Linnaeus University
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Demokratin i karibiska territorier - en självklarhet? : En kvalitativ fallstudie av de politiska förutsättningarna för nationell representation och territoriellt självbestämmande i Puerto Rico, Caymanöarna och Guadeloupe
No full textThe age of colonialism appears to be over. Some colonies remain though in the form of non-independent territories such as Puerto Rico, the Cayman Islands and Guadeloupe. These territories are united in being Caribbean territories belonging to the Western democracies of the United States, the United Kingdom and France respectively. It cannot be taken for granted though that these countries provide their territories with adequate democratic institutional frameworks. The aim of this qualitative case study is to map out the political circumstances in each of these three territories through the perspectives of national representation and territorial self-governance. Ideal types are used to study each of the phenomena. The ideal type of national representation is based on descriptive representation theory and Bauböck’s three principles of democratic inclusion. Territorial self-governance is rooted in the theory of political decentralization. The secondary aim of the study is to compare the political circumstances between the territories in order to highlight potential institutional differences and democratic problems that may occur as result of the design of the political system. The study finds that the territories notably differ from each other in terms of their political circumstances regarding national representation and territorial self-governance. Some of these deviations may weaken the state of democracy in the territories
Courting Sweden: Nato’s Public Discourse On A Neutral Partner
No full textSecurity alliances are expected to ensure regional stability and aim to provide security for millions of people around the world. Sweden’s decision to join NATO in 2024 marked a significant shift from its 200-year tradition of neutrality and raises important questions around the underlying processes of alliance-building and how alliance-building considerations may be expressed through an alliance public communications. Analyses on how alliances like NATO impact decision-making processes through its public communications, is crucial for gaining a better understanding of broader dynamics of the reasons to why states decide to join security alliances as well as why non-member states may make shifts in their security policies. While much existing research is considered to focus on Sweden’s perspective behind the decision-making process on this topic, this study focuses specifically on NATO’s public discourse on Sweden from 2013 until 28th of February 2022, a period marked by heightened European geopolitical tensions not seen since the Cold War. By utilizing discourse analysis and process tracing on 184 NATO public statements mentioning Sweden, this research explores how the alliance, within the context of geopolitical tensions, framed Sweden’s strategic importance, its operational contributions to the alliance as well as its ideological alignment as ways to facilitate a potential shift in Sweden’s stance on formal non-alignment towards membership. Post-Functionalism and Club Theory provide the analytical framework in this study in order to examine the balance between functional security imperatives and identity-based considerations. The findings reveal that NATO employed strategic rhetoric’s to deepen its partnership with Sweden over time, subtly “courting” the country towards its decision to apply for formal membership to join the alliance. Therefore, this study serves as a basis for future research around how domestic decision-making processes may be influenced by strategic public narratives driven by security alliance actors
Normative Aspects of China's Belt and Road Initiative : Exploring the Influence on Kenya's Foreign Policy
No full textThis thesis explores normative adoptions derived from China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Kenya. As a worldwide project launched by China, it affects a large part of the world economically. However, there is more to be understood concerning its normative features and precisely under what conditions China intends to cooperate with countries to operate under the BRI. With a grand geopolitical strategy to export and advertise the BRI, this thesis strives to reveal if this yields any effect on Kenya's foreign policy. Three concepts were obtained and examined under the lens of the BRI and compared to Kenya’s foreign policy documents from 2014 and 2024, respectively, to explore correspondence and similarities in language and strategic objectives over time. This was performed by using quantitative content analysis, and through theoretical concepts from constructivism to help explain possible reasons for its attractiveness, adoption, and interpretation. The analysis indicates that, in the normative concepts examined, certain aspects of Kenya’s foreign policy resemble the normative aspects of the BRI. The reasons for its alleged adoption ranged from issues related to their identity, national values, economic benefits, international recognition, and possible constraints in pressure of adherence. This also demonstrated how structures in international relations can be interpreted and adopted by actors based on their objectives
