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Integration of multi-temporal sentinel-1 and sentinel-2 data for paddy rice crop height estimation and uncertainty assessment using quantile regression forests
No full textPurposeThis study estimates rice crop height using multi-temporal Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data, collected alongside field measurements conducted in T & uuml;rkiye and Bulgaria during 2023 and 2024.MethodTo evaluate the efficacy of the datasets in estimating the rice height, we developed three Quantile Regression Forest (QRF) models. The QRF, an extension of Random Forest Regression (RFR), provides conditional quantiles for epistemic uncertainty estimation. Specifically, the first model (M1) utilized Sentinel-1 dual-polarimetric data, their ratios, and Radar Vegetation Index. The second model (M2) incorporated Sentinel-2 spectral bands and a range of spectral indices, while the third model (M3) combined Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data. To address variability in flooding and drainage periods across growth stages and management practices, the models were trained and evaluated using the complete, flooded, and non-flooded datasets.ResultsThe results indicated that M3 yielded the most accurate predictions, with an RMSE of 12.35 cm on the flooded test dataset. Notably, the models with the flooded datasets generally exhibited lower uncertainty and more consistent predictions. However, all models struggled with underestimations for heights exceeding 100 cm, indicating limited predictive capability for extreme values. Interestingly, while M1 and M2 models showed different results for complete and flooded datasets, the M3 model gave similar results for both conditions, which is a practical advantage that eliminates the need to distinguish the flooded and non-flooded samples.ConclusionIn summary, combining radar and optical data with machine-learning improves rice height estimation, while uncertainty estimates enhance reliability for agricultural and environmental applications.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK) [222N088]; Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS) [IC-TR/9/2023-2025]; TUBITAK; BAS; Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Hacettepe University [FHD-2024-21386]; COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) [CA22136 PANGEOS]; Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science [206/07.04.2022]This study was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK) under Grant Number 222N088 and the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS) under Grant Number IC-TR/9/2023-2025. The authors thank TUBITAK and BAS for their support. This work has been supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Hacettepe University under grant number FHD-2024-21386. This research was also supported by the Action CA22136 PANGEOS (Pan-European Network of Green Deal Agriculture and Forestry Earth Observation Science) funded by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology, www.cost.eu, accessed on 1 March 2024). D. Ganeva was partially supported by the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science under the National Research Programme Young Scientists and Postdoctoral Students-2 approved by DCM No. 206/07.04.2022
1961 constitution's basic philosophy in the context of autonomous status institutions
No full textÇalışma, 1961 Anayasası’nın temel felsefesini merkeze alarak, anayasal düzen içinde özerk statülü kurumların ortaya çıkışını, işlevselliğini ve siyasal sistem içindeki konumunu incelemektedir. Anayasa kavramının tarihsel, siyasal ve ideolojik boyutlarıyla ele alındığı çalışmada, özellikle liberal, sosyal devlet ve hukukun üstünlüğü ilkelerinin anayasal tasarıma nasıl yön verdiği tartışılmıştır. 27 Mayıs 1960 Askerî Müdahalesi sonrasında oluşturulan Kurucu Meclis’in yürüttüğü anayasa yapım süreci, dönemin siyasal ve toplumsal dinamikleriyle birlikte değerlendirilmiş, 1961 Anayasasının temel felsefesi olarak kabul edilen özgürlükçü ve çoğulcu yaklaşımların, devletin yeniden yapılanmasında ne ölçüde etkili olduğu irdelenmiştir. Demokrat Parti (DP) iktidarında yaşanılan anayasal krizler, özellikle kuvvetler ayrılığı ilkesinin zayıflaması, yargı bağımsızlığının aşınması ve üniversite özerkliği, radyo kullanımına ilişkin alanlarda yaşanan müdahaleler çerçevesinde analiz edilmiştir. 1961 Anayasası, bu krizlere de bir tepki olarak, siyasi iktidarı sınırlandırma yaklaşımı çerçevesinde; Milli Güvenlik Kurulu, Anayasa Mahkemesi, Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı ve özerk statülü kuruluşlar gibi yeni kurumlar vasıtasıyla bürokratik yapıyı güçlendirmeyi amaçlayarak devletin kuruluş ve işleyişini yeniden düzenlemiştir. Bu bağlamda esas olarak üniversiteler ve radyo (TRT) gibi özerk statülü kurumların anayasal statüleri ve kuruluş gerekçeleri, dönemin siyasal tartışmaları bağlamında incelenmiş ve neticede söz konusu kurumların özerkliklerinin ve anayasal statülerinin, iktidar ilişkileri ve siyasal kültür çerçevesinde şekillendiği sonucuna varılmıştır.This study focuses on the fundamental philosophy of the 1961 Constitution, examining the emergence, functionality, and position of autonomous institutions within the constitutional order. Addressing the concept of the constitution in its historical, political, and ideological dimensions, the study discusses in particular how the principles of liberalism, the social state, and the rule of law shaped the constitutional design. The constitution-making process carried out by the Constituent Assembly, formed after the May 27, 1960 military intervention, is evaluated in