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Proučavanje anatomske građe lista Chenopodium album u funkciji osetljivosti na herbicide
No full textAs the plant matures numerous changes at the morphological, physiological and anatomical level occur, leading to changes in the susceptibility to herbicides. Anatomical characteristics of apical fully developed leaves of Chenopodium album were studied in this paper. From plants at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 leaves stage, fully developed leaves were sampled and used to make permanent slides for light microscopy. The following parameters were measured on permanent microscope slide samples: thickness of the leaf, epidermal adaxial and abaxial, thickness of the mesophyll, palisade and spongy tissue. The obtained results have shown that maturing of the C. album plants can affect the anatomical structure of its fully developed leaves. Hence, it has been confirmed that the tissue thickness in leaves collected from plants in younger stages of development is significantly different from the tissue thickness of corresponding leaves collected from older plants.Sa starenjem biljke najčešće dolazi do promena na morfološkom, fiziološkom i anatomskom nivou, što dovodi do promena u osetljivosti na herbicide. Ova istraživanja obavljena su sa ciljem da se utvrdi da li se sa starenjem biljaka menjaju anatomske karakteristike gornjih fiziološki zrelih listova Chenopodium album. Sa biljaka koje su bile u fazi 2, 4, 6, 8 i 10 listova uzorkovani su listovi u punoj fiziološkoj zrelosti i napravljeni trajni preparati za svetlosnu mikroskopiju, na kojima su mereni: debljina lista, debljina epidermalnih ćelija lica i naličja lista, debljina mezofila, palisadnog i sunđerastog tkiva. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da starenje vrste C. album može uticati na anatomsku građu fiziološki zrelih listova. Potvrđeno je da se debljina tkiva listova uzetih sa mlađih biljaka značajno razlikuje od debljine istih listova uzetih sa starijih biljaka
Antagonistic activity of indigenous pseudomonas eisolates against fusarium species isolated from anise
No full textFusarium species are widely distributed and responsible for several plant diseases in different medicinal plants. Fungi of this genera cause very important economic losses in Serbian plantation. Antibiotic production by plant-associated microorganisms represents an environmentally acceptable method of disease control, esspecialy in cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants. Among the plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB), Pseudomonas have been recognized as the most frequent antagonists of plant fungal pathogens and antibiotic producers. This is probably due to the widely distribution of this diverse group of bacteria in temperate soils and their often predomination among bacteria from plant rhizosphere. In this study, we examined the antifungal activity of eleven indigenous Pseudomonas isolates (PB4, PB5, K38, Q34, PBA12, PD5, C7, C8, Q16P, K29 and K35) against eight phytopathogenic fungi belonging to genus Fusarium (Fusarium tricinctum, F. sambucinum, F. equiseti, F. heterosporum, F. sporotrichioides, F. semitectum, F. verticillioides and F. oxysporum), which had infected anise (Pimpinella anisum L., fam. Apiaceae), using in vitro growth inhibition tests. The obtained results demonstrated that all Pseudomanas isolates showed more or less pronounced antifungal activity, whereby the most pronounced activity was observed for K29 and K35 strains. F. oxysporum and F. verticillioides showed the highest sensitivity to antibiotic-producing Pseudomanas isolates. In general, it has been concluded that studied Pseudomonas isolates have potential in controlling plant diseases caused by Fusarium spp., whereby the bacterial isolates with the highest inhibitory potential will be selected for further experiments
Controlled enzymatic hydrolysis for improved exploitation of the antioxidant potential of wheat gluten
No full textThe aim of the study was to find the optimal operational and process parameters for the enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat gluten in a batch stirred bioreactor regarding both degree of hydrolysis and antioxidant capacity of the obtained hydrolysates. It appeared that impeller geometry and agitation speed influenced the mass transfer resulting in enhanced gluten hydrolysis. The highest initial reaction rate (0.83 0.02 min(-1)) and degree of hydrolysis (30.47%) were achieved with the pitched four-bladed impeller and agitation speed of 350-450 rpm, conditions which provided proper balance between requirements for adequate mass/heat transfer and low shear stress. The impact of other process conditions including gluten concentration, temperature, pH and enzyme gluten (E/S) ratio on the enzymatic reaction was investigated by applying a Box-Behnken experimental design from the viewpoint of the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and antioxidant activity. Three models obtained allowed calculation of the hydrolysis degree, and both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulpfonic acid) radical scavenging activity from a given set of reaction conditions with good predictability. The statistical analysis showed that each variable had a significant effect on degree of hydrolysis and the antioxidant capacity of both tested systems. Hydrolysis up to around DH 15% improved DPPH radical scavenging activity, while excessive hydrolysis worsened it. The ABTS activity of the hydrolysates was not associated with the DPPH activity nor with the DH, revealing that it was not possible to fulfill all desirable quality requirements (maximum degree of hydrolysis and protein yield, maximum DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities) by using the Same reaction conditions. Overall, the study might contribute to approve wheat gluten, a by-product of wheat starch industry, as an accessible and cheap source of bioactive compounds for the development of novel nutraceuticals, cosmetics and drugs
