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Gene flow from herbicide-resistant sunflower hybrids to weedy sunflower
No full textWeedy forms of cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) are invasive species widely distributed in several regions of the world and are commonly controlled by applying acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS)-inhibiting herbicides, such as imidazolinones (IMIs) or sulfonylurea (SUs). The widespread adoption of herbicide-resistant crops has exposed the weedy population to the high risk of crop-to-weedy gene flow. The aim of this study was to check and quantify the gene flow from IMI- and SU-resistant sunflower hybrids to weedy sunflower populations. Field experiments were conducted in 2008 at two sites in Serbia to evaluate the relationship of distance between the crop and the weedy sunflower and its impact on the percentage of gene flow. The weedy sunflower progenies were evaluated through herbicide resistance and SSR marker study. Hybridization with IMI-resistant hybrids was not confirmed. Conversly, SU-resistance trials and SSR marker studies partially confirmed the transfer of resistance within the weedy population
A New Metaculus Species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) on Diplotaxis tenuifolia (Brassicaceae) From Serbia: A Combined Description Using Morphology and DNA Barcode Data
No full textA new species of eriophyoid mite, Metaculus diplotaxi n. sp. inhabiting Diplotaxis tenuifolia ( L.) DC., is described from Serbia. To investigate interspecific variability between Metaculus spp. on three different Brassicaceae host plants ( viz. D. tenuifolia, Lepidium latifolium ( L.), Isatis tinctoria ( L.)), we analyzed phenotypic variability of morphological traits and molecular sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I ( MT- CO1). Discriminant analysis identified seven traits that significantly differentiate three Metaculus spp: M. lepidifolii, M. rapistri, and M. diplotaxi n. sp. Analysis of MT- CO1 sequences supported the results obtained from the analysis of morphometric features
The molecular epidemiology of bois noir grapevine yellows caused by 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' in the Republic of Macedonia
No full textBois noir (BN), which is induced by 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' ('Ca. P. solani'), is an important grapevine yellows disease that causes severe damage in viticultural regions throughout the Euro-Mediterranean basin. An epidemiological survey to determine potential insect vectors and the primary reservoir plants of BN phytoplasma in Macedonian vineyards was undertaken between 2012 and 2013 in the southeastern part of the country. A study on the species diversity from the suborder Auchenorrhycha revealed the prevalence of the principal vector of 'Ca. P. solani', which is the planthopper Hyalesthes obsoletus. Reptalus panzeri, which is the second-most documented BN vector, was not recorded in Macedonian vineyards. Three leafhopper species, namely Psammotettix alienus, Artianus manderstjernii and Euscelis incisus, were also widespread in the BN-affected vineyards, but only H. obsoletus tested positive for 'Ca. P. solani'. Molecular characterizations were performed by the sequencing and/or RFLP typing of tuf, vmp1 and stamp genes, and the results were used to gain detailed insight into the molecular diversity of the 'Ca. P. solani' strains associated with grapevines, tentative reservoir plants (Urtica dioica and Convolvulus arvensis) and the H. obsoletus associated with these plants. Among the 91 'Ca. P. solani' strains detected in diverse plant and insect hosts, three tuf, five vmp1 and 11 distinct stamp genotypes were identified. Twelve comprehensive genotypes of 'Ca. P. solani' were detected according to the tuf/vmp1/stamp genotyping. The highest diversity of genotypes was detected among the strains from H. obsoletus individuals associated with U. dioica, of which the most frequent genotype was tuf-ab/V18/M1 (43 %). The tuf-b/V2-TA/STOL comprehensive genotype was found in 33 % of naturally infected grapevines. Two 'Ca. P. solani' genotypes were associated with U. dioica, namely (i) tuf-ab/V18/M1 (60 %) and tuf-a/V3/M4 (40 %), and only one genotype (tuf-b/V2-TA/Rqg50) was associated with C. arvensis
Klijanje semena pet korovskih vrsta pod različitim temperaturnim i svetlosnim uslovima
