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Influence of pre-sowing he-ne and semiconductor laser stimulation on sainfoin seeds germination four and eight months post-harvest
No full textSainfoin seeds were irradiated by four different lasers (He-Ne laser, three semiconductor lasers of wavelengths 670 nm, 890 nm and of wavelength range 630-680 nm). Each group of seed was irradiated only once, using different exposure times: 1-, 2-, 3- and 4- minutes. The same procedure was applied before autumn (four months post-harvest) and spring sowing (eight months post-harvest). Laser bio-stimulation showed that the optimal operation of the laser was at 890 nm using 3- minutes exposure time in both sowing periods. Slightly weaker, but also significant (p gt = 0.01) impact on improving germination was in case of laser of 890 nm using 2- and 4- minutes of exposure time, and 630-680 nm laser using 4- minutes exposure time in both sowing periods. In the spring sowing, only laser of 632.8 nm using 3- minutes exposure time and laser of 670 nm laser between 2- and 4- minutes exposure time had significant improvement of seed germination. In the autumn sowing, He-Ne lasers (632.8 nm) using 4-minutes exposure time, semiconductor lasers of 670 nm laser using 3- minutes exposure time, and 630-680 nm laser using 3-minutes exposure time, also significantly (p gt = 0.01) increased seed germination compared to control
Prouzrokovači bakteriozne uvelosti paradajza i žute uvelosti (Stolbur) paprike i paradajza
No full textBacterial diseases are very common in tomato and pepper crops, especially under favourable weather conditions. One of the economically most important pathogens that affect tomato production worldwide is Ralstonia solanacearum, causal agent of bacterial wilt of tomato. The pathogen survives in soil and water. It colonizes xylem, clogs the vascular tissue preventing water movement throughout the stem, causing colapse of the infected plants. In addition, wilting of tomato and pepper can be caused by Candidatus Phytoplasma solani (Stolbur Phytoplasma). Main sources of infection with this pathogen are wild plants from where it is further transmitted by feeding of leafhopper vectors. The aim of this paper is to point to distribution and economic importance of those diseases, as well as characteristics of the pathogens. Information about symptoms and epidemiology of the disease are important for an accurate disease diagnosis and pathogen identification, which contributes to the timely and successful protection strategy.Oboljenja bakteriozne prirode veoma su česta u usevima paradajza i paprike, posebno kada vremenski uslovi pogoduju nastanku i širenju infekcije. Među ekonomski najznačajnijim bakterijama koje ugrožavaju proizvodnju paradajza u svetu, izdvaja se prouzrokovač bakteriozne uvelosti paradajza Ralstonia solanacearum. Patogen se dugo održava u zemljištu i vodi. Naseljava ksilem biljaka onemogućavajući protok vode, usled čega dolazi do pojave uvelosti. Osim ovog patogena, simptome uvelosti paradajza i paprike može takođe prouzrokovati Candidatus Phytoplasma solani (Stolbur fitoplazma). Ovo oboljenje prenosi se cikadama, dok su glavni izvori infekcije korovske biljke. Cilj ovog rada je da se prikaže rasprostranjenost i ekonomski značaj navedenih oboljenja paradajza i paprike, kao i osnovne karakteristike njihovih prouzrokovača. Poznavanje simptomatologije i epidemiologije oboljenja je od posebnog značaja za pravilnu dijagnozu oboljenja i identifikaciju patogena, što doprinosi pravovremenoj i uspešnoj zaštiti
Rasprostranjenost i značaj prouzrokovača bakteriozne pegavosti lista i krastavosti plodova paprike i paradajza
No full textBacterial spot of pepper and tomato regularly causes losses in production in Serbia. According to the new systematization, four Xanthomonas species have been reported as causal agents of leaf spots of pepper and tomato: X. euvesicatoria, X. vesicatoria, X. perforans and X. gardneri. Due to wide distribution and great damage at the global level, X. euvesicatoria is considered one of the most significant parasitic bacteria of pepper. Causal agent of the bacterial spot on tomato in Serbia is X. vesicatoria. Occurrence of of both species is observed every year under Serbian agroecological conditions, mainly due to the cultivation of susceptible assortment and conditions which are suitable for disease