Fitness studies on invasive weedy sunflower populations from Serbia
No full textWeedy sunflower has become a problem worldwide, giving significant yield losses in sunflower and soybean fields even at low densities, decreasing their oil quality and allowing gene flow among crops and weeds. Its evolution differs among countries due to availability of wild forms. The problem is not only weedeness but also herbicide resistance in the Republic of Serbia. Three weedy sunflower populations from Serbia were studied: RWS1 and RWS2, which were presumably ALS herbicide resistant and SWS which is susceptible. Plant height, fresh weight, leaf area, relative chlorophyll content, fecundity and percentage of germination, length and weight of seedlings with and without nicosulfuron application were recorded. The most frequently RWS1 and RWS2 populations were of better ecological fitness than the SWS population under the conditions with and without nicosulfuron application. The number of seed produced was higher in RWS1 without herbicide application and RWS2 with nicosulfuron application. It was concluded that the differences in the level of herbicide-resistance could result in different fitness level of weedy sunflower populations which could promote the invasiveness of these populations in landscape
Varijabilnost osobina semena fertilne i sterilne varijante hibridne kombinacije kukuruza ZP 434
No full textThe introduction of sterile forms of parental inbreds in the production of hybrids maize seed has led to the improvement of production methods and to the facilitation of seed crop control. The aim of the present study was to compare utility values of the F1 generation between seeds produced by the use of standard inbreds and seeds produced from plants with cytoplasmic male sterility inherited maternally. Significant differences were detected in all observed traits compared to the version of the hybrid combination. The share of large seed fractions was higher in the fertile than in the sterile version, while the SR to SF ratio was uniform in the sterile version. The weight of 1000-seed was greater in the sterile form (325.7 g), while the first count and germination were equal amounting to 97.2 %. The first count (95.7 %) and germination (94.5 %) were also high in the fertile version.U proizvodnji hibridnog semena kukuruza najvažniji zadatak je proizvodnja kvalitetnog semenskog materijala. Jedna od mera u toku oplodnje semenskog kukuruza je zakidanje metlica. To je težak i odgovoran posao koji iziskuje puno vremena i angažovanje velikog broja radnika uz kontrolu stručnih lica. Uvođenjem sterilnih formi roditeljskih linija u dobijanju semenske robe hibrida kukuruza unapredila se tehnologija proizvodnje i omogućilo lakšu kontrolu semenskih useva. Cilj rada je da se uporede kvalitativne osobine F1 generacije između semena koje je dobijeno upotrebom standardnih linija i semena čija roditeljska komponenta majke ima osobinu citoplazmatične muške sterilnosti. Poređene su: masa 1000 semena, enerija klijanja, klijavost i frakcioni sastav. Značajne razlike utvrđene su kod svih posmatranih osobina u odnosu na verziju hibridne kombinacije. Fertilna verzija u odnosu na sterilnu imala je veće učešće krupnih frakcija, dok je kod sterilne ujednačen odnos SO i SP. Masa 1000 semena veća je kod sterilne forme 325 7g, kao i energija i klijavost koje su u oba slučaja 97,2%. Fertilna verzija je takođe imala visoke vredenosti energije (95,7%) i klijavosti semena(94,5%). Veću varijabilnost u ispoljavanju kvalitativnih osobina semena ispoljila je fertilna varijanta hibridne kombinacije. Dobijene razlike u ispoljavanju fizičko-mehaničkih osobina u korist sterilne verzije opravdavaju uvođenje u semensku proizvodnju hibrida sa citoplazmatičnom muškom sterilnošću
Bakteriozna oboljenja biljaka familije Cucurbitaceae
No full textCucurbits production has a long tradition in our country. In some parts of the country, cucumber, watermelon and melon are the most important agricultural crops. High yield and good profit are often compromized by various biotic and abiotic factors. In years with favorable weather conditions cucurbit bacterial diseases can cause serious damage. This paper describes major bacterial diseases of cucurbit plants, such as angular leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans, bacterial fruit blotch caused by Acidovorax citrulli, bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris, bacterial wilt caused by Erwinia tracheiphila and cucurbit yellow wine disease caused by Serratia marcescens, relatively new and invasive disease across the United States. In addition, bacterial leaf