No full textTemperature and light may be considered the most important factors affecting seed germination in the presence of several other factors crucial for germination (e.g. water, oxygen, plant hormones). The present study aimed to determine temperature values and corresponding modes of light that are suitable for germination of Artemisia vulgaris L., Amaranthus retroflexus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Cephalaria transsilvanica (L.) Schrader and Stellaria media (L.) Vill. under controlled conditions. Before the experiment began, the collected and dried seeds were stored in the dark, at room temperature. The seeds germinated in distilled water in glass Petri dishes. Amaranthus retroflexus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Artemisia vulgaris seeds were stratified before germination. The temperatures at which seed germination occurred differed for each species. The seeds germinated under light and/or in the dark. The results showed that light either failed to affect or stimulated germination. There was no statistically significant difference in the germination of Amaranthus retroflexus and Artemisia vulgaris seeds over the whole temperature range investigated, while seeds of the other investigated species had a narrower range of temperatures suitable for germination.Uz prisustvo neophodnih faktora klijanja (voda, kiseonik, biljni hormoni), temperatura i svetlost se mogu smatrati najvažnijim činiocima koji utiču na klijanje semena. Cilj naših istraživanja je bio da se odrede vrednosti temperature i odgovarajući režimi svetlosti pogodni za klijanje semena Artemisia vulgaris L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Cephalaria transsilvanica (L.) Schrader i Stellaria media (L.) Vill. u kontrolisanim uslovima. Prikupljena semena su nakon sušenja čuvana do početka eksperimenta u mraku, na sobnoj temperaturi. Semena su isklijavana u staklenim Petri kutijama, u destilovanoj vodi. Semena Amaranthus retroflexus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia i Artemisia vulgaris su prethodno stratifikovana. Temperature na kojima je vršeno isklijavanje semena su se razlikovale za različite vrste. Semena su isklijavana na svetlosi i/ili u mraku. Dobijeni rezultati eksperimenta pokazuju da svetlost ili nije imala uticaja, ili su semena bolje klijala na svetlosti. Semena Amaranthus retroflexus i Artemisia vulgaris su klijala bez statistički značajne razlike u čitavom dijapazonu ispitivanih temperatura, dok su semena preostalih ispitivanih vrsta imala uži opseg povoljnih temperatura za klijanje
Control of human and plant fungal pathogens using pentaene macrolide 32, 33-didehydroroflamycoin
No full textAimsThe aim of this study was to address the toxicity of recently described polyene macrolide 32, 33-didehydroroflamycoin (DDHR) on a wide range of fungal pathogens and its potential to control plant fungal diseases. Methods and ResultsThe antifungal activity of DDHR invitro was examined against common human and plant pathogenic fungi using a broth microdilution assay and a disk diffusion assay. Minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from 125 to 35gml(-1). A radial growth inhibition assay showed that DDHR inhibited mycelia growth, inducing mycelial necrosis and affecting sporulation. During the invivo assay on apple fruits administration of DDHR 1h before fungal inoculation inhibited spreading of the infection. Importantly, DDHR exhibited no phytotoxic effects on the model plant, Capsicum annum, verified by the plant growth rate and chlorophyll content. ConclusionsDDHR inhibits growth of various plant pathogens invitro with the strongest activity against Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum acutatum and Penicillium expansum, and protects apple fruits from decay. Significance and Impact of the StudyThis is the first report of the inhibitory effect of DDHR on important pathogenic fungal isolates. DDHR could be a good scaffold for developing new antifungal agents for fruit and vegetable protection
Uticaj folijarne primene molibdena na energiju klijanja i udeo tvrdih semena lucerke
