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Description of Laimaphelenchus belgradiensis sp nov (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) and its phylogenetic and systematic position within Aphelenchoidoidea
No full textLaimaphelenchus belgradiensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated, based on morphological, molecular and morphometric data. The new species belongs to the group of Laimaphelenchus species having a vulval flap. A unique combination of characters distinguishes this parthenogenetic species from others: annulated cephalic region; no labial disc; polygonal median bulb; offset tail terminus with four pedunculate tubercles in a square position that end in 10-12 finger-like protrusions. Morphologically, the new species resembles L. cocuccii and L. deconincki but differs from them by the body length, stylet length, distance from the anterior end to the median bulb, head annulations and tail shape. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses based on 18S and the D2/D3 segment of 28S rRNA genes were performed using sequences of species from 18 genera within the Aphelenchoidoidea. The resulting phylogenetic trees generated three distinct clades representing three families: Aphelenchoididae, Ektaphelenchidae and Parasitaphelenchidae. In the 18S tree L. belgradiensis sp. nov. forms a clade with L. penardi and in the 28S tree the new species is close to L. persicus and L. preissii
Alterations in mineral nutrients in soybean grain induced by organo-mineral foliar fertilizers
No full textBackground: Chemical composition of soybean grain may be modified by application of foliar fertilizers. The aim of this study was to test the effect of different organo-mineral foliar fertilizers: Zlatno inje, Bioplant Flora, Algaren BZn, Zircon, as well as plant growth regulator Epin Extra, on potential availability of mineral elements (Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn) from grain of three commercial soybean varieties: ZP-015, Nena and Laura (variety lacking in Kunitz trypsin inhibitor). In addition, phytate (Phy) and beta-carotene contents were determined. Results: ZP-015 achieved the highest P, Mg, Fe, Mn and beta-carotene contents. Laura had the highest Phy level, which might reflect the diminished availability of nutrients from grain. Compared to control, most of the applied fertilizers increased beta-carotene and decreased Mn content in all three soybean varieties. Increase in beta-carotene content was followed by increase in Fe content, mainly in grains with larger weight, as a part of improved yielding potential. Conclusions: Positive effect of Zircon application was evident on increased grain weight, and beta-carotene and Fe content. These parameters together with the lowest values found for Phy/beta-carotene and Phy/Mg ratios may explain the enhanced Mg and Fe bioavailability. On the other hand, positive effects of Epin Extra were mostly reflected by a decrease of Phy and an increase in Fe and Mn, thus becoming more bio-available. Accordingly, the organo-mineral foliar fertilizers based mainly on phenolic acids (Zircon) and bioregulator (Epin Extra) are to be recommended for soybean fortification
First Report of Pseudomonas syringae pv. coriandricola Causing Bacterial Leaf Spot on Carrot, Parsley, and Parsnip in Serbia.
No full textFirst Report of Pseudomonas viridiflava Causing Pith Necrosis of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in Serbia.
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Characterization of Erwinia amylovora Strains Isolated from Quince Trees in Serbia Using REP-PCR Method
No full textCharacteristics of Erwinia amylovora strains isolated from quince trees (Cydonia oblonga) in different localities in Serbia are presented in this paper. In the period 2010-2012, severe occurrence of fire blight on quince was recorded in almost all localities in Serbia. First symptoms appeared after blooming period, but most expressed symptoms were recorded during intensive growth of shoots. Isolated strains elicted HR in tobacco, necrosis of pear seedlings and immature pear fruits ('Williams'). Strains were non-fluorescent, produce levan; oxidase negative, catalase positive; hydrolysis of gelatine positive; esculin and starch tests were negative; strains metabolise sucrose, sucrose, fructose and galactose. After amplification of total DNA with REP-PCR followed by agarose gel electrophoresis, the tested isolates originating from quince showed indistinguishable PCR patterns for all investigated native strains that were identical to European reference strains
Crepis foetida L. - nova biljka domaćin cikade Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret 1865 (Hemiptera: Cixiidae), vektora stolbur fitoplazme