Att leva med sjukdomen endometrios : En kvalitativ litteraturöversikt
No full textBakgrund: Sjukdomen endometrios drabbar en stor del av den kvinnliga befolkningen. Sjukdomen innebär att endometrievävnad växer utanför livmoderhålan och leder till inflammation samt en rad olika symtom. Det dröjer ofta lång tid för kvinnor att nå diagnos, ibland upp till tio år. Sjuksköterskor bör ge kvinnorna den bästa möjliga vården samt lindra lidande och främja hälsa. Sjuksköterskor skall ha god kunskap om sjukdomen och kunna bistå med stöd till kvinnan. Däremot är kunskapsbristen kring sjukdomen ett stort problem i samhället. Syfte: Att sammanställa kvinnors upplevelser av att leva med sjukdomen endometrios. Metod: En litteraturöversikt har genomförts med grund i tio artiklar av kvalitativ design vilka analyserades i fyra steg. Artiklarna inhämtades från databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Resultat: I denna litteraturöversikt framkom det åtta subkategorier vilka resulterade i tre kategorier. Kategorin Att begränsas på grund av smärta grundas i subkategorierna Fysisk smärta, Sexuella begränsningar och Sociala begränsningar. Nästa kategori, Att ha behov av stödjande möten, baseras på subkategorierna Att bli bekräftad av vården och Att ha socialt stöd. Den sista kategorin, Att inte bli tagen på allvar, grundas i subkategorierna Normalisering av sjukdomen, Frustration över bristande kunskap och Att bli avvisad av vården. Slutsats: Kvinnorna som är drabbade av sjukdomen endometrios upplever sjukdomslidande, livslidande och vårdlidande till följd av smärta, begränsningar och bristande kunskap. En ökad förståelse för sjukdomen bland sjuksköterskor kan bidra till ett lindrat lidande och förbättrade upplevelser av sjukdomen endometrios hos dessa kvinnor.
Engagment on air & in print : A qualitative study on audience engagement in swedish local newsrooms
No full textIn the last decade, audience engagement has become a popular concept ofdiscussion amongst journalists and scholars alike, concerning how newsorganizations connect with their audiences and how they pursue engagement toremain on the journalistic market. These conversations are closely linked totracking, collecting, and analyzing audience behavior through metrics. But also theidea of involving the audience as living citizens in producing news instead ofregarding them as idle observers of news. By conducting a qualitative researchdesign, this study aims to examine how local Swedish newsrooms, one commercialnewspaper (Barometern), and one public-service radio broadcasting station(Sveriges Radio), practice audience engagement in the newsrooms, in their dailywork. For two weeks in total, observations were conducted at each of thenewsrooms. The information obtained through the observations laid the foundationfor semistructured interviews which were held with a total of nine journalists withdifferent roles. The material was later analyzed with a thematic analysis where fourdifferent themes were established: The journalist's conceptions, Assumptions aboutthe audience's needs and expectations, The technical and “man-made” andResponsive working methods as strategies. The study showed that both newsroomsuse a mix of various dimensions of engagement. Both newsrooms implied a strongconnection to democratic values and the mission to uphold a democratic society.This study shows that the newsrooms in question are active participants in usingaudience engagement in the newsroom. This study indicates that audienceengagement can be a helpful tool in the pursuit of upholding a well-functionaljournalistic market which further assures to uphold a democratic society
Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av arbetsrelaterad stress under Covid-19-pandemin : En litteraturöversikt
No full textBakgrund: Covid-19-pandemin har skapat stora utmaningar för hälso- och sjukvården, med sjuksköterskor i frontlinjen som särskilt drabbades av ökade arbetskrav, resursbrist och förlängda arbetspass. Dessa förhållanden har lett till en omfattande arbetsrelaterad stress, vilket påverkat både deras fysiska och psykiska hälsa, samt deras förmåga att möta patienters behov på ett tillfredsställande sätt. Stressen har även resulterat i känslor av otillräcklighet och en långvarig belastning på vårdpersonalens välbefinnande. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av arbetsrelaterad stress under Covid-19-pandemin i en europeisk vårdkontext. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturöversikt med utgångspunkt i kvalitativa originalartiklar. Datainsamlingen utfördes systematiskt via databaserna PubMed, CINAHL och PsycInfo, med tydliga inklusions- och exklusionskriterier. Analysen följde en integrerande ansats med fokus på att identifiera gemensamma teman och variationer. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre huvudkategorier: orsaker till arbetsrelaterad stress (exempelvis ökad arbetsbörda och resursbrist), följder av arbetsrelaterad stress (psykisk och fysisk påverkan) samt stöd, självbild och strategier (exempelvis kollegialt stöd och olika coping-strategier). Stressen hade betydande effekter på både sjuksköterskors professionella och privata liv. Slutsats: Slutsatsen är att förbättrade arbetsvillkor och stärkt stöd till sjuksköterskor är avgörande för en hållbar vård.
