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Metaphor in Political Speech : An analysis of speeches by Donald Trump and Kamala Harris in the US presidential election 2024
No full textThis study investigates the use of metaphor in the political speeches of Donald Trump and Kamala Harris during the USA presidential election in 2024. The study aims to determine the types of metaphors used as well as identifying factors about the ideologies and world views of the respective candidates revealed by their use of metaphor. It features 10 instances of metaphor per speech collected from twelve political speeches by Donald Trump and Kamala Harris in 2024 during their individual political gatherings, leading to a total of 120 instances of metaphor. The collection of data involves the method of Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) while simultaneously excluding so-called “dead” metaphors. The results suggest that the candidates both use a variety of metaphors to convey their messages, sharing some similarity while also showing differences. The two most common conceptual metaphors found within the data is POLITICS IS WAR and SOCIETY IS A LIVING BEING. Furthermore, it is found that Trump utilises more negative and aggressive metaphors in comparison to Harris, while Harris in part uses more defensive and positive metaphors. Additionally, the metaphors used provide insight into the various rhetorical strategies used by the candidates. The language used also reveals various aspects of the respective ideologies and world views of the candidates. Further research with alternative methods such as asking audience members how they perceive the metaphors would enable verification of the metaphors’ actual effect, which was not possible to assess in the present study
Yazidier i svensk press : En kvantitativ analys av fyra svenska tidningars rapportering om yazidier under perioden 2014–2025
No full textAuthor: Nareen Shammo Title: The Representation of Yazidis in Swedish Press – a quantitative analysis of four Swedish Newspapers’ Coverage of Yazidis, 2014–2025 (Yazidier i svensk press – en kvantitativ analys av fyra svenska tidningars rapportering om yazidier under perioden 2014–2025) Location: Linnaeus University Language: Swedish Number of pages: 43 This thesis examines how Yazidis have been represented in Swedish national morning and evening newspapers during the period 2014–2025. The study is conducted as a quantitative content analysis of 191 editor-produced news articles published in Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet, Aftonbladet and Expressen. The aim is to analyse the extent of the coverage over time, the dominant thematic frames, which actors and voices are granted visibility, and how Yazidi individuals are portrayed in the reporting. The analysis focuses on article focus (primary or secondary focus on Yazidis), thematic framing, sources and interpretative authority, as well as recurring portrayals of Yazidi individuals. The study is limited to editorial news material and excludes opinion pieces, news agency content and audience reception. The analysis is based exclusively on textual content and does not include visual elements. The theoretical framework draws on representation theory, framing theory, and theories of sources and interpretative authority in news journalism. These perspectives are operationalised through clearly defined variables, enabling a systematic and comparable analysis of the media material. The results show that media coverage of Yazidis is heavily concentrated in the years 2014–2015, in direct connection with the Islamic State’s (ISIS) attacks in Sinjar, after which coverage declines sharply. The dominant theme throughout the period is genocide and violence, followed by humanitarian crisis. Yazidi individuals are primarily portrayed as victims, slaves or captives, while representations emphasising agency, survival and long-term recovery occur to a limited extent. The study therefore demonstrates that Swedish news reporting largely reproduces a victim-centred representation of Yazidis, while alternative positionings receive limited attention over time
Ethical stress in social work: Between professional ideals and organizational conditions
No full text Social work within child and family services involves complex ethical challenges. Where social workers must balance professional values, legal requirements and organizational conditions. When social workers experience a discrepancy between what they consider morally right and what is practically possible to do ethical stress may arise. Ethical stress has been linked to negative consequences for individual well-being, professional identity, and the quality of social work. Despite this research on ethical stress within social work remains limited particularly within child and family services in a Swedish context.The aim of this study is to examine how social workers within child and family services experience ethical stress in child welfare investigations. How they cope with ethical stress and how organizational conditions influence their ability to manage ethical challenges. The theoretical framework of this study is based on the demand–, control–, and support model and coping theory. These theories are used to analyze social workers’ experiences of ethical stress in child welfare investigations, and the strategies employees use to manage such stress. Which together provide a framework for understanding both organizational factors and individual strategies. The study is based on qualitative