No full textEpidemiology of plant diseases caused by phytoplasmas depends on vector's biology and its preference to the host plant. Grapevine yellows (GY) caused by stolbur phytoplasma (16SrXII-A subgroup, 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani'), during last 15 years became one of the economically most important diseases of the grapevine in Europe. The cixiid planthopper Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) is a principle vector of stolbur phytoplasma and has the main influence on the incidence of the disease and yield loses in the vineyards. Epidemiological cycle of the Bois Noir (BN) is determined by the host plant of the H. obsoletus which is primal source of the disease in the vineyard and it affects presence of the pathogen in the insect's population. Presence of stolbur phytoplasma and symptoms of the BN disease is registered in all wine growing regions in Serbia. This research was focused toward determining host plants of the H. obsoletus and its genetic characteristics in order to determine epidemiological characteristics of BN in Serbia. Based on this field research, along with populations associated with previously known host plants nettle (Urtica dioica) and bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), new host plant association with Crepis foetida L (Asteraceae) was registered on several localities in east and south Serbia. Genetic structure of H. obsoletus populations associated with specific host plants is analyzed in order to obtain precise information about epidemiological cycle of stolbur phytoplasma in agroecosystems in Serbia. According to results of the three analyzed mtDNA regions, genetic differentiation is present between H. obsoletus populations associated with C. arvensis and U. dioica on the one and C. foetida on the other side. Domination of one of these two genotypes in nature and distribution of the host plants provides the basis for further research of the potential vector ability and characterization of the stolbur phytoplasma which is being transmitted by H. obsoletus and epidemiological cycles related to the new host plant in Serbia.Epidemiologija biljnih bolesti uzrokovanih fitoplazmama direktno je zavisna od biologije insekta vektora i njegove preferentnosti prema biljkama domaćinima. Bolest žutila vinove loze Bois Noir (BN) uzrokovana prisustvom stolbur fitoplazme (16SrXII-A podgrupa, 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani'), tokom zadnjih 15 godina je postala jedna od ekonomski najznačajnijih bolesti vinove loze u Evropi. Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret 1865 (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) kao glavni vektor stolbur fitoplazme na vinovu lozu direktno utiče na pojavu i učestalost ove bolesti, kao i na stepen štete u vinogradima. Epidemiološki ciklus BN fitoplazme uslovljen je biljkom domaćinom cikade H. obsoletus koja predstavlja izvor zaraze u vinogradu i od koje direktno zavisi prisustvo patogena u populaciji insekta. Prisustvo stolbur fitoplazme i simptoma BN bolesti registrovano je u svim vinogradarskim regionima Srbije. U cilju utvrđivanja epidemioloških specifičnosti prenošenja stolbur fitoplazme u Srbiji, istraživanja u ovoj studiji su bila usmerena u pravcu determinisanja biljaka domaćina adulta cikade H. obsoletus i njihove genetičke osobenosti. Primarno su analizirane populacije u asocijaciji sa ranije poznatim domaćinima, koprivom (Urtica dioica L.) i poponcem (Convolvulus arvensis L.). Na osnovu sprovedenih terenskih istraživanja utvrđena je nova asocijacija odraslih jedinki H. obsoletus sa biljkom Crepis foetida L. (Asteraceae) na više lokaliteta u istočnoj i južnoj Srbiji. Genetička struktura populacija cikade Hyalesthes obsoletus vezanih za odgovarajuće biljke domaćine je analizirana radi dobijanja jasne slike epidemioloških ciklusa stolbur fitoplazme u gajenim kulturama u Srbiji. Na osnovu analize tri mitohondrijalna genska regiona utvrđena je genetička diferencijacija populacija H. obsoletus u vidu dva genotipa vezanih svojim životnim ciklusom za C. arvensis i U. dioica sa jedne strane, odnosno za novoutvrđenog domaćina C. foetida sa druge strane. Dominacija jednog od ova dva genotipa u prirodi i distribucija biljaka domaćina daju osnov za dalja istraživanja potencijalne vektorske uloge i karakterizacije stolbur fitoplazme koju H. obsoletus prenosi kao i epidemioloških ciklusa vezanih za novu biljku domaćina u Srbiji
Uticaj krupnoće semenske krtole i predtretmana na ukupan prinos krompira
No full textInvestigation of the influence seed tuber size and seed tuber pre-treatment on the total yield of early potato varieties Cleopatra conducted in Badovinci (western Serbia) during the 2007 and 2008 year. Examination were carried out by planting tuber weight 40 ± 5g, 60 ± 5 g i 80 ± 5 g. The research results indicate that the seed tuber size and pretreatment very significantly affected on all investigated characteristics potatoes. In both years the highest yield of tubers was established in the variant with the application of pretreatment and planting of the largest seed size fraction mass (80 g). Higher yields of potato tubers in moist conditions in western Serbia (Macva) of early varieties Cleopatra were achieved by planting larger mass of tubers (80 g) and removing the apical sprouts on tubers.Istraživanja uticaja krupnoće semenske krtole i predtretmana na ukupan prinos krompira rane sorte Cleopatra obavljena su u Badovincima (zapadna Srbija) tokom 2007. i 2008. godine. Ispitivanja su izvedena sadnjom krtola mase 40 ± 5 g, 60 ± 5 g i 80 ± 5 g. Krupnoća semenske krtole je važna osobina i merljiva komponenta kvaliteta, koja utiče na biološku sposobnost krtola, broj klica po krtoli, razvoj useva u polju i broj primarnih izdanaka (PNI) po biljci. Predtretman naklijavanja zauzima veoma značajno mesto u tehnologiji gajenja ranih sorti, ali i u proizvodnji kasnijih sorti. Naklijavanjem se doprinosi skraćenju vegetacionog perioda, bržem nicanju i porastu, obrazovanju većeg broja PNI po biljci, veće lisne površine i ukupne organske produkcije, većeg broja i krupnoće krtola, te visine i kvaliteta prinosa. Predtretman je podrazumevao uklanjanje vršne klice nakon klijanja krtola, čime se postiže formiranje većeg broja klica iz bočnih okaca. