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Screening for copper and antibiotic resistance in Erwinia amylovora population from Serbia
No full textContinuous use of copper-based treatments and antibiotics in pear and apple protection programs may result in appearance of copper or antibiotic resistant strains of Erwinia amylovora. In order to determine the potential occurrence of copper or/and antibiotic resistance in Serbia we studied in vitro effect of different concentrations of copper sulfate, streptomycin and kasugamycin on development and growth of 40 E. amylovora strains originating from this region. Filter sterilized solution of the bactericides was added to the NA medium after sterilization to a final concentration of 100 and 200 ppm, respectively, followed by spot inoculation of each strain on the medium. None of the strains developed on NA amended with 100 or 200 ppm of streptomycin or kasugamycin. Our study showed that, despite the potential exposure to the antibiotics, E amylovora strains from Serbia did not develop resistance to streptomycin or kasugamycin. On the other hand, all strains had normal growth on NA amended with 100 ppm of copper sulfate indicating certain level of resistance to copper ions. At 200 ppm, 28 strains formed colonies of normal size and appearance, while 12 strains had smaller colonies with reduced growth. This might be due to the extensive and frequent use of copper-based compounds to control fire blight in Serbia
Hlor-dioksid kao dezinficijens za kontrolu Ralstonia solanacearum u vodi, skladištu i opremi
No full textBrown rot or bacterial wilt caused by bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum is the main limiting factor in potato production. Quarantine measures are necessary to avoid spread of disease to disease-free areas. R. solanacearum has been shown to contaminate watercourses from which crop irrigation is then prohibited causing further potential losses in yield and quality. The bacteria also spread via surfaces that diseased seed potatoes come into contact with. This study showed bactericidal activity of chlorine dioxide (CIO2) on R. solanacearum for disinfection of water, surface and equipment. The results showed that CIO2 solution at concentration of 2 ppm at 30 minutes of exposure time had bactericidal effect for disinfection of water. For surface and equipment disinfection, concentration of 50 ppm showed total efficacy at 30 min and 5 sec exposure time, respectively. Results suggest that use of CIO2 as a disinfectant has a potential for control of brown rot pathogen in water, storage and equipment.Mrka trulež ili bakteriozna uvelost krompira prozrokovana bakterijom Ralstonia solanacearum ograničavajući je faktor uspešne proizvodnje krompira. Sprovođenje karantinskih mera zaštite je neophodno kako bi se izbeglo širenje bakterije u regione u kojima bolest nije prisutna. S obzirom da R. solanacearum može kontaminirati vodene tokove i izvore koji služe za navodnjavanje useva, zabrana korišćenja dovodi do dodatnih potencijalnih gubitaka u prinosu i kvalitetu krompira. Bakterija takođe kontaminira površine sa kojima zaraženi semenski krompir dolazi u dodir. U ovom radu prikazana je baktericidna aktivnost hlor-dioksida (CIO2) na bakteriju R. solanacearum u cilju dezinfekcije vode, površine i opreme. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da CIO2 ispoljava baktericidni efekat za dezinfekciju vode u koncentraciji od 2 ppm nakon 30 minuta ekspozicije, za dezinfekciju površine u koncentraciji 50 ppm nakon 30 minuta ekspozicije i za dezinfekciju opreme u koncentraciji 50 ppm nakon 5 sekundi ekspozicije. Rezultati dobijeni u ovom radu ukazuju da CIO2 poseduje potencijal kao dezinficijens za kontrolu prouzrokovača mrke truleži krompira u vodi, skladištu i opremi
Pojava, identifikacija i filogenetska analiza Fusarium proliferatum prouzrokovača truleži semena pasulja (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) u Srbiji
No full textDuring the routine quality control analysis on bean seeds in 2015, Fusarium fungal infection was observed on an average of 17% of the bean seed. The objective of this paper was isolation and identification of Fusarium sp. based on the pathogen's morphological and molecular characteristics. Morphological identification of Fusarium isolates was performed on PDA and CLA. DNA of 14 Fusarium sp. isolates was extracted directly from the mycelium (~ 100 mg wet weight), with a Dneasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Following DNA extraction, the translation elongation factor 1-alpha region was amplified by PCR with the primer pair EF1 and EF2. An amplicon of 700 bp was amplified in all tested isolates. Identification of one isolate