data collected through semi-structured interviews with social workers working in child and family units. The interview material was analyzed using thematic analysis allowing patterns and themes related to ethical stress to be identified and interpreted.The results show that ethical stress is a recurring feature of social workers’ work and is mainly related to organizational and structural conditions rather than individual factors. Ethical stress arises particularly in situations where the principle of the best interests of the child conflicts with legal regulations, limited resources, and high workload. Social workers primarily manage ethical stress through individual and relational strategies such as emotional distancing, professional boundary-setting, self-care, and collegial support. However, these strategies are often experienced as insufficient over time. The study concludes that ethical stress should be understood as an organizational issue, highlighting the importance of supportive leadership, ethical reflection, and improved organizational conditions to promote sustainable social work practice
Structural recovery but compositional shift : Eight decades of forest succession under strict protection
No full textNature reserves are expected to recreate old-growth conditions through passive succession, yet long-term, stand-wide tests are rare. We studied a hemiboreal forest in south-eastern Sweden, which has been protected since 1923. We resurveyed every tree within 10.4 ha. 88 years after the initial 1937 census, to investigate whether protection alone restores structure without eroding compositional diversity. All stems present in 1937 (≥ 8.89 cm diameter at breast height, DBH) were relocated and matched to their 2025 status; all living recruits ≥ 1 cm DBH were mapped. Living stem density declined 22 % to 412 ha-1, yet basal area rose 6 % to 40.7 m2 ha-1 and living volume 12 % to 451 m3 ha-1. Deadwood accumulated to 190 m3 ha-1, and large living trees (≥ 45 cm DBH) increased 20 % to 109 ha-1. Tree species richness increased from five to thirteen, but stand dominance shifted towards shade-tolerant Norway spruce, now 62 % of stems; Scots pine density fell 40 %. Neighbourhood basal area strongly enhanced survival (odds ratio 7.8), especially for pine, whereas wetter microsites reduced survival. Recruitment (6276 stems) was 90 % spruce and concentrated where the 1937 stand had been densest; pine recruitment declined with increasing moisture. In this small reserve embedded in a managed forest landscape, strict protection rebuilt structural capital but shifted composition towards spruce dominance. Natural disturbances (windthrow, beetles) generate canopy gaps that maintain structural heterogeneity, yet outcomes are constrained by reserve size and landscape context rather than representing universal expectations for protected forests
Multi-source Evidence Fusion Based Confidence Assessment Method for SQL Injection Vulnerability Detection : An Application Study in Healthcare Information Systems
No full textHealthcare information systems face severe SQL injection threats, yet automated detection tools like SQLMap and OWASP ZAP produce 30-40% false positive rates and provide only binary "vulnerable/secure" classifications without confidence quantification. This leaves hospital security teams unable to prioritize hundreds of alerts or make riskbased decisions aligned with Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliance requirements. This research develops a multi-source evidence fusion approach that transforms binary tool outputs into continuous confidence scores tailored for medical environments. Applying three heuristic rules: Consistency Reward boosts confidence when tools agree closely, Strong Evidence Boost prevents underestimating obvious vulnerabilities when SQL error keywords appear, and Medical Risk Bonus elevates confidence for high-risk modules like prescription systems. The adaptive confidence thresholds were designed for four medical risk levels (L1-L4), ranging from 0.11 for critical prescription systems to 0.52 for low-risk appointment scheduling, replacing the standard 0.50 threshold used in generic security scanning. Through controlled experiments on 55 test cases (32 real vulnerabilities from DVWA and sqli-labs, 23 secure implementations), the proposed approach achieved F1-score: 85.71%, a 12.03% improvement over SQLMap alone (73.68%). Confidence scores clearly separated vulnerable systems (averaging 0.79) from secure implementations (averaging 0.21), with a 0.58-point gap demonstrating meaningful reliability quantification. Adaptive threshold performance varies: L3 reduces false positive rate by 50% while maintaining recall, L2 achieves perfect recall (100%) while preserving false positive rate, and L1's ultra-low threshold causes false positive rate to jump from 0% to 50%. L4 maintains false alarm rate while reducing recall by 20% within acceptable limits. Component analysis indicates Strong Evidence Enhancement contributes most significantly (performance drops 7.74% upon removal), and parameter sensitivity testing demonstrates robust performance (CV=0.95%). The primary contribution transforms vulnerability detection from binary alerts into confidence-based assessments that support defensible prioritization in healthcare security workflows. By quantifying detection reliability and adapting thresholds to medical risk contexts, this approach enables security teams to allocate limited resources effectively while maintaining patient safety and HIPAA compliance.
