan doprinos poboljšanju kvaliteta ishrane kako ljudi, tako i životinja. U ovom istraživanju je korišćeno 15 samooplodnih linija kukuruza koje su dobijene iz lokalnih populacija poreklom iz istočne Srbije (okolina Zaječara i Pirota). Ogled je postavljen po slučajnom blok sistemu u tri ponavljanja. Određivani su sledeći parametri: masa 1000 semena, sadržaj suve materije, sadržaj sirovih proteina i sadržaj lizina. Masa 1000 semena je iznosila od 311,3 do 365,04 g. U sadržaj suve materije ulaze rastvorljivi ugljeni hidrati, skrob, pepeo, proteini i ostatak. Sadržaj suve materije je iznosio od 10,14 do 10,96%. U ovom istraživanju je dobijen sadržaj proteina od 9,31 do 10,84%. Ovo svojstvo je pod jakim uticajem genetičkih faktora, međutim, sadržaj sirovih proteina nije nužno i pokazatelj kvaliteta. Kvalitet proteina biljaka se ceni i prema količini esencijalnih aminokiselina i njihovoj svarljivosti. Kukuruz, prema sadržaju esencijalnih aminokiselina, ne spada u kvalitetna hraniva. U semenu standardnih tipova kukuruza lizin nije sadržan u većoj meri, što umanjuje njihovu nutritivnu vrednost. Navode se rezultati sadržaja lizina u zrnu kukuruza normalnog tipa od 1,6%, a u zrnu opaque-2 tipa 3,7%. U ovom radu, kod pojedinih linija je dobijen sadržaj lizina preko 3%, što se smatra za visok sadržaj lizina kod 'običnih' tipova kukuruza. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da lokalne populacije mogu biti značajan izvor poželjnih gena za dobijanje kvalitetnijih hibrida kukuruza