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Antifungalana aktivnost biljnih etarskih ulja i odabranih sojeva Pseudomonas spp. na Phomopsis theicola
No full textDevelopment of natural plant protection products as an alternative to synthetic fungicides is of significant importance regarding the environment. This study was carried out with an objective to investigate in vitro antifungal activities of several essential oils extracted from oregano, basil, myrtle and Turkish pickling herb, and the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in the genus Pseudomonas, against the phytopathogenic fungus Phomopsis theicola. Microdilution methods were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of selected antimicrobial essential oils (EOs). All EOs exhibited significant levels of antifungal activity against the tested fungal isolates. The oregano EO was found the most potent one (MIC - 5.5 µg/mL), followed by basil (MIC - 75.0µg/mL), myrtle (MIC - 775 µg/mL) and Turkish pickling herb (MIC - 7750 µg/mL). Inhibition of Ph. theicola mycelial growth was observed for all tested Pseudomonas spp. strains. K113 and L1 strains were highly effective and achieved more than 60% of fungal growth inhibition using the overnight culture and more than 57% inhibition by applying cell-free supernatants of both strains. A future field trial with K113 and L1 cultures and cell-free supernatants, containing extracellular metabolites toward Ph. theicola, will estimate their effectiveness and applicability as an alternative to chemical protection of apple trees.U novije vreme intezivno se radi na razvoju bioloških sredstava za zaštitu bilja, koja bi se uvodila kao zamena za sintetičke fungicide. U ovom radu ispitivan je in vitro antifungalni uticaj nekih etarskih ulja (EU) i odabranih rizobakterija koje stimulišu rast biljaka iz roda Pseudomonas na fitopatogenu gljivu Phomopsis theicola. Minimalne inhibitorne koncentracije (MIC) etarskih ulja su određene mikrodilucionom metodom. Sva primenjena EU su ispoljila značajni antifungalni efekat na ispitivani izolat gljive. EU origana je ispoljilo najnižu MIC od 5.5±0.51 µg/mL, zatim ulje bosiljka od 75.0±5.7 µg/mL, mirte 775±45.0 µg/mL i turske kisele biljke od 7750±4.5 µg/mL. Proučavan je stepen inhibicije porasta micelije Ph. theicola primenom različitih sojeva Pseudomonas spp. sojevi K113 i L1 su ispoljili visoku efikasnost inhibicije od preko 60% primenom dvadesetčetvoročasovnih kultura i preko 57% primenom filtrata supernatanta. U narednim ogledima u polju primenom kulture i supernatanta K113 i L1, koji sadrže ekstracelularne metabolite, proceniće se njihova efikasnost i mogućnost korišćenja kao alternative hemijskim sredstvima u zaštiti jabuke od Ph. theicola
Levels of macro and trace elements in vegetable crops as influenced by metallurgical slag addition to marginal soil
No full textThrough the vegetative experiments performed in semi-controlled conditions the influence of calcium containing metallurgical slag, a by-product from the Steel factory, as well as the effects of selected commercial lime materials and fertilizers, on macro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd) content in common spinach, cabbage and radicchio grown on Stagnosol (a soil with high acidity), was studied. P was determined by spectrophotometer, K-by flame emission photometry and N-using elemental CNS analyzer Vario EL III. In the determination of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Cd, atomic absorption spectrometry was used. The results of the paper indicate that all lime materials studied, along with the studied metallurgical slag, showed positive effects on the content of main and beneficial biogenic macroelements in aboveground biomass of the tested vegetables. There is a noticeably tendency of a little increase in the content of P in all tested plants and Ca in spinach and cabbage in the treatment with mineral fertilizer, manure and metallurgical slag in relation to the control. Regarding the concentration of trace metals in tested vegetables, there was not found higher accumulation of Fe in tested plants in the treatments where metallurgical slag was applied in spite of its significant content in this liming material. As for Cd, its concentrations were within the safety limits and allowed concentrations in all the treatments, which is a highly desirable outcome
Molecular characterization of Erwinia Amylovora strains originated from pome fruits and indigenous plant in montenegro
