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Sürdürülebilir tedarik zinciri risklerinin analizi: Gıda sektöründe bir uygulama
Limited production resources and high competition expose supply chains in the food industry to various risks. Therefore, it is crucial to manage the risks implement sustainable supply chain in the food industry. The objective of this study is to determine the importance weights of sustainable supply chain risks in the food industry (confectionery and chocolate). The results are expected to help food industry managers better manage a sustainable supply chain. In this document, the process was managed with four experts to prioritize nine sub-risk factors, including supply, demand and internal risks as the main criteria. Sub-risk factors were created with both literature review and expert opinions. BWM, one of the multi-criteria decision making methods, was used in the study. Findings show that the most important risk factors are finding sustainable suppliers and using sustainable technology. The least important risk factor in the sustainable supply chain was determined as the stock shortage due to demand change. In addition, the consistency ratio of the findings was less than 0.1, which also demonstrates the reliability of the results.Sınırlı üretim kaynakların ve rekabetin yüksek olması gıda endüstrisindeki tedarik zincirlerini çeşitli risklerle karşı karşıya bırakmaktadır. Bu nedenle, gıda endüstrisinde sürdürülebilir tedarik zincirini uygulamak için karşılaşılan riskleri yönetmek çok önemlidir. Bu çalışmada gıda endüstrisindeki (şekerleme ve çikolata) sürdürülebilir tedarik zinciri risklerinin önem ağırlıklarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Sonuçların, gıda endüstrisi yöneticilerinin sürdürülebilir bir tedarik zincirini daha iyi yönetebilmesine yardımcı olması beklenmektedir. Bu belgede tedarik, talep ve iç riskler ana kriterler olmak üzere dokuz alt risk faktörünü önceliklendirmek için dört uzman ile çalışılmıştır. Alt risk faktörleri hem literatür taraması hem de uzman görüşleri ile oluşturulmuştur. Uzmanlar şekerleme ve çikolata sektöründe en az beş yıl deneyime sahip tecrübeli kişilerden seçilmiştir. Çalışmada çok kriterli karar verme yöntemlerinden biri olan BWM kullanılmıştır. Karar verici poziyonunda olan yöneticiler kriterleri ağırlıklandırmak için bulanık ortamda dilsel değişkenler kullanmış ve kriterleri sübjektif ifadelere göre değerlendirmiştir. Bulgular en önemli risk faktörlerinin sürdürülebilir tedarikçi bulma ve sürdürülebilir teknoloji kullanımı olduğunu göstermektedir. Sürdürülebilir tedarik zincirinde en düşük öneme sahip risk faktörü ise talep değişimine bağlı olarak oluşan stok sıkıntısı olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca bulguların tutarlılık oranının 0.1’den düşük olması sonuçların güvenirliğini de ortaya koymuştur
Examination of air quality parameters in airports with Sentinel-5P satellite data: a case study for Istanbul and Rize-Artvin airports
Havalimanları toplumun ulaşım ihtiyacının önemli bir kısmını
karşılamaktadır. Ancak, kentleşmenin artışı ile yeni
havalimanlarının inşaatı için elverişli alanlar azalmış, şehre uzak
noktalarda rehabilite edilmiş alanlara veya denize dolgu alanlara
inşa edilmeye başlanmıştır. Ancak doğal ekosistemin tahrip
edilmesiyle inşa edilen bu yapıların, çevreye verebileceği olası
zararların izlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda izlenmesi
gereken çevresel etkilerden biri, yeni inşa edilen bu
havalimanlarının etkilediği hava kalitesidir. Uzaktan algılama
kaynakları, yer istasyonları gibi nokta bazlı bir veri kaynağı
olmamakla birlikte belirli periyotlarda veri sağlayarak mekânsal
ve zamansal analizlere olanak sağlamaktadır. Çalışma
kapsamında, ülkemizde en son faaliyete açılan İstanbul
Havalimanı ve Rize-Artvin Havalimanı üzerinde hava kalite
parametrelerinde meydana gelen değişimler uydu
kaynaklarından elde edilen aylık zaman serileri ile incelenmiştir.
Sentinel-5P uydusu ile ultraviyole aerosol indeks (UV), karbon
monoksit (CO), azot dioksit (NO2), ozon (