No full textThe aim of this study was to investigate the influence of foliar application of molybdenum on the germination energy and share of hard alfalfa seeds. Climatic conditions during the year had the greatest impact on the germination energy and share of hard seeds. Energy of germination was influenced by climatic conditions during the development of crops, ranging from 68.5 % to 84.1 %. Minimum germination energy was generated in the year with the most rainfall during seed formation, and the highest germination energy was achieved in the year with less rainfall during seed formation. The share of hard seeds ranged from 5.1 % to 6.7 %. Treatments with molybdenum in our research did not realize the difference in the germination energy and share of hard seeds that is statistically justified in any year of study.Molibden je veoma važan u simbiotskoj fiksaciji azota i lucerka spada u grupu biljaka koja je osetljiva na nedostatak molibdena. U trogodišnjem periodu obavljena su ispitivanja na oglednom polju Instituta za krmno bilje u Kruševcu. Cilj ovih istraživanja bio je ispitati uticaj folijarne primene molibdena na energiju klijanja semena lucerke i udeo trvdih semena. Folijarana prihrana molibdenom (0,1% amonijum molibdata (NH4)6 Mo7O4 x 4H2O je obavljena preko dve aplikacije (prva aplikacija je obavljena u fazi intezivnog porasta, a druga aplikacija u fazi butonizacije i početka cvetanja useva) sa količinom vode 1000 l ha-1. Energija klijanja je bila pod uticajem klimatskih uslova u toku razvoja useva i kretala se od 68,5% do 84,1%. Najmanja energija klijanja je ostvarena u godini sa najviše padavina u periodu formiranja semena. Energija klijanja se razlikuje po godinama ali je prosečna energija klijanja na kontrolni i varijatni tretiranoj molibdenom ujedančena. Udeo tvrdih semena se kretao od 5,1% do 6,7%. Najmanji udeo tvrdih semena je ostvaren u godini sa najviše padavina u letnjem peridu a najveći u godini sa manje padavina u periodu formiranja semena. Prosečni udeo tvrdih semena na kontrolnoj i tretiranoj varijanti nije ostvario značajne razlike. Tretmani sa molibdenom u našim istraživanjima nisu ostvarili razliku u energiji klijanja i udelu tvrdih semena koja je i statistički opravdana ni u jednoj godini ispitivanja
Fitoplazmoze lekovitih biljaka
No full textA diversity and incresing economic importance of medicinal plants demand a need to study their diseases. Among them phytopathogenic fungi are of a considerable importance, and in the last decade, phytoplasma diseases. Phytoplasma are important obligate intracellular, insect - transmitted pathogenic agents, found inside the phloem, in particular in the sieve tube cells of many plant species. These plant pathogens are wall-less, non-cultivable prokaryotes belonging to the Mollicutes class. They are the smallest prokaryotic organisms of a varied shape and size (50-1000 nm in diameter) and visible under the electron microscope. Their genome is the shortest known of all prokaryotic organisms (680-1600 kb). The most cited and widely accepted system of identification is based on the similarity in the 16S ribosomal gene sequence as well as their biological characteristics. Phytoplasmas are associated with plant diseases in several hundred plant species, including many important vegetable, fruit crops, ornamental and medicinal plants. Disease plants exhibit pathological changes (in plants) which are demonstrated through four typical types of symptoms: (1) phyllody, (2) yellowing and reddening, (3) virescence and (4) proliferation of axillary buds or 'witch's broom'. Typical phytoplasma symptoms are confirmed on the following species of medicinal plants: Ehinacea purpurea, E. Angustifolia, Hypericum perforatum, H. barbatum, Plantago major, Saponaria officinalis, Digitalis purpurea, Origanum vulgare, Levisticum officinale, Carum carvi, Trigonella foenum greacum, Melisa officinalis, Petroselinum sativum, Apium graveolens, Valeriana officinalis, Rubus fruticosus, Vaccinium myrtillus, Arnica montana, Calendula officinalis, Cichorium intybus, Salix alba and Chamomilla recutita. The presence of phytoplasma was detected using electron microscopy (TEM) in 5 species of medicinal plants in Serbia, and using molecular identification in order to identify phytoplasma in other species. Two types of phytoplasma were identified on more than 20 species of the medicinal plants in Serbia: Stolbur phytoplasma (16SrXII group) and Clover yellow edge (16SrIII-B). There are very few qualitative and quantitative data on the changes in secondary metabolites affected by the phytoplasma and these data should be improved.Lečenje lekovitim biljem staro je koliko i čovečanstvo. Čak i danas, lečenje biljem ima svoju primenu i neprestano se razvija. Lekovite biljke predstavljaju skupoceno blago prirode kao sirovina za lečenje, kao hrana i predmet trgovine. U oblasti proučavanja prirodnih lekovitih sirovina postignuti su, do