spot, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, inducing bacterial soft rot, are becoming more important in cucurbit production worldwide.Biljke familije Cucurbitaceae se dugi niz godina gaje širom naše zemlje. U pojedinim krajevima, proizvodnja krastavca, lubenice i dinje predstavlja osnovni izvor prihoda za mnoga poljoprivredna domaćinstva. Visok prinos i ekonomsku dobit često ugrožavaju različiti biotski i abiotski faktori. U godinama sa uslovima povoljnim za nastanak infekcije, bakteriozna oboljenja mogu prouzrokovati velike gubitke. U ovom radu predstavljene su najznačajnije bakterioze biljaka familije Cucurbitaceae kao što su uglasta pegavost lišća krastavca, prouzrokovana bakterijom Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans; bakteriozna mrljavost plodova lubenice, čiji je prouzrokovač Acidovorax citrulli; zatim bakteriozna pegavost koju prouzrokuje Xanthomonas cucurbitae; bakteriozna uvelost krastavca prouzrokovana vrstom Erwinia tracheiphila i žutilo vreža, čiji je prouzrokovač Serratia marcescens. Gubicima u proizvodnji doprinose i prouzrokovači bakteriozne pegavosti, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, kao i bakteriozne vlažne truleži, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum
Characterization of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, Causal Agent of Citrus Blast of Mandarin in Montenegro
No full textCitrus blast caused by bacterium Pseudomonas syringae is a very important disease of citrus occuring in many areas of the world, but with few data about genetic structure of the pathogen involved. Considering the above fact, this study reports genetic characterization of 43 P syringae isolates obtained from plant tissue displaying citrus blast symptoms on mandarin (Citrus reticulata) in Montenegro, using multilocus sequence analysis of gyrB, rpoD, and gapl gene sequences. Gene sequences from a collection of 54 reference pathotype strains of P syringae from the Plant Associated and Environmental Microbes Database (PAMDB) was used to establish a genetic relationship with our isolates obtained from mandarin. Phylogenetic analyses of gyrB, rpoD, and gapl gene sequences showed that P syringae pv. syringae causes citrus blast in mandarin in Montenegro, and belongs to genomospecies 1. Genetic homogeneity of isolates suggested that the Montenegrian population might be clonal which indicates a possible common source of infection. These findings may assist in further epidemiological studies of this pathogen and for determining mandarin breeding strategies for P syringae control
First Report of Botrytis Blight Caused by Botrytis cinerea on Paeonia lactiflora in Serbia
No full textDelovanje insekticida namenjenih suzbijanju Ceutorhynchus napi Gill. u usevu uljane repice na karabide
No full textThe effects of insecticides that are commonly used for conventional and integrated oilseed rape (OSR) management on ground beetles were studied. Monitoring of harmful species showed that only insecticides intended against Ceutorhynchus napi should be applied. There were no differences in beetle numbers and phenology of settling of C. napi in the OSR fields that received different management practices. The type of OSR management has a primary and significant impact on ground beetles abundance. Early in the spring, ground beetles settled more massively on the non-tilled OSR field with abundant weed cover and mulch on soil surface. However, there were no significant differences in species richness between the OSR fields managed differently. A total of 22 species were recorded. Early in the spring, the granivorous ground beetles Amara aenea (47.3%) and Harpalus distinguendus (32.5%) were dominant. When insecticides were applied, immigration of ground beetles began, so that their adverse effect was minimal. In both management systems the number of ground beetles and their diversity increased after spraying. In conclusion, no significant harmful effects of the insecticides on ground beetles were detected in OSR fields managed in two different ways.Ispitivan je efekat insekticida u konvencionalnoj i integralnoj proizvodnji i zaštiti uljane repice. Monitoring štetnih vrsta je pokazao da se insekticidi moraju primeniti samo u suzbijanju Ceutorhynchus napi. Brojnost imaga i fenologija naseljavanja C. napi se nije razlikovala na različitim poljima uljane repice. Pokazalo se da način gajenja uljane repice ima primarni uticaj na brojnost karabida jer su se one u značajno različitom broju naselile na različito gajenim poljima uljane repice. Rano u proleće, karabide su u najvećem broju naselile neorano polje pokriveno korovima i malčom od slame. Međutim, nije bilo značajnih razlika u bogatstvu vrsta koje su naselile ova dva polja uljane repice. Ukupno je registrovano 22 vrste karabida. U rano proleće dominantne su granivorne vrste Amara aenea (47.3%) i Harpalus distinguendus (32.5%). U vreme kada su primenjeni insekticidi, počinjala je imigracija karabida tako da je njihova brojnost bila mala a stoga je i štetni efekat insekticida bio minimalan. Posle prskanja je došlo do porasta broja karabida i njihovog diverziteta na oba polja sa različitim načinom gajenja. Na osnovu toga se može zaključiti da nema značajnog štetnog delovanja insekticida na karabide kada se suzbija C. napi u poljima uljane repice u konvencionalnoj i integralnoj proizvodnji