was performed by sequencing the translation elongation factor EF-1a gene. Completed morphological and molecular characteristics of isolates, as well as the results of sequencing confirmed that Fusarium proliferatum was the causal agent of bean seed rot.Tokom rutinske kontrole kvaliteta semena pasulja (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) u 2015. godini ustanovljeno je prisustvo Fusarium sp. u visokom procentu, u proseku 17%. Cilj ovog rada bio je izolacija i identifikacija prouzrokovača truleži semena pasulja, na osnovu morfoloških i molekularnih karakteristika patogena. Odgajivačke karakteristike 14 odabranih izolata ocenenjene su na PDA i CLA podlogama. Ekstrakcija DNK 14 odabranih izolata obavljena je direktno iz 100 mg sveže micelije, korišćenjem Dneasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Nemačka). Amplifikacija DNK obavljena je pomoću PCR korišćenjem para prajmera EF1 i EF2. U svim proučavanim izolatima formirani su amplikoni veličine 700 bp. Identifikacija jednog odabranog izolata izvršena je sekvenciranjem translacionog faktora EF-1 a gena. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata ustanovljeno je da je prouzrokovač truleži semena pasulja Fusarium proliferatum
Uticaj hibrida krmnog sirka na prinos zelene krme
No full textForage Sorghum is an annual herbaceous plant of the family grass. It is grown for feeding animals and people, and ranks among the millet grains. I disorders, sorghum is used as hay and to extract the starch, alcohol and glucose. Purpose of our paper is to determine which of the forage sorghum hybrids, among foreign selections, gives the best production results in the specific agroecological conditions on PSS Sremska Mitrovica experimental field and what are the possibilities of its use in our country. Five intraspecies hybrids (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor) and two intraspecies hybrids (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense) were analyzed in this paper. The difference in yield between the H7 hybrid that had the highest yield and H5 runner-hybrid was even 19 t ha-1, which indicates exceptionally high yield potential of H7 hybrid in biomass production. In specific agroecological conditions H7 hybrid gave the 96 t ha-1 of green fodder and 25.2 t ha-1 of dry matter.Po obimu proizvodnje sirak zauzima u svetu peto mesto među najvažnijim žitaricama, posle pšenice, pirinča, kukuruza i ječma. Značaj ove biljne vrste ogleda se u velikom broju mogućnosti njegove upotrebe, počev od ljudske ishrane, ishrane stoke, industijske prerade i proizvodnje energije. U našoj zemlji se malo gaji, površine se kreću u proseku oko 2.200 ha. Sirak će teško postati konkurencija kukuruzu iako su prinosi zelene krme veći nego kod kukuruza, mada nešto manjeg, ali sasvim zadovoljavajućeg kvaliteta. Prinosi zelene mase krmnog sirka kreću se od 40-50 t ha-1, u lošijim proizvodnim godinama, pa do 110-130 t ha-1 u navodnjavanju ili u povoljnim godinama. Cilj našeg rada bio je da ustanovimo koji od hibrida krmnog sirka, iz palete stranih selekcija, daje najbolje proizvodne rezultate u konkretnim agroekološkim uslovima na oglednom polju PSS 'Sremska Mitrovica' i koje su mogućnosti korišćenja njegovog gajenja kod nas. U ovom radu ispitivano je pet intraspecies hibrida (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor) i dva interspecies hibrida (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense). Tokom ispitivanja utvrđeni su: broj biljaka po hektaru, prosečna visina biljaka, prinos zelene krme i prinos suve materije za svaki od hibrida. Prinos suve materije po hektaru značajan je više sa aspekta proizvodnje biogasa, sa kojom stoji u pozitivnoj korelaciji. Prinos zelene krme bio je u korelaciji sa visinom biljaka i bio je veći kod intraspecies hibrida (H7, H5, H3 i H4), dok su najmanje prinose imali interspecies hibridi (H1 i H2). Razlika u prinosu između najprinosnijeg hibrida H7 i drugorangiranog H5 iznosi čak 19 t ha-1, što ukazuje na izuzetno visok potencijal rodnosti hibrida H7 u proizvodnji biomase. Kada je u pitanju visina biljaka, najviši i najrobusniji su hibridi čistog sirka, dok su H1 i H2 nešto niži, jer im je linija oca poreklom sudanska trava, pa su genetski predodređeni za manji porast u visinu. U konkretnim agroekološkim uslovima gajenja, hibrid H7 dao je 96 t ha-1 zelene krme, odnosno 25,2 t ha-1 suve materije
Fenologija crvenoglavog buvača (Psylliodes chrysocephala L.) u uljanoj repici