sada, veoma značajni rezultati, koji su uticali na povećanje interesovanja njihovog korišćenja u proizvodnji lekova. Gotovo da nema oblasti u savremenoj terapiji gde fitofarmaka nema primenu. Fitoterapija u širem smislu reci podrazumeva terapiju svim preparatima na bazi bilja. To mogu biti razni ekstraktivni preparati ili drugi galenski oblici definisanog sastava: kapsule, tablete, masti, sirupi i dr. Zastupljenost vrsta lekovitog bilja u Srbiji čini oko 700 vrsta, što predtavlja preko 19 % od ukupne flore Srbije. Zvanično je registrovano oko 420 vrsta lekovitog bilja, a u prometu se nalazi oko 300 vrsta, od kojih najveći deo raste spontano u prirodi, a manji broj se gaji plantažno. Vrednost proizvodnje lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja procenjuje se na oko sedam miliona, a izvoz na oko četiri miliona dolara. Raznovrsnost, brojnost i sve veći ekonomski značaj lekovitih biljaka, nameće potrebu proučavanja njihovih bolesti, među kojima fitopatogene gljive zauzimaju značajno mesto, a poslednjih desetak godina sve veći značaj preuzimaju fitoplazmoze. Fitoplazme su obligatni intracelularni mikroorganizmi koji nastanjuju floem i to ćelije sitastih cevi različitih biljnih vrsta. U prirodi ih prenose insekti, vektori iz grupe cikada na perzistentan način. Fitoplazme su uglavnom okruglastog, ali promenljivog oblika i veličine (50-1000 nm u prečniku), koja im omogućava prolaz kroz sitaste ploče floema. Vidljive su pod elektronskim mikroskopom. Predstavljaju najsitnije prokariotske mikroorganizme, bez ćelijskog zida, a obavijene su omotačem, po čemu se i razlikuju od bakterija. Sadrže ribozome sa ribonukleinskim kiselinama i dvospiralnu dezoksiribonukleinsku kiselinu. Imaju najmanji genom, koji je poznat, kod prokariotskih organizama (680-1600 kb). Ni jedna fitoplazma nije, do sada, odgajena kao čista kultura na veštačkoj podlozi, pa je zbog toga njihova identifikacija još uvek nesigurna i neprihvaćena. Najviše citiran i široko prihvaćen je sistem na osnovu sličnosti u sekvencama njihovog 16S ribozomalnog gena i bioloških osobina. Fitoplazmoze karakteriše niz patoloških promena, a mogu se ispoljiti kroz četiri tipična tipa simptoma: (1) filodija, (2) žutilo i crvenilo, (3) ozelenjavanje ili virescencija i (4) proliferacije vršnih pupoljaka ili 'veštičine metle'. Na lekovitim vrstama u Srbiji tipični fitoplazmozni simptomi utvrđeni su na: Ehinacea purpurea, E. Angustifolia, Hypericum perforatum, H. barbatum, Plantago major, Saponaria officinalis, Digitalis purpurea, Origanum vulgare, Levisticum officinale, Carum carvi, Trigonella foenum greacum, Melisa officinalis, Petroselinum sativum, Apium graveolens, Valeriana officinalis, Rubus fruticosus, Vaccinium myrtillus, Arnica montana, Calendula officinalis, Cichorium intybus, Salix alba i Chamomilla recutita. Elektronskom mikroskopijom utvrđeno je prisusvo fitoplazmi u 5 vrsta lekovitih biljaka, a u ostalim vrstama primenom tehnika molekularne identifikacije. Dve vrste fitoplazmi su utvrđene na lekovitim biljkama u Srbiji: Stolbur fitoplazma (16SrXII grupa) i Clover yellow edge (16SrIII-B), na više od dvadeset vrsta lekovitih biljaka. Podaci o kvantitativnim i kvalitativnim promenama sekundarnih metabolita fitoplazmoznih lekovitih biljaka su oskudni, pa ih treba podspešiti
Viroze krompira
No full textOver 30 plant viruses are known to cause potatoe diseases in their natural environment. The resulting crop damage can be economically signifi cant. The most widespread viruses are Potato virus Y (PVY), Potato leafroll virus (PLRV), Potato virus X (PVX), Potato virus A (PVA), Potato virus S (PVS) and Potato virus M (PVM). The presence of all these viruses has been confirmed in Serbia, however, the most important and economically damaging is PVY. Potato virus Y isolates from potato can be classified into the following three strain groups: PVYO - common, PVYN - necrotic, PVYC - stipple streak. Also present is a number of recombinant strains, among which PVYNTN - the causal agent of necrotic ringspot disease - is the most cited and economically important in the world, as well as in Serbia. The presence of these viruses manifests itselfas chlorosis, necrosis, colouring, leaf curling and ring necrosis of tubers. Potato virusesspread by using infected planting material or by aphids in a persistent or non-persistent manner. In order to control potato viruses integral measures need to be implemented, such as using virus-free tubers, destruction or avoidance of infection