Ethics in the free : A qualitative interview study of freelance journalists’ professional perceptions of ethics
No full textEthics is an important part of journalism and something that every journalist works with daily and in every aspect of their work. This study aims to examine how Swedish freelance journalists relate to and deal with journalistic ethics in their daily work, but also how freelance journalists handle ethical dilemmas and which factors influence their ethical decisions. Freelance journalists are a group which is most often forgotten within journalistic research, even though they work under different terms than journalists who are permanently employed. Previous studies regarding freelance journalists and ethics have, among other things, shown that freelance journalism is often associated with economic stress and that this can affect their ethical thinking. Studies also show that many freelance journalists experience a lack of support in their work and that they often construct their own ethical guidelines to adhere to in the blurring borders between journalism and PR. To explore how Swedish freelance journalists deal and work with ethics we conducted a qualitative interviews study, interviewing six freelance journalists working in Sweden. The data from the interviews was then analyzed using the theory of professionalization. The result is in many aspects similar to that of previous studies. The result shows, among other things, that the interviewed freelance journalists have a strong professional approach to ethics, describing it as a very internalised and integral part of their everyday work life. Some of them even describe themselves as having more time for ethical thinking than their permanently employed colleagues, since freelance journalists do not experience the stress and speed often associated with working in a newsroom. They do, however, experience an economic insecurity, which sometimes leads to taking on non-journalistic assignments. Operating in the grey areas between journalism and PR or information work is somewhat difficult and controversial for some and in doing it they set up their own boundaries. The results also indicate that sometimes professional journalistic ethical values seem to shape how they view non-journalistic assignments. The study has also found that working alone without colleagues can be difficult for freelance journalists and that it may affect ethical thinking and decision making. Some freelance journalists express limited support in their daily work, particularly from editors, while professional networks such as the Swedish Union of Journalists are perceived as important sources of ethical support. This study provides valuable insights into and a deeper understanding of how freelance journalists, a seldom studied group of journalists, relate and deal with ethics in their professiona
Memory, Guilt, and Silence in Roberto Bolaño’s Nocturno de Chile
No full textEsta tesina analiza cómo Nocturno de Chile (2000), de Roberto Bolaño, representa los mecanismos de memoria, silencio y autoexculpación en el contexto de la dictadura militar chilena. Aunque la crítica ha destacado el carácter político de la novela, este estudio se centra específicamente en la construcción del monólogo confesional de Sebastián Urrutia Lacroix y en la manera en que la memoria narrativa articula una tensión constante entre el recuerdo y el encubrimiento de la responsabilidad ética. El problema de investigación se formula de la siguiente manera: ¿cómo utiliza Nocturno de Chile la memoria narrativa como estrategia para ocultar, y simultáneamente revelar la responsabilidad moral del intelectual frente a un régimen represivo? A partir de esta pregunta, el análisis examina la relación entre memoria individual y memoria colectiva, así como el papel del silencio, la culpa y la confesión en la configuración de la voz narrativa. El corpus está constituido por la novela Nocturno de Chile en su edición de 2017, complementada con documentos históricos sobre la represión ejercida durante la dictadura, en particular los informes de la Comisión Rettig y la Comisión Valech, que permiten contextualizar las alusiones a la violencia estatal presentes en el texto. La metodología empleada consiste en un análisis textual cualitativo apoyado en marcos teóricos centrales: la teoría de la memoria de Paul Ricoeur, los estudios sobre trauma y testimonio de Márcio Seligmann-Silva y los aportes