conjunction with the political and social dynamics of the period, and the extent to which the libertarian and pluralist approaches—regarded as the fundamental philosophy of the 1961 Constitution—were effective in restructuring the state is explored. The constitutional crises experienced during the Democrat Party (DP) government are analyzed within the framework of the weakening of the separation of powers, the erosion of judicial independence, and interventions in areas such as university autonomy and radio broadcasting. As a reaction to these crises, the 1961 Constitution sought to reorganize the establishment and functioning of the state within an approach aimed at limiting political power, strengthening the bureaucratic structure through new institutions such as the National Security Council, the Constitutional Court, the State Planning Organization, and autonomous bodies. In this context, the constitutional status and founding rationale of autonomous institutions—particularly universities and radio (TRT)—are examined within the framework of the political debates of the period, concluding that their autonomy and constitutional status were shaped by power relations and political culture
Be compensed of the change in value of extorted goods according to ıslamic law
No full textGasp, başkasının hakkına hukuka aykırı bir şekilde alenen el koymaktır. Gasp fiilinin hükmü; gasp edilen malın aynısı gibi duruyorsa iade edilmesi, herhangi bir zarara uğradı ise zararın giderilmesi olarak iade ve tazmindir. İadeye yönelik hüküm literatürde belirlilik arz ederken tazmine ilişkin yükümlülükler ve sorumluluklar tartışmalıdır. Bu makalede gasp edilen malın herhangi bir şekilde değer değişimine uğraması halinde tazminin keyfiyeti İslâm hukukuna göre incelenmiştir. Hanefî, Şâfiî, Mâlikî ve Hanbelî literatürüne ait ilk, orta ve son dönemi temsil eden belirli kaynaklarda gasp edilen malın tazminine dair yaklaşımlar araştırılmış ve başta ribevî mallardan sayılan paralar olmak üzere değer değişiminde ortaya çıkan zararın izâlesi çerçevesinde tazminin keyfiyetine yönelik değerlendirmelerde bulunulmuştur. Bu kapsamda altın ve gümüş gibi hilkaten/mal paralardaki değer değişimine şaz olan bazı görüşler hariç genellikle itibar olunmazken; felsler gibi ıstılahî paralarda genel olmasa bile müftâbih görüş olarak değer değişimine itibar edildiği görülmüştür. Gâsıbın fiili sebebiyle mağsûbun aynında ortaya çıkan bütün noksanlıkların tüm mezheplerde tazmin edildiği, ziyadelerin ise Hanefî ve Mâlikîlerde gâsıbın teaddîsi hariç tazmin kapsamına alınmadığı, Şâfiî ve Hanbelîlerde ise her şekilde tazmin edildiği gözlemlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte Hanefîlerde Ebû Yûsuf’un ve başta İmam Şâfiî olmak üzere Şafiîlerin gasp edilen ribevî mallardaki aynın noksana uğramasında tazmine mahsus faizin tahakkuk etmeyeceği yaklaşımında oldukları tespit edilmiştir. İlgili görüşün günümüz enflasyonist ekonomilerinde itibarî para varlıklarının gasp edilmesi ve gasp diye nitelendirilebileceği tespit edilen temerrüt hallerinde enflasyonun sebep olduğu değer kaybının nominal değere değil de reel değere/enflasyon farkına/kıymete itibar edilerek tazmin edilmesinde önemli bir delil niteliği taşıdığı sonucuna varılmıştır.Extortion is the unlawful confiscation of another person's rights. The judgment for the act of extortion is the return of the usurped property if it is in the same condition as it was, and restitution and compensation if it has suffered any damage. While the provision on restitution is generally clear, the obligations and responsibilities regarding compensation were controversial in the literature. In this article, the nature of compensation in case of any change in the value of a usurped property is analyzed according to Islamic law. The approaches to the compensation of the usurped property in certain sources representing the early, middle and late periods of Hanafi, Shafi'i, Mālikī and Hanbalī literature have been investigated, and evaluations have been made regarding the nature of compensation within the framework of the elimination of the loss arising in the change of value, especially the money that is among the ribavi goods. In this context, it has been observed that the change of value in hilkaten money such as gold and silver is generally disregarded, except for some opinions that are shaz, whereas the change of value in ıstılâhi money such as fulus is regarded as a muftābih opinion, even if it is not general. It has been observed that the deficiencies in substance that occur in the usurped commodity due to the act of the usurper are compensated in all madhhabs, while the additions/ziyade are not subject to compensation in Hanafids and Mâlikīs, except for the usurper's taaddî, while they are compensated in all cases in Shafîîs and Hanbalīs. However, with this, it has been determined that Abū Yūsuf in Hanafīds and the Shafîî majority, especially Imam Shafi'i, have argued that in the compensation of the deficiency in ribavi goods, riba will not be incurred only for the subject of compensation. It is concluded that the relevant opinion has an important evidentiary quality in today's inflationary economies, in cases of usurpation of fiat currency assets and in cases of default, which can be characterised as usurpation, to compensate for the loss of value caused by inflation by relying on the inflation difference/value
Contact Forces in the Gait Cycle: The Role of Different Materials