No full textIn the period from 2012-2015 plant samples with fireblight symptoms were collected from pome fruits and indigenous plant, in main fruitgrowing regions of Montenegro. After succesfull isolation, pathogenicity of the obtained strains was tested by artificial inoculation of immature pear fruits, variety Viljamovka. Hypersensitive reaction was tested on tobacco leaves, variety White Burley. Identification and genetic diversity studies were performed using several molecular techniques on 18 Erwinia amylovora strains originating from quince, pear, apple and hawthorn. Bacterial identity was confirmed by nested PCR in which all studied strains produced the expected amplification fragment of plasmid pEA29. To detect potential genetic variations in E. amylovora population, rep-PCR was conducted. Using REP, ERIC and BOX primers, in all three PCR reactions, differences between studied strains were detected, i.e. pear strains had different genetic profiles from all other studied strains, including reference strain. Genetic variability of selected E. amylovora strains was studied by RAPD-PCR as well. Both of the used random primers, CUGEA-3 and CUGEA-5, showed discriminatory potential by separating genetic profiles of pear strains from all other studied strains, including reference strain. This is the first study of genetic variability of E. amylovora in Montenegro
Proučavanje osetljivosti komercijalnih i autohtonih sorti jabuke prema najznačajnijim bolestima u Srbiji u uslovima spontane zaraze
No full textThis study presents the results of a multiple-year evaluation (1991-1996; 2005-2007) of susceptibility of more than 100 apple cultivars to Venturia inaequalis, Podosphaera leucotricha and Erwinia amylovora under agroecological conditions existing in Serbia. Some of the most popular cultivars were found highly susceptible to V. inaequalis (Cripps Pink, Mutsu, Gloster 69, Wellspur); while Golden Delicious, Richared, Gala, Čačanska pozna, Čadel and Jonagold were susceptible; Idared, Granny Smith and Jonathan moderately susceptible; Lord Lamburne and London Pepping, as well as several autochthonous cultivars were moderately resistant; and a group of resistant cultivars included Prima, Priscilla, Williams Pride, Dayton, Enterprise, Gold Rush, Golden Orange, many of the Re-cultivars (Germany), as well as Baujade, Selena, Dukát, Produkta, Topaz, some older cvs. (Worcester Pearmain, Merton Worcester, James Grieve, Akane, Astilish, Astrachan Red and Discovery), some Co-op selections (USA) and NS hybrids (Serbia). Regarding powdery mildew, Idared and Jonathan were highly susceptible; Gala, Akane, Jonagold, Priscilla, Mutsu, Čačanska pozna, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Čadel and GoldRush were susceptible; Wellspur, Astrachan Red, Richared, Jonadel, Dayton and several autochthonous cultivars were moderately susceptible; Lord Lamburne, Astlisch, Prima, Champagne Reinette, Discovery and many autochthonous cultivars were moderately resistant; while most Re-cvs. (Germany), several cultivars from the Czech Republic, some selections from the USA and UK and most NS hybrids (Serbia) were resistant. Also, some cultivars showed variable susceptibility depending on location (Williams Pride, Gloster 69, Baujade and Produkta). E. amylovora was observed only in 2007 and at relatively low intensity (up to 12% infection). The highest disease severity was observed on cv. Elstar, then Granny Smith, Idared and Jonagored; while the lowest was found on Red Chief and Hapke apple trees.Ovaj rad prikazuje rezultate višegodišnjeg proučavanja (1991-1996; 2005-2007) osetljivosti više od 100 sorti jabuke prema patogenima Venturia inaequalis, Podosphaera leucotricha i Erwinia amylovora u agroekološkim uslovima Srbije. Neke od dobro poznatih sorti su visoko osetljive prema V. inaequalis (Cripps Pink, Mutsu, Gloster 69, Wellspur); osetljive su Golden Delicious, Richared, Gala, Čačanska pozna, Čadel i Jonagold; umereno osetljive su Idared, Granny Smith i Jonathan; umereno otporne su Lord Lamburne i London Pepping, kao i nekoliko autohtonih sorti; grupa otpornih uključuje sorte Prima, Priscilla, Williams Pride, Dayton, Enterprise, Gold Rush, Golden Orange, mnoge Re-sorte (Nemačka), Baujade, Selena, Dukát, Produkta, Topaz, neke starije sorte (Worcester Pearmain, Merton Worcester, James Grieve, Akane, Astilish, Astrachan Red i Discovery), neke Co-op selekcije (USA) i NS hibridi (Srbija). Prema pepelnici vrlo osetljive su bile sorte Idared i Jonathan; osetljive Gala, Akane, Jonagold, Priscilla, Mutsu, Čačanska pozna, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Čadel i GoldRush; umereno osetljive Wellspur, Astrachan Red, Richared, Jonadel, Dayton i nekoliko autohtonih sorti; umereno otporne su Lord Lamburne, Astlisch, Prima, Champagne Reinette, Discovery i mnoge autohtone sorte; i otporne su Re-sorte, nekoliko sorti iz Češke Republike, neke selekcije poreklom iz USA i UK i većina NS hibrida. Takođe, neke sorte su i varirale u osetljivosti (Williams Pride, Gloster 69, Baujade i Produkta). E. amylovora je beležena samo 2007. godine sa relativno malim intenzitetom bolesti (infekcija do 12%). Najveći intenzitet bolesti je primećen kod sorte Elstar, zatim slede sorte Granny Smith, Idared, Jonagored; a najmanji intenzitet je bio kod sorti Red Chief i Hapke