sources, crop rotation, elimination of internal infection sources, application of insecticides or mineral oils and a premature removal of vegetation.Krompir je domaćin više od 30 virusa, čije se prisustvo u biljkama ispoljava različitim simptomima. Štete koje virusi pričinjavaju krompiru su velike i zavise od vrste, soja virusa i njihove rasprostranjenosti. Ekonomski najštetniji virusi u našoj zemlji su Y virus (PVY) i virus uvijenosti lišča (PLRV). Osim ovih, potvrđeno je prisustvo i drugih, manje značajnih virusa kao što su: S virus (PVS), A virus (PVA), M virus (PVM) i X virus (PVX). Rezultati dosadašnjih istraživanja pokazuju da je u Srbiji najrašireniji i ekonomski najštetniji PVY odnosno nekrotični soj ovog virusa. U okviru ove vrste virusa opisane su tri soja: obični soj Y virusa (PVYO), nekrotični soj Y virusa (PVYN) i C soj (PVYC) i više rekombinantnih sojeva, od kojih je PVYNTN prouzrokovač prstenaste nekroze krtola krompira, najčešće pominjan, najrasprostranjeniji i ekonomski najštetniji u svetu, a i kod nas. Široko prisustvo PVY virusa u našim krompirištima daje opštu sliku simptoma. Tako se najčešći simtomi virusne zaraze ispoljavaju u vidu mozaika, šarenila lišća, crtičaste nekroze nervature lista. Združenom zarazom Y virusom i virusom uvijenosti lišća, simptomi se ispoljavaju uvijanjem liski krompira prema licu lista. Simptomi virusne zaraze se, uglavnom, ne javljaju na krtolama krompira osim simptoma koje prouzrokuje nekrotični soj Y virusa (PVYNTN) na krtolama nekih sorti. Važniji virusi krompira se prenose iz vegetacije u vegetaciju zaraženim sadnim materijalom (krtolama), a u toku vegetacije sa zaraženih na zdrave biljke vektorima, uglavnom biljnim vašima. Mere za suzbijanje viroza krompira zavise od namene proizvodnje krompira: konzumni ili semenski. Za suzbijanje viroza konzumnog krompra treba koristiti bezvirusan ili virusima zaražen sadni materijal u tolerantnim granicama. Suzbijanje viroza u proizvodnji semenskog krompira podrazumeva primenu kompleksa mera: sadnja bezvirusnih krtola, uništavanje ili izbegavanje izvora zaraze, plodored, uništavanje unutrašnjih izvora zaraze, primena insekticida i mineralnih ulja, prevremeni prekid vegetacije
Rilaši roda Ceutorhynchus germ u asocijaciji sa uljanom repicom na severu Srbije
No full textOur research of the genus Ceutorhynchus associated with oilseed rape was conducted in northern parts of Serbia (Stari Žednik, Subotica). A specific assemblage of eight weevil species was found. The most numerous were stem weevils Ceutorhynchus napi with 81% of all trapped specimens, followed by C. pallidactylus with 18%. The remaining six weevil specimens were C. obstrictus, C.erysimi, C. minutus, C. picitarsis, C. sulcicollis and C. typhae, comprising 1% of all trapped insects. Stem weevils C. napi and C. pallidactylus began to immigrate into the oilseed rape fields in autumn, as early as November 10 (BBCH 17-18). The maximum flight was recorded at the beginning of oilseed rape stem elongation (BBCH 22-25) on March 23. A new generation of C. pallidactylus emerged from oilseed rape fields in June (BBCH 76-88), while individual specimens occurred during the autumn. The majority of C. napi emerged in March next year, sporadically until May 7. As a consequence of C. napi dominance insecticide treatment should be performed earlier than usual, i.e. when C. pallidactilus is the primary target.Istraživanje rilaša roda Ceutorhynchus koji se nalaze na uljanoj repici je bilo na severu Srbije. Našli smo specifičan skup od osam vrsta rilaša koji se sastojao od dominantne vrste veliki repičin rilaš, Ceutorhynchus napi, koji je imao učešće od 81% od ukupno sakupljenih jedinki i od subdominantnog rilaša C. pallidactylus sa učešćem od 18%. Preostalih šest vrsta rilaša je sadržao 1% ukupnog broja i to su bile vrste: C. obstrictus, C. erysimi, C. minutus, C. picitarsis, C. sulcicollis i C. typhae. Obe najbrojnije vrste, C. napi and C. pallidactylus, su rilaši stabla uljane repice i počinju da naseljavaju repicu već u jesen, počevši od 10. novembra (BBCH 17-18). Maksimalni let je registrovan 23. marta na početku izduživanja stabla (BBCH 22-25). Nova generacija C. pallidactylus eklodira tokom juna sa polja uljane repice (BBCH 76-88), ali se pojedinačni primerci pojavljuju i tokom jeseni. Većina odraslih C. napi eklodira naredne godine u martu, a sporadično sve do 7. maja. Posledica dominantnosti C. napi je potreba ranije primene insekticida nego kada je C. pallidactillus glavna meta