No full text7th International Congress on Human-Computer Interaction, Optimization and Robotic Applications-ICHORA -- MAY 23-24, 2025 -- Ankara, TURKIYEThis study analyzes the effects of different materials used in exoskeleton design on contact forces. By examining the maximum, mean, and variance values of contact forces during the stance and swing phases of the walking cycle, the role of material selection in joint health and user comfort has been evaluated. The findings indicate that Stainless Steel exhibits the highest contact forces due to its high rigidity, making it advantageous for applications requiring high durability. However, this increased rigidity may also elevate joint stress, potentially leading to long-term comfort issues. Materials such as A Glass, Hexcel, and Aluminum Alloy provide both durability and a certain degree of flexibility, thereby optimizing load distribution. In contrast, low-density and flexible materials such as C Graphite and Thornel generate lower contact forces, offering advantages in preserving joint health. Load distribution on the femur and tibia varies depending on material selection, and forces on the tibia have been found to fluctuate according to different gait phases. Overall, the study emphasizes that exoskeleton system design should not only prioritize mechanical durability but also consider long-term user comfort. These findings highlight that selecting an optimal material to protect joint health is a critical factor for exoskeleton performance and user experience.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc,Ted Universit
Effects of cold-pressed oils on physicochemical, textural, biochemical, and sensorial properties of muffin cakes: SAW method
No full textThe present study aims to use cold-pressed oils, which have a significant role in terms of nutritional value, in muffin cake production, determine the product properties, and assess consumer preferences. For this purpose, muffin cakes were produced by using cold-pressed oils instead of sunflower oil. The addition of cold-pressed almond, apricot kernel, and safflower and pomegranate seed oils into the muffin cake formulation caused an increase in the volume index and hardness values of the cake samples. Antioxidant activity values of cake samples were found to range between 12.2 and 29.4 mu M Trolox/kg. On the other hand, the color values of the cake samples were observed to change after the addition of cold-pressed oils. At the end of the analysis performed using the SAW method, it was determined that the most preferred sample in terms of sensorial properties was the muffin cake added with cold-pressed safflower oil (sample AS)
Efficacy of Quercetin on Rat Eyelid Wound Healing, A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Study
No full textIt is known that quercetin is useful in the treatment of pressure wounds due to its ability to reduce oxygen radicals, but its effect on eyelid wound healing is unclear. In this study, forty male Wistar albino rats weighing 250-300 grams were used to investigate the effect of quercetin on eyelid wound healing. Four groups were created: control group, sham group, incision wound group, and suture + quercetin group. Full-thickness skin excision was performed through a 3-5 mm incision in the superior palpebrae to create a wound. On the 1 third and seventh days, the rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were taken by cardiac puncture for biochemical measurement and tissue samples for histopathological examination from the palpebrae. 2 Inflammatory cells in the quercetin group were significantly lower on day 3 (P < 0.05). Blood levels of IL-1 and TNF-alpha were significantly lower in the quercetin group compared to other groups (P < 0.05). Also, IL-6 was found to be significantly lower on day 7 in the quercetin group compared to other groups (P < 0.05). The quercetin group was as effective as the sham group in terms of collagen formation on day 3, and the hydroxyproline value was significantly higher. Total oxidant status levels were lower in the quercetin group than in the sham group (P = 0.005). In conclusion, quercetin exhibited anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, along with higher collagen accumulation in the eyelid compared to other groups. Our results suggest that quercetin could be a potential therapeutic agent that accelerates wound healing and reduces scar formation in the eyelid
Data Management with Manda Yıldızı and Çolpan Software for Animal Improvement
No full textThe basis of productivity and sustainability in animal husbandry relies on correct and systematic data recording. Traditional record-keeping methods impose serious limitations such as data loss, inconsistency, and challenges in analysis, which in turn reduce the effectiveness of national breeding programs. This study aims to present contributions of two computer software systems developed to support digital transformation and meet the needs of the \"Community-Based Livestock Breeding Programme\" conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. In this context, the web-based software Çolpan was developed for small ruminant breeding, while the Windows-based software Manda Yıldızı was created for buffalo and native cattle breeding. Çolpan was designed with a web architecture using the Delphi and IntraWeb framework, whereas Manda Yıldızı was coded as a native desktop application with Delphi VCL. The data management for both systems is integrated with database. Both software programs enable centralized and secure collection, processing, and analysis of pedigree and phenotypic data. Role-based access control ensures data security and authorization, and allows project participants to monitor and report field data in real time. In conclusion, these programs strengthen data-driven decision-making processes in breeding projects, accelerating progress and making significant contributions to sustainability