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da su krupnoća semenske krtole i predtretman značajno uticali na sve ispitivane osobine krompira. Najveći prinos ustanovljen je na varijanti sa primenom predtretmana i sadnjom najkrupnije frakcija mase (80 g). Primena zalamanja apikalne klice direktno je uticala na razvoj većeg broja klica po krtoli, većeg broja PNI i većeg broja krtola po biljci i većeg ukupnog prinosa. Najjači uticaj zalamanja apikalne klice na ispitivane osobine utvrđen je kod najkrupnije semenske frakcije, odnosno da uticaj predtretmana slabi sa smanjenjem krupnoće semenske krtole. U uslovima semiaridne klime u zapadnoj Srbiji (Mačvi) za postizanje većih prinosa sorte Cleopatra preporučuje se zalamanje apikalne klice i sadnja krtola mase 80 g
Hlorofil kao merilo zdravlja biljaka - agroekološki aspekti
No full textAs photosynthesis is the basic process during which light energy is absorbed and converted into organic matter, the importance of the plant pigment chlorophyll (a and b forms) as an intermediary in transformation of the absorbed solar energy and its activity in the process of photosynthesis and synthesis of organic substances in plants are crucial. Therefore, this paper provides an overview of methods for monitoring the optical activity of chlorophyll molecules and methods (non-destructive and destructive) for quantification of chlorophyll in plants. These methods are used to estimate the effects of different stress factors (abiotic, biotic and xenobiotic) on the efficiency of photosynthesis and bioproductivity, aiming to assess the impact that these limiting factors have on the yield of various cultivars. Also, those methods for analysis of chlorophyll optical activity and/or content are appropriate for assessing the reaction of weed species to different agricultural practices (mineral nutrition, treatment by herbicides, etc.) and studies of different aspects of weed ecophysiology and their influence on crop harvest.Kako je proces fotosinteze osnovni proces tokom kojeg se svetlosna energija apsorbuje i konvertuje u organsku materiju, ključni je značaj postojanja biljnog pigmenta hlorofila (a i b forma) kao posrednika u transformaciji apsorbovane svetlosne energije i njegove aktivnosti u procesu fotosinteze i sinteze organskih materija kod biljaka. Stoga je u radu dat pregled metoda za praćenje optičke aktivnosti molekula hlorofila, kao i metoda (nedestruktivnih i destruktivnih) kvantifikacije hlorofila u biljkama. Ove metode se primenjuju u proceni uticaja različitih stresnih faktora (abiotskih, biotskih i ksenobiotskih) na efikasnost fotosinteze i bioproduktivnost biljaka, sa ciljem procenjivanja uticaja koji ovi ograničavajući faktori imaju na prinos useva. Takođe, pomenute metode za analizu optičke aktivnosti i/ili sadržaja hlorofila su odgovarajuće i za procenu reakcije korova na različite poljoprivredne prakse (mineralna ishrana, primena herbicida i sl.) i ispitivanje različitih aspekata ekofiziologije korova i procenu njihovog uticaja na prinos useva
Evaluation of Three Extraction Methods for Detection of Erwinia amylovora from Pear Leaves by Real-Time PCR
No full textIn this study, three bacterial DNA extraction procedures were compared prior to real-time PCR. Healthy pear leaves and twigs were crushed in antioxidant maceration buffer and spiked with Erwinia amylovora to final concentrations from 2.1 x 10(6) to 2.1 x 10(1) cells ml(-1). Bacterial DNA was extracted from aliquots of spiked crude extracts using (i) isopropanol, (ii) REDExtract-N-Amp (TM) Plant PCR kit, and (iii) Taylor's modified DNA purification procedure. The ams region of the chromosomal DNA was selected as target for the real-time PCR. In this study, the REDExtract-N-Amp (TM) and Taylor's modified DNA extraction procedure were most successful in removing PCR inhibitors, leading to detection of 2.1x10(2) E. amylovora CFU/ml. At this concentration, pathogen can be efficiently detected in less than 5 h in spite of inhibitors and plant DNA reducing sensitivity of the reaction. These two methods increased amplification efficiency in real-time PCR compared to a simple isopropanol DNA extraction procedure from plant tissues, where the lowest detected concentration was 2.1 x 10(4) CFU/ml. In our research, real-time PCR has proven to be very sensitive method for detection of E. amylovora in plant material. It was 100 times more sensitive compared to other conventional PCR procedures