Molecular and experimental evidence of multi-resistance of Cercospora beticola field populations to MBC, DMI and QoI fungicides
No full textCercospora leaf spot (CLS) caused by Cercospora beticola occurs annually in Serbia causing severe yield losses of sugar beet, which requires intensive use of fungicides. In recent years we have observed unsatisfactory control of CLS originating from northwestern Serbia. Frequency of C. beticola populations resistant to Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI) was 81% (51/63 isolates), 98% (62/63) to sterol-demethylation inbibitors (DMI) and 54% (34/63) to methyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate fungicides (MBC). The genetic basis underlying the resistance was tested by characterizing the cob, CYP51 and -tubulin genes, associated with resistance to QoI, DMI and MBC fungicides, respectively. Isolates that were resistant to QoI fungicides had the G143A mutation in the cob gene. Characterization of the CYP51 gene revealed seven diverse haplotypes; however, no correlation with sensitivity or resistance to DMI fungicides could be identified. Resistance to MBC fungicides was associated with the presence of the E198A mutation in the -tubulin gene of all resistant isolates. From a total of 63 isolates originating from sugar beet fields of northwestern Serbia, 62 isolates showed resistance to multiple modes of action. Three multi-resistant phenotypes were identified: MR1 (N = 29) - resistant to QoI and DMI fungicides (QoI-R and DMI-R) but sensitive to MBC fungicides (MBC-S); MR2 (N = 11, QoI-S, DMI-R and MBC-R); and MR3 (N = 22), resistant to all three groups of fungicides (QoI-R, DMI-R and MBC-R). This is the first report of C. beticola resistance to QoI fungicides in Serbia. This study revealed development of multi-resistance of C. beticola isolates to MBC, DMI and QoI fungicides, which represents the first record of this phenomenon in C. beticola populations
Variability and Correlation of Yield and Forage Quality in Alfalfa Varieties of Different Origin
No full textAlfalfa is the most important forage plant species. There are numerous alfalfa varieties in the world with improved yield potential and forage quality. Many of them have also been created in the region of Southeast Europe, using various breeding techniques. This investigation was carried out in central Serbia and it included 15 alfalfa varieties of different origin (nine from USA and six from Europe). The objective was to determine their yield in each cut and total dry matter yield (TDMY) in the second (A1) and third (A2) year of exploitation, as well as forage quality: the content of mineral matter (MM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), crude fat matter (CFM) and nitrogen-free extract (NFE). Investigated varieties exhibited high total variability in dry matter yield (DMY) (A1: CV= 13.19%; A2: CV= 9.33%). DMY variability was higher with the varieties from USA (A1: CV= 13.65%; A2: CV= 9.92%) than with those from Europe (A1: CV= 6.67%; A2: CV= 8.01%). Varieties from USA also proved more variable in crude protein (CP) content than European varieties (CV= 6.27% and CV= 2.68%, respectively). Differences between the investigated varieties (genotypes) also influenced total variability of forage quality parameters, with total CV ranging from 5.07% for CP to 10.48% for CF. Dry matter yield (DMY) had significant positive correlation with CP (r= 0.344), CF (r= 0.342) and CFM (r= 0.306), and the strongest correlation, although negative, was between CF and NFE (r= -0.917)
Influence of 24-epibrassinolide on seedling growth and distribution of mineral elements in two maize hybrids