de la teoría de la confesión literaria. Los resultados muestran que el monólogo fragmentario y repetitivo del narrador utiliza la memoria como un recurso retórico que reorganiza el pasado, minimiza la culpa y evita un enfrentamiento ético directo con la violencia histórica. Se concluye que Nocturno de Chile no solo denuncia la complicidad de sectores intelectuales con la dictadura, sino que también expone críticamente la memoria como un dispositivo narrativo capaz de distorsionar el pasado y de problematizar la responsabilidad moral del sujeto frente a la historia.This thesis examines how Nocturno de Chile (2000), by Roberto Bolaño, represents mechanisms of memory, silence, and self-exculpation within the context of the Chilean military dictatorship. While critical scholarship has emphasized the novel’s political dimension, this study focuses specifically on the construction of Sebastián Urrutia Lacroix’s confessional monologue and on the ways in which narrative memory articulates a constant tension between recollection and concealment of ethical responsibility. The research problem is formulated as follows: how does Nocturno de Chile use narrative memory as a strategy to conceal and simultaneously reveal the moral responsibility of the intellectual in the face of a repressive regime? From this perspective, the analysis explores the relationship between individual memory and collective memory, as well as the roles of silence, guilt, and confession in shaping the narrative voice. The corpus consists of Nocturno de Chile in its 2017 edition, complemented by historical documents on repression during the dictatorship, particularly the reports of the Rettig Commission and the Valech Commission, which provide contextual grounding for the novel’s references to state violence. The methodology is based on qualitative textual analysis supported by key theoretical frameworks: Paul Ricoeur’s theory of memory, Márcio Seligmann-Silva’s studies on trauma and testimony, and concepts from theories of literary confession. The findings show that the narrator’s fragmented and repetitive monologue employs memory as a rhetorical device to reorganize the past, minimize guilt, and avoid direct ethical confrontation with historical violence. The study concludes that Nocturno de Chile not only denounces the complicity of intellectual elites with the dictatorship, but also critically exposes memory as a narrative device capable of distorting the past and problematizing the subject’s moral responsibility toward history
Framing Integration : A Comparative Analysis of Municipal Policy Documents in Malmö and Eskilstuna, 2010–2025
No full textThis thesis examines how integration is framed in municipal budget documents, and how these framings change over time. The study addresses two research questions: how integration is understood and framed in the municipalities of Malmö and Eskilstuna, and how national and institutional discourses are reflected in municipal governance over time. The analysis is based on the budget documents in three different years, 2010, 2015 and 2025. The theoretical framework draws on framing theory, primarily Erving Goffman, complemented by Bacchi’s ”What’s the Problem Represented to Be?” (WPR) approach as an analytical tool. The results show that the framing of integration becomes less explicit over time in both municipalities, shifting from clearly defined integration policies toward more implicit and institutionalized forms of governance. While both municipalities follow this general development, differences remain in how integration is framed. Malmö primarily emphasizes social and structural problem formulations, whereas Eskilstuna increasingly frames integration as an organizational and administrative challenge. Furthermore, the findings indicate that municipal framings do not fully reproduce a national requirement-based integration discourse, but rather reflect selective local interpretations
Skyddsvästens påverkan på biomekanisk prestationsförmåga hos poliser : En strukturerad litteraturöversikt