development. The disease is seed transmitted and it can cause defoliation and crop degradation if conditions suitable for its development occur. Bacterial spot of pepper and tomato cannot be combatted easily and application of several cultivation practices including conventional or microbial preparations - biopesticides is therefore required. The existence of natural antagonists (bacteriophage) isolated from soil has been confirmed, which could be used for biological control of pepper bacterial spot. In the absence of effective preventive measures, the solution should be sought within an integrated approach - the synthesis of knowledge about the biology and epidemiology of the pathogen, crop production technology, as well as bactericidal effect of some natural agents.Prema najnovijoj sistematici kao prouzrokovači bakteriozne pegavosti paprike i paradajza navode se četiri vrste roda Xanthomonas: X. euvesicatoria, X. vesicatoria, X. perforans i X. gardneri. Prema rasprostranjenosti i štetama koje nanosi, prouzrokovač bakteriozne pegavosti lišća i krastavosti plodova X. euvesicatoria spada u najznačajnije bakterije parazite paprike u svetu, dok se u agroekološkim uslovima Srbije, usled gajenja osetljivog sortimenta i povoljnih uslova za razvoj bolesti, pojavljuje svake godine u većem ili manjem intenzitetu. Kao prouzrokovač ovog oboljenja na paradajzu navodi se X. vesicatoria. Bakterije se prenose semenom i u povoljnim uslovima za razvoj bolesti, mogu prouzrokovati plamenjaču, potpunu defolijaciju i izumiranje biljaka. U zaštiti od bakteriozne pegavosti paprike i paradajza potrebno je preduzeti niz mera koje podrazumevaju korišćenje konvencionalnih, ali i bioloških preparata. Utvrđeno je postojanje prirodnih antagonista (bakteriofaga) izolovanih iz zemljišta koji se mogu koristiti u biološkoj borbi. U nedostatku efikasnih mera, rešenje treba tražiti u integralnom pristupu, odnosno sintezi saznanja o biologiji i epidemiologiji patogena, tehnologiji biljne proizvodnje, kao i baktericidnom efektu pojedinih prirodnih agenasa
Phenetic and phylogenetic relationships among Aceria spp. (Acari: Eriophyoidea) inhabiting species within the family Brassicaceae in Serbia
No full textWe examined morphological and genetic differences among Aceria spp. inhabiting six Brassicaceae species in Serbia. Five of them have been already mentioned in the literature as original or alternate hosts of Aceria spp. (Berteroa incana (L.) DC., Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., Cardamine hirsuta L., Lepidium draba L. and Sisymbrium orientale L.), whereas Aurinia petraea (Ard.) Schur was registered here for the first time as a host for Aceria sp. Results of morphometric analyses indicated clear differentiation of Aceria spp. from B. incana, L. draba, A. petraea and S. orientale, whereas the other two entities were less diverse and clustered together. Molecular analyses indicated that the average mean divergence over all sequence pairs was 18.3% (11.8-25.9%) and disclosed that the observed mtCOI distances between the six host-associated Aceria entities are large enough to represent differences between species. The Aceria sp. hosted by B. incana was morphologically and genetically most distinctive, whereas discrepancy between phenetic and phylogenetic relationships was found in the position of Aceria sp. hosted by L. draba when compared with those inhabiting C. hirsuta, S. orientale and C. bursa-pastoris
Prisustvo i rasprostranjenost virusa žute prugavosti praziluka u usevima različitih vrsta lukova u Srbiji
No full textLeek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) is one of the most frequent and important viruses in leek and garlic crops worldwide. In Serbia this virus is found both in leek and garlic, and often at high percentages. During two consecutive years, 2012 and 2013, a total 92 samples were collected from 11 inspected leek-, garlic- and onion-growing locations and they were analyzed for the presence of LYSV using DAS-ELISA. LYSV was detected in 31.5% of the tested samples. In 2012, the presence of LYSV was only detected in leek plants, and in 55.6% of the tested samples. During 2013, LYSV was detected in 85% of leek and 58.3% of garlic samples. In total, LYSV was detected in 56.4% of leek samples and 17.1% garlic samples. LYSV incidence was confirmed using RT-PCR with LYSV specific primers amplifying 1020 bp fragment