No full textThe cabbage stem flea beetle (Psylliodeschrysocephala (L.) is an important pest of winter oilseed rape in Serbia. Beetles colonize oilseed rape in early October and are active in the field until first frost and wintertime. In autumn, adults can be seen laying eggs in the soil around plants. Larvae of P. chrysocephala developed intensively on leaf petioles in November, reaching their highest numbers at the end of the month. No infested plants were found in a conventional field, while 14.5% of all dissected leaf petioles were infested on an integrated field. On unprotected plants in an organic field, 76.0% of the plants were infested with larvae at the growth-stage BBCH 18-19, with 31.1% infested leaves on average. As a results, the number of plants was reduced by 51%, i.e. from 43.0/m2 recorded in the autumn to 22.0/m2 in the following spring. A new generation of P. chrysocephala beetles emerged from the soil in the first half of June and rapidly escaped the fields from almost dry plants. Our results showed that a part of the population stayed in aestivation and emerged in the following crop during the next season. On the following 5 March, 0.5 beetles/m2 were found in emergence cages in the organic field, while 0.81 beetles/m2 were found in the former trap crop.Crvenoglavi buvač (Psylliodes chrysocephala (L.) je važna štetočina ozime uljane repice u Srbiji. Naseljava uljanu repicu početkom oktobra i aktivan je u polju sve do pojave mraza i zime. Tokom jeseni adulti se mogu videti kako polažu jaja u zemljište u blizini biljaka. Larve P. chrysocephala se tokom novembra intenzivno razvijaju u lisnim peteljkama i najviše ih ima krajem ovog meseca. Na netretiranim biljkama disekcijom je utvrdjeno 76.0 % napadnutih biljaka sa u proseku 31.1 % napadnutih listova u razvojnom stadijumu BBCH 18-19. Rezultat ovolikog napada je bilo smanjenje broja biljaka za 51%, od 43,0/m2 koliko ih je bilo u jesen na 22,0/m2 u proleće naredne godine. Nova generacija adulta P. chrysocephala izleće iz zemljišta tokom prve polovine juna i brzo napušta polje sa skoro suvim biljkama uljane repice. Naši rezultati su pokazali da deo populacije ostaje u dijapauzi i eklodira u narednom usevu tokom proleća naredne godine. Mi smo u fotoeklektor kavezima, koji su ostavljeni u polju i tokom naredne godine, 5. marta 2012. u organskom polju registrovali 0.5 imaga/m2, dok je u lovnom pojasu zabeleženo 0.81 imaga/m2
Visina prosečnog prinosa ZPSC 341 u zavisnosti od procenta učešća fertilnih i sterilnih biljaka
No full textThe aim of the study was to determine the changes in grain yields in relation to the sterile to fertile plants ratio. Total of 21 mixtures of 0, 5, 10 up to 100 % of fertile plants mixed with the sterile variant of the hybrid ZPSC 341 was made. Because of reliability of the experiment the original fertile hybrid ZPSC 341 was used as a check three times. Effects of fertile, i.e. sterile cytoplasm of the observed hybrid on yield and yield variations were studied. The extent of dependence of the percentage of fertile plants on yield was determined. Furthermore, the sterile to fertile hybrid variant ratio resulting in the highest yield was established. The analysis of results indicate that the highest average yield (13.273 t ha-1) was obtained with 90 % fertility, while the lowest average yield (11.510 t ha-1) was gained with 10 % fertility.U radu su prikazani rezultati ogleda ZPSC 341 hibrida proizvedenog u 2015 godini. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se izvođenjem ogleda na određenoj lokaciji i primenom statističke analize, odredi optimalan odnos muški sterilne (cms-S osnova) i muški fertilne komponente komercijalnog hibrida ZPSC 341, kako bi se u komercijalnoj proizvodnji postigao maksimalan prinos. Ogled je postavljen na lokaciji Bijeljina u tri ponavljanja po slučajnom blok sistemu. Napravljena je 21 smeša sa po 0, 5, 10 do 100% fertilnih biljaka pomešanih sa sterilnom varijantom hibrida ZPSC 341. Kao kontrola, radi pouzdanosti eksperimenta u ogled je uključen orginalni fertilni hibrid ZPSC 341 kao standard tri puta (ZPSC 341 iz ručne oplodnje, ZPSC 341 F1 i ZPSC 341 iz recipročnog ukrštanja). Posmatran je prinos, variranje prinosa i uticaj na prinos učešća fertilne odnosno sterilne citoplazme ispitivanog hibrida. Statistička obrada podataka obuhvatila je analizu varijanse po slučajnom blok sistemu, regresionu i korelacionu analizu prinosa zrna i procenta fertilnih biljaka u hibridu ZPSC 341, kako bi se utvrdile promene prosečnog prinosa zrna u odnosu na procenat učešća sterilnih i fertilnih biljaka. Utvrđeno je u kojoj meri postoji zavisnost procenta fertilnosti na prinos odnosno koji odnos sterilne i fertilne varijante hibrida je ostvario najveći prinos. Analiza rezultata je pokazala da je najveći prosečan prinos bio sa 90% fertilnosri (13,273 t ha-1) za razliku od hibrida sa 10% fertilnosti koji je imao najmanji prosečan prinos (11,510 t ha-1)
Epidemiology of 'candidatus phytoplasma solani' associated with potato stolbur disease in Serbia