No full textIn this study, influence of wide range of 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) on early growth potential of two maize hybrids (ZP 434 and ZP 704) was examined. Paper concerns germination, seedling biomass, important chlorophylls content, and redistribution of elements (heavy metals and microelements), in a seedlings of the maize hybrids, as influenced by different 24-EBL concentrations. It was found that hybrids react differently to exogenously applied hormone. The biggest differences between two examined maize hybrids considering the germination level were reached with the lowest values at 86% for ZP 704 and 72% for ZP 434, gained at the highest applied concentration of 24-EBL. Seedlings of hybrid ZP 434 reacted positively moderately in the case of shoot length and biomass under the influence of 24-EBL, but seedlings of hybrid ZP 704 had lower values of these parameters under the influence of the phytohormone. Chlorophyll a/b ratios showed that photosynthetic apparatus of seedlings of the hybrids is not active in this stage of development. It was established that 24-EBL affects seedling growth and re-allocation of naturally present mineral elements in early growth stages and that could be one of the reason for poorer growth of ZP 704 treated with various concentrations of 24-EBL, comparing to control. When applied in lower concentrations, 24-EBL is blocking toxic elements such as chromium and nickel to relocate to vital parts of plant, what was case in hybrid ZP704. In case of ZP 434, lower concentrations of 24-EBL are affecting re-allocation of Cu and Cr and these findings suggest that maize hybrid seedlings treated with lower concentrations of 24-EBL could survive and be successful in polluted areas
Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) productivity in competitive conditions
No full textVelvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) is an invasive alien species in many countries and one of the major weeds in summer row crops worldwide. Weed-management techniques that reduce weed production need to be investigated to provide new approaches. The first step in this process is the determination of weed productivity in different competitive conditions. Field experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2008 in an experimental field in Padinska Skela to quantify growth and seed production of velvetleaf in maize, as well as in a velvetleaf monoculture. A density of velvetleaf ranging from 1 to 8 plants m-1 was artificially created. In a mixture with maize, velvetleaf was sown in crop rows. The growth of velvetleaf was estimated based on plant height, fresh aboveground biomass and leaf area index (LAI). Velvetleaf fecundity was determined as seed mass plant(-1) and seed mass m(-2). Differences between years in plant production were very prominent. In general, velvetleaf productivity in maize depended on its density. Intraspecific competition had a major influence on growth and seed production when velvetleaf density was from 4 to 8 plants m(-1) in maize rows. This information indicates that environmental conditions and weed density can promote/reduce inter-and intraspecific competition and help in the construction of population dynamics models to predict population density, seed bank and competitiveness of weeds and reduce inputs for weed management
Status korenovih nematoda u Srbiji
No full textRoot-knot nematodes represent a polyphagous group of obligatory parasites characterized by widespread distribution and great adaptability. On the top 10 list of the most harmful species, they are at the first place. They produce gall formation in roots, while the above-ground symptoms are sometimes not visible. Meloidogine spp. cause an estimated annual loss of 157 billion dollars globally. Species identification was previously done only on the basis of morphological and morphometric characters. Today, there are molecular and biochemical methods to identify and describe new species of root-knot nematodes. Current investigations indicate the presence of M. incognita and M. hapla in Serbia but the problem is insufficient knowledge of this group of harmful organisms.Korenove nematode predstavljaju polifagnu grupu obligatnih parazita koje karakteriše široka rasprostranjenost i velika sposobnost adaptacije. Na top listi deset najštetnijih vrsta, nalaze se na prvom mestu. Dovode do stvaranja gala na korenovom sistemu, dok su nadzemni simptomi ponekad teško uočljivi. Procenjeni gubitak prinosa u svetu delovanjem Meloidogyne spp. na godišnjem nivou iznosi oko 157 milijardi dolara. Ranije su vrste identifi kovane i opisivane samo na osnovu morfoloških i morfometrijskih karakteristika. Danas postoje molekularne i biohemijske metode za identifi kaciju postojećih i dokazivanje novih vrsta korenovih nematoda. Sadašnja istraživanja ukazuju na prisustvo korenovih nematoda M. incognita i M. hapla u Srbiji ali problem predstavlja nedovoljno poznavanje ove grupe štetnih organizama