representing coat protein and part of nuclear inclusion B genes. Molecular identification was confirmed by sequencing of two selected isolates, 181-13 (MG242625) from garlic and 298-13 (MG242624) from leek, and comparing them to the GenBank sequences of LYSV. Phylogenetic analysis of 55 sequences of LYSV from all over the world showed some correlation between host plant and geographical origin of the isolates, forming five separate clades. Two Serbian LYSV isolates fell into distant clades. The Serbian leek isolate 298-13 of LYSV belongs to clade B, while isolate 181-13 originating from garlic belongs in clade E.Virus žute prugavosti praziluka (Leek yellow stripe virus, LYSV) je jedan od najčešćih i najznačajnijih virusa na praziluku i belom luku. U Srbiji je virus detektovan na obe kulture, i praziluku i belom luku, a često se javlja u visokim procentima. Tokom dve uzastopne godine (2013. i 2014.) pregledano je 11 lokaliteta gajenja praziluka, belog i crnog luka i sakupljena su 92 uzorka koja su DAS-ELISA metodom testirana na prisustvo LYSV. Prisustvo LYSV je dokazano u 31,5% testiranih uzoraka. Tokom 2012., prisustvo LYSV dokazano je samo u praziluku, u 55,6% testiranih uzoraka. Tokom 2013., LYSV je dokazan u 85% uzoraka praziluka i 58,3% uzoraka belog luka. Ukupno, prisustvo LYSV je dokazano u 56,4% uzoraka praziluka i 17,1% uzoraka belog luka. Prisustvo LYSV u testiranim uzorcima potvrđeno je primenom RT-PCR metode i specifičnih prajmera za LYSV koji umnožavaju fragment od 1020 bp koji obuhvata gen za proteinski omotač i deo gena za nuklearne inkluzije B. Molekularna identifikacija LYSV obavljena je sekvenciranjem dva odabrana izolata iz belog luka 181-13 (MG242625) i praziluka 298-13 (MG242624) i poređenjem dobijenih sekvenci sa sekvencama LYSV iz GenBank baze podataka. Filogenetske analize 55 sekvenci izolata LYSV iz različitih delova sveta ukazale su na delimičnu korelaciju između biljke domaćina i geografskog porekla izolata, formiranjem pet odvojenih grupa izolata u stablu. Dva izolata iz Srbije grupisala su se u udaljene grupe. Izolat iz Srbije iz praziluka 298-13 grupisao se u grupu B, dok se izolat iz belog luka 181-13 grupisao u grupu E
Divergent evolution of life span associated with mitochondrial DNA evolution
No full textMitochondria play a key role in ageing. The pursuit of genes that regulate variation in life span and ageing have shown that several nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes are important. However, the role of mitochondrial encoded genes (mtDNA) is more controversial and our appreciation of the role of mtDNA for the evolution of life span is limited. We use replicated lines of seed beetles that have been artificially selected for long or short life for gt 190 generations, now showing dramatic phenotypic differences, to test for a possible role of mtDNA in the divergent evolution of ageing and life span. We show that these divergent selection regimes led to the evolution of significantly different mtDNA haplotype frequencies. Selection for a long life and late reproduction generated positive selection for one specific haplotype, which was fixed in most such lines. In contrast, selection for reproduction early in life led to both positive selection as well as negative frequency-dependent selection on two different haplotypes, which were both present in all such lines. Our findings suggest that the evolution of life span was in part mediated by mtDNA, providing support for the emerging general tenet that adaptive evolution of life-history syndromes may involve mtDNA
Uticaj procesnih parametara na transesterifikaciju kukuruznog ulja na bazno promovisanoj γ - alumini kao heterogenom katalizatoru
No full textDue to the frequent use of fossil fuels, which has negative effects on the environment, there is a need to find a new, environmentally acceptable replacements for fossil fuels. One of the possible replacement is the inclusion of green technologies, in order to obtain the type of fuel that would be acceptable from an environmental and economic point of view. Biodiesel represents renewable and less toxic substituent for fossil fuels, which consists of esters of higher fatty acids and depending on the environmental conditions, can be manufactured from various types of oils, both plant and animal origin. Since corn is one of the most cultivated plants in Serbia, the research included the transesterification reaction of corn oil on a heterogeneous catalyst. The paper examined the activity of heterogeneous base catalyst (CaO/γ-Al2O3) and the influence of various parameters on the conversion of corn oil. From the optimization of process parameters, it was found that the optimal conditions for transesterification of corn oil to 25% CaO/γ-Al2O3: molar ratio of methanol to oil 1:12; stirring speed 900rpm; reflux temperature of the methanol; reaction time of 6 hours; the amount of catalyst in the reaction of 5wt.