No full textBackground: There are 24,871 police officers within the Swedish Police Authority in October 2025. Police officers use a body armor daily as part of their mandatory equipment. The body armor weighs between ten and twelve kilograms and form an external load that can affect biomechanics and thus performance during work tasks. Despite the increased use of protective equipment, knowledge of which biomechanical factors are affected when using a body armor is still limited. Aim: The purpose is to examine in a literature review which biomechanical factors significantly affect police officers' performance with and without the use of a body armor. Method: The study was conducted as a structured literature review according to the PRISMA checklist. Systematic searches were performed in six databases. Studies that included professional police officers and compared biomechanical outcomes with and without body armor were included. A total of nine studies were included, which were quality assessed using the PEDro scale. Result: There are tendencies that the protective vest is associated with significant limitations in mobility in the neck, shoulder and thoracic spine as well as compromised rotational stabilization in the trunk. The mentioned biomechanical factors recurred in several studies and were related to decreased performance. Gender differences are presented without differentiation to relative load and anthropometry which can also be observed as potential influencing factors. Conclusion: Mobility in the neck, shoulder and thoracic spine, as well as rotational stabilization in the torso appear to be central biomechanical factors for police officers' performance when using body armor.Bakgrund: Det finns 24 871 poliser inom Polismyndigheten i oktober 2025. Poliser använder skyddsväst dagligen som en del av sin obligatoriska utrustning. Skyddsvästen väger mellan tio och tolv kilo och utgör en yttre belastning som kan påverka biomekanik och därmed prestationsförmåga vid arbetsmoment. Trots ökad användning av skyddsutrustning är kunskapen om vilka biomekaniska faktorer som påverkas vid användning av skyddsväst fortfarande begränsad. Syfte: Syftet är att i en litteraturöversikt undersöka vilka biomekaniska faktorer som signifikant påverkar polisers prestationsförmåga med och utan användning av skyddsväst. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en strukturerad litteraturöversikt enligt PRISMA´s checklista. Systematiska sökningar utfördes i sex databaser. Studier som inkluderade yrkesverksamma poliser och jämförde biomekaniska utfall med och utan skyddsväst inkluderades. Totalt inkluderades nio studier, vilka kvalitetsgranskades med PEDro-skalan. Resultat: Det finns tendenser till att skyddsvästen är associerad med signifikanta begränsningar i rörlighet i nacke, skuldra och thorakalrygg samt försämrad rotationsstabilisering i bål. Nämnda biomekaniska faktorer återkom i flera studier och var relaterade till försämrad prestationsförmåga. Könsskillnader presenteras utan differentiering till relativ belastning och antropometri som också kan observeras som potentiella påverkansfaktorer. Konklusion: Rörlighet i nacke, skuldra och thorakalrygg samt rotationsstabilisering i bål framträder som centrala biomekaniska faktorer för polisers prestationsförmåga vid användning av skyddsväst
"I have to listen to him too" : A qualitative study about social workers' emotional management in working with male perpetrators in intimate relationships
No full textEmotions constitute a large part of social work and are also a huge part of the social worker’s professional and personal identity. This study aims to contribute with an increasing understanding of the challenges that social workers face in the work with male perpetrators in intimate relationships as well as how they handle the emotions that occur by working with them. The study is based on semi-structured interviews with seven social workers that have different professional titles across various municipalities in Sweden. The collected data has been analysed using relevant prior research in the field, as well as the use of Hochschild theory of emotional labour by using a thematic analysis. The results from the collected data presents that social workers are heavily emotionally affected by their work and that social workers use a range of different strategies to cope with the emotions that occur in their work. The managing of emotions shows to be related to professionalism and also to establishing relations between the social worker and the male perpetrator which is crucial for an effective cooperation with the male perpetrator. The managing of emotions also appears to be needed to manage the male perpetrator’s emotions as well. The results also show that social workers rely on the organizational assistance in dealing with their emotions