No full textComparative analysis of phenolic profiles of ovipositional fluid of Rhinusa pilosa (Mecinini, Curculionidae) and its host plant Linaria vulgaris (Plantaginaceae)
No full textRhinusa pilosa (Gyllenhal) is a highly specific weevil that induces stem galls on the common toadflax Linaria vulgaris Mill. females oviposit the eggs near the apex of a growing shoot. The act of oviposition is accompanied by secretion of an ovipositional fluid, which is considered to be cecidogen, directly involved in gall induction. The remains of cecidogenic fluid were collected from the surface of the oviposition point on the stem. We performed a comparative analysis of the phenolics extracted from cecidogen, the stem and galls of L. vulgaris and adult and larva of R. pilosa by HPLC-DAD. One compound with A (max) at 273, 332 nm (R (t) 30.65 min) was exclusively found in the methanol extract of cecidogen. To further characterize the cecidogen and stem phenolic profiles, we used UHPLC coupled with an OrbiTrap mass analyzer. Among 49 phenolic compounds extracted from both the ovipositional fluid and the plant, protocatechuic acid and two phenolic glycosides were exclusively found in cecidogen: diosmetin-O-acetylrutinoside and an unidentified compound. The unknown compound produced an MS2 base peak at 387 and 327 and 267 m/z base peaks at MS3 and MS4 fragmentation, respectively, and had the molecular formula C32H31O18. The plausible role of phenolic compounds in the induction of gall formation on L. vulgaris is discussed
Characterization of Xanthomonas hortorum pv. pelargonii Isolated from Geranium in Serbia
No full textGeranium leaves and stems with symptoms of bacterial blight were collected from commercial greenhouses during the last decade in Serbia. In total, 17 isolates with colony morphology typical for the genus Xanthomonas were characterized with pathogenicity, biochemical, serological, and molecular assays. All 17 isolates reacted positive in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using XcpM1 and XcpM2 primers specific for Xanthomonas hortorum pv. pelargonii. In pathogenicity tests on Pelargonium zonale (leaf and stem inoculation), all isolates caused typical symptoms on leaves starting 2 days after inoculation as sunken, water-soaked, irregular lesions, and 6 to 8 days after inoculation on stems as necrotic lesions also showing yellow exudate. Symptoms resulted in general wilting of inoculated plants 20 days after inoculation. Selected phenotypic tests indicated that all isolates showed the same results as described for the bacterium X. hortorum pv. pelargonii. Repetitive sequence-based PCR typing using BOX and ERIC revealed that all isolates showed two fingerprinting profiles but (GTG)(5) and REP did not reveal differences. Multilocus sequence typing of partial sequences of rpoD, dnaK, fyuA, and gyrB genes of tested isolates and sequences obtained from GenBank of Xanthomonas pathovar pathotype strains did not reveal genetic variability among the isolates, showing the same gene sequence pattern
Variability of Dutch potato varieties under various agroecological conditions in Serbia
No full textThe study presents results of a three-year experiment of variability of different Dutch potato varieties in Serbia: Adora and Cleopatra (early), Innovator and Frisia (medium-early) and Desiree and Kondor (medium-late). The research was conducted during 2008, 2009 and 2010, in three different soil and climatic locations: Zemun (100 m a.s.l.), Srbobran (86 m a.s.l.) and Guca (370 m a.s.l.). The four-repplicate field trials were set up using standard methodology according to the random block desing. The analysis of variance suggest that number of tubers per plant, number of market tubers per plant and total tuber yield were significantly fluctuating depending on genotype (G), year (Y) and the location (L). In addition to individual influences of different factors, their interactions were also pronounced (G x Y, G x L, Y x L, G x Y x L). In the three-year period average, the highest total yield was recorded in Zemun (35.80 t ha. 1), followed by Guca (29.32 t ha.(-1)), while the lowest average yield recorded was in Srbobran (27.38 t ha.(-1)). The highest average yield of tubers in the three-year period was recorded in the Cleopatra variety, followed by Adora variety, while the lowest average yield was recorded in the variety Frisia. Obtained results show that the highest yields over observed locations were recorded in early varieties that formed medium number of tubers per plant (Cleopatra and Adora) and medium late varieties (Desiree and Kondor) that expressed good resistance to high air temperatures and stress caused by drought