Development of pavement thermal area index (PTAI) for flexible pavement performance evaluation
No full textPavements are exposed to severe weather conditions and continuous mechanical loading, leading to both visible surface degradation and hidden subsurface damage. Among the various forms of distress, fatigue cracking-particularly alligator cracking-commonly progresses into potholes and accelerates structural deterioration. Traditional performance indicators such as the Pavement Condition Index (PCI), Present Serviceability Index (PSI), and International Roughness Index (IRI) are widely used in Pavement Management Systems (PMS), but they often fail to capture early-stage thermal anomalies associated with moisture infiltration. This study introduces the Pavement Thermal Area Index (PTAI), a novel performance metric that integrates thermal and optical image processing. Field data were collected from three campus pavement sites using thermal cameras and mobile devices. Blue-channel segmentation was applied to extract cold regions from thermal images, and Sobel edge detection was used to identify crack patterns. A climate impact coefficient (k) was incorporated to normalize thermal area values. The results show that PTAI successfully links apparent distress with underlying thermal anomalies and can guide maintenance strategies such as overlay, reconstruction, or slurry sealing. Overall, PTAI offers a low-cost, scalable, and non-destructive tool to complement existing pavement performance evaluation methods.Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Afyon Kocatepe University [20.FEN.BIdot;L.09]This research was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Afyon Kocatepe University under Project Number 20.FEN.B & Idot;L.09
Tendencies in Educational Philosophy and Perceptions of Learning Environment: A Research on Undergraduate Students
No full textThe aim of this research is to examine the relationship between educational philosophy tendencies and learning environment perceptions of undergraduate students of child development and preschool education departments. This cross-sectional study applied a correlational research model to address the research questions at hand. A total of 445 undergraduate students participated in the current study. Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation, correlation analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) have been utilized in data analysis. It has been observed that students in the faculty of applied sciences (2,59) show less inclination towards essentialist philosophy, whereas students in the faculty of education (2,67) are more likely to adopt it. Among students, progressive philosophy (4,50; 4,52) is found to be the most commonly adopted philosophical approach, while perennial (3,68; 3,63) and essentialist (2,59; 2,67) philosophies are less frequently adopted. Those students who take philosophy courses have higher perceptions of their learning environment (x=3,65, sd=,78, t=2,897), and it is understood that their perception is closely related to their educational philosophical tendencies. The significant effect (p < 0.001) of the Essentialist tendency on learning activities (r: 0.25) and evaluation (r: 0.28) may be due to this approach's focus on structured learning processes that emphasize fundamental knowledge and skills. The significant effect (p < 0.001) of the perennialist tendency on learning activities (r: 0.29) and evaluation (r: 0.20) may be an indication of teachers who adopt classical teaching methods and learning processes based on universal values. The significant effect (r: 0.19; p < 0.001) of the reconstructivist tendency on learning activities and evaluation shows that this approach embraces critical thinking and learning processes focused on social transformation. The progressive tendency (r: 0.14; p < 0.001) on learning activities indicates that this approach adopts student-centered, experiential, and problem-solving learning processes
Avaliação Do Currículo De Clarinete Na Turquia: Desafios, Perspectivas E Direções Futuras
No full textThis study aims to evaluate undergraduate clarinet curricula at Turkish State Conservatories from the perspectives of students and instructors. The study employs a mixed-methods research design that integrates qualitative and quantitative approaches. Within the scope of this research, 6 faculty members who instruct in undergraduate clarinet programs and 35 conservatory students enrolled in these programs across T & uuml;rkiye were identified. The sample comprises the entire accessible population relevant to the study, thereby ensuring full population coverage. Data were collected through student-administered surveys for the quantitative aspect and semi-structured interviews with instructors for the qualitative aspect. Quantitative data were analyzed using frequency and percentage distributions, while qualitative data were examined through content analysis. The findings indicate that while the curriculum is generally effective in achieving its objectives, there are notable variations in its implementation across different universities. Additionally, certain deficiencies were identified, particularly regarding the enrichment of curriculum content and accessibility to teaching materials and instructional resources. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the need to develop a standardized clarinet curriculum that can be implemented across all conservatories in T & uuml;rkiye. This program should be globally integrated while also incorporating and preserving the country's cultural values