The Woman in the Margin : an analysis of gender and eurocentrism in textbooks in history for upper secondary school from the 1970s, 1990s, and 2010s
No full textThis study has aimed to explore how gender and eurocentrism are presented in textbooks for the upper secondary school system in Sweden. These textbooks cover the 1970s, 1990s, and 2010s with connections made to the corresponding curriculums from 1970, 1994, and 2011. More specifically it is explored how non-European women are presented in these textbooks. This essay has used Yvonne Hirdman’s gender theory and an intersectional theory to generate and interpret the results. The results have mainly been obtained through qualitative methods, however a smaller quantitative study on the textbooks’ registers has been done. The qualitative study has mainly focused on the textbooks’ structure and discourse. It was found that all textbooks present history through a Eurocentric perspective. Female individuals are more present in the later textbooks but are more often marginalised to the pages’ margins. Non-European women are barely present in all textbooks as both a collective and individuals. In the three curriculums it has been shown that there is more focus on identity and marginalised communities in the later curriculum. Less focus is put on the two genders man and woman and more focus is put on the term “equality”.
Uppfattningar i mörk turism: En etisk analys och mörka turism utmaningar.
No full textThis paper is concerned with the dark tourism phenomenon, which is a way of doing tourism related to attractions and destinations that go beyond conventional tourism, delving into the morbid aspects of the industry combined with the practice of visiting places associated with tragedy, death, and the grotesque-sites. Dark tourism is a niche type of tourism for which its concept is not universally agreed upon. Furthermore, it differs from more common types of tourism (i.e. charter tourism) since it deals with morbid events. Thus, this particular type of tourism started an interest in us to describe and analyze the perceptions, ethicality and challenges around it, while also caring about the stakeholders perceptions. The empirical findings for this research were obtained through a focus group discussion with university students who volunteer to participate. The respondents have pinpointed motivations, media influences, and stakeholder perceptions; there is also a call for sensitivity towards local communities and historical narratives. Through our analysis, we conclude that available knowledge surrounding dark tourism is scarce or controversial, which leads to negative attitudes and suspicion towards it, independent of how it lends itself in the dark tourism spectrum. Finally, we recommend better marketing efforts, consultation for ethical dark tourism development and further research on the perceptions of dark tourism. Key findings highlight the need for respectful commemoration and educational engagement in a manner that can reconcile ethicality
A Critical Discourse Study on the Representation of Climate Change in the BBC and Al Jazeera News Coverage 2021–2023
No full textThis study sheds light on how people are represented in the news coverage of climate change in two major news media outlets, BBC and Al Jazeera, during 2021-2023. This study is theoretically anchored in Critical Discourse Analysis and the ultimate aim is to uncover ideologies related to the positioning of people in the news coverage of climate change in the two online media platforms. The textual analysis uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods for text analysis to examine the study object. First, quantitative tools were used as an entry point into the data, which helped identify ‘people’ as an important content category. In order to study the representation of people, the categories of age group and living conditions were created inductively in the data processing. Furthermore, transitivity analysis was used to explore the processes that people are involved in. The findings reveal that both news media outlets portray people participants as vulnerable and disempowered in different ways. The BBC was found to portray people participants as Actors in negated Material processes where they fail to act or in Mental processes where they experience negative emotions such as climate anxiety. In contrast, the people participants in Al Jazeera were represented as vulnerable primarily due to their practical living conditions, and they mostly performed the role as Goal in Material processes. In addition, the analysis revealed a tendency, in particular in Al Jazeera’s news coverage, to represent people participants in aggregated form, emphasizing their disastrous situation. Given that people’s worldviews can be influenced by media representations, it is noteworthy that both these two major news media outlets cast people participants in this helpless and passivizing light, which could have implications for how news readers see themselves in the face of climate change.