%.Zbog sve učestalijeg korišćenja fosilnih goriva, koja imaju nepoželjne efekte na životnu sredinu, postoji potreba za pronalaženjem nove, ekološki prihvatljive zamene za fosilna goriva. Jednu od mogućih zamena predstavlja uključivanje zelenih tehnologija radi dobijanja vrste goriva koje bi bilo prihvatljivo sa ekološkog i ekonomskog aspekta. Bidizel predstavlja obnovljiv i manje toksičan substituent za fosilna goriva, koji se sastoji od estara viših masnih kiselina i u zavisnosti od podnevlja, može se proizvoditi od različitih vrsta ulja, kako biljnog, tako i životinjskog porekla. Obzirom da je kukuruz jedna od najviše gajenih vrsta biljaka u Srbiji, istraživanja su obuhvatila reakciju transesterifikacije kukuruznog ulja na heterogenom katalizatoru. U radu je ispitivana aktivnost heterogenog baznog katalizatora (CaO/γ-Al2O3) kao i uticaj različitih parametara na konverziju kukuruznog ulja. Optimizacijom procesnih parametara je ustanovljeno da su optimalni uslovi za transesterifikaciju kukuruznog ulja na 25% CaO/γ-Al2O3: Molarni odnos metanola prema ulju 1:12; brzina mešanja 900rpm; temperatura reakcije refluks metanola; vreme reakcije 6 sati; količina katalizatora u reakciji 5%
Riparijalne oblasti kao koridori invazije Xanthium strumarium u Srbiji
No full textXanthium strumarium L., also known as common cocklebur, is a potentially invasive weed species in Serbia. It is one of the most competitive weeds, strongly affecting the yield of some crops, such as maize, soybean, sunflower, sugar beet, etc. Since watercourses act as important transportation routes for the long-distance dispersal of weeds and the fruit of X. strumarium is easily dispersed by water, our aim was to analyse the degree of X. strumarium invasion in riparian areas of Serbia and examine the role of rivers and canals as its potential invasion corridors. The field research was carried out during the summer months of 2013,2014, and 2015, along the course of 35 rivers and five major canals of the Danube- Tisa-Danube Hydrosystem (HSDTD) in Serbia. Fieldwork was conducted along 100 m long transects of 500 m long river stretches (chosen following the RHS methodology), where the invasive alien weed species presence and abundance were recorded. Over the period of three years, the presence of X. strumarium was recorded along the course of 33 rivers (94.25%), while it was documented along 66.85% of the total number of river stretches. However, along the canals, it was recorded in only 12% of the localities. The data on the distribution ofX. strumarium expand the existing knowledge on the distribution of this economically harmful weed species in our country, while at the same time highlighting riparian areas of rivers as potentially important corridors of its spread.Xanthium strumarium L. u narodu poznat kao obična ili zelena boca, je potencijalno invazivna korovska vrsta na području Srbije. Jedna je od najkompetitivnijih korovskih vrsta, koja jako utiče na prinos nekih kultura, kao što su kukuruz, soja, suncokret, repa, itd. Imajući u vidu činjenicu da vodotokovi predstavljaju značajne transportne puteve za disperziju korovskih vrsta na veće razdaljine, naš cilj je bio da analiziramo stepen invazije X. strumarium u riparijalnim područjima Srbije i ispitamo kakva je uloga reka i kanala kao njegovih potencijalnih koridora invazije. Terenska istraživanja obavljena su u periodu letnjih meseci 2013, 2014. i 2015. godine, duž toka 35 reka i pet glavnih kanala hidrosistema Dunav-Tisa-Dunav u Srbiji. Istraživanja su vršena na 100m dugim transektima u okviru 500 m dugih deonica rečnog toka (odabranih u skladu sa RHS metodologijom), gde su beleženi prisustvo i pokrovnost stranih invazivnih biljnih vrsta. Tokom trogodišnjeg perioda istraživanja, prisustvo X. strumarium zabeleženo je duž toka 33 reke (94,25%), a duž 66,85% od ukupnog broja rečnih deonica. Međutim, duž toka kanala, ova potencijalno invazivna vrsta registrovana je na samo 12% lokaliteta. Podaci o rasprostranjenju vrste X. strumarium proširuju postojeće znanje o rasprostranjenju ove ekonomski značajne korovske vrste u našoj zemlji, dok u isto vreme ističu riparijalne oblasti reka kao potencijalno značajne koridore njenog širenja
Genetic differentiation of Liparus glabrirostris (Curculionidae: Molytinae) populations from the fragmented habitats of the Alps and Carpathian Mountains
No full textPopulations of Liparus glabrirostris (Curculionidae: Molytinae), a weevil inhabiting higher altitudes of Central Europe, were sampled from 24 localities in the Alps and Carpathian Mountains, and the geographical structuring of genetic variation was analyzed. Comparison of the concatenated mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and subunit II sequences revealed consistent genetic divergence between the populations of L. glabrirostris from different mountain ranges. In phylogenetic analysis using maximum parsimony and median-joining networks, concatenated mitochondrial haplotypes from the Alps and Carpathians clustered as separate lineages, with high bootstrap support. Substantial genetic distances determined between the separated groups ranged from 2.6 to 3.0%, with divergence estimated to have initiated approximately 0.85-0.98 million years ago. The nuclear elongation factor 1 alpha gene was additionally amplified and haplotype analysis showed very low evolutionary divergence (0.2%), with separate clustering as well. The observed divergence suggests that the populations have been isolated for a long time, as a consequence of environmental changes resulting in varying fragmentation of habitats in the Alps and Carpathians, interrupting genetic exchange events and altering the genetic structure of L. glabrirostris populations. On the other hand, comparison of morphological characteristics showed no differences to confirm genetically well differentiated groups of populations. A polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism-based method was therefore developed to discriminate between the Alpine and Carpathian lineages
Dictyophara europaea (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Dictyopharidae): description of immatures, biology and host plant associations
No full textThe European lantern fly Dictyophara europaea (Linnaeus, 1767), is a polyphagous dictyopharid planthopper of Auchenorrhyncha commonly found throughout the Palaearctic. Despite abundant data on its distribution range and reports on its role in the epidemiology of plant-pathogenic phytoplasmas (Flavescence dore, FD-C), literature regarding the biology and host plants of this species is scarce. Therefore, the aims of our study were to investigate the seasonal occurrence, host plant associations, oviposition behaviour and immature stages of this widespread planthopper of economic importance. We performed a 3-year field study to observe the spatiotemporal distribution and feeding sources of D. europaea. The insects's reproductive strategy, nymphal molting and behaviour were observed under semi-field cage conditions. Measurement of the nymphal vertex length was used to determine the number of instars, and the combination of these data with body length, number of pronotal rows of sensory pits and body colour pattern enabled the discrimination of each instar. We provide data showing that D. europaea has five instars with one generation per year and that it overwinters in the egg stage. Furthermore, our study confirmed highly polyphagous feeding nature of D. europaea, for all instars and adults, as well as adult horizontal movement during the vegetation growing season to the temporarily preferred feeding plants where they aggregate during dry season. We found D. europaea adult aggregation in late summer on Clematis vitalba L. (Ranunculaceae), a reservoir plant of FD-C phytoplasma strain; however, this appears to be a consequence of forced migration due to drying of herbaceous vegetation rather than to a high preference of C. vitalba as a feeding plant. Detailed oviposition behaviour and a summary of the key discriminatory characteristics of the five instars are provided. Emphasis is placed on the economic importance of D. europaea because of its involvement in epidemiological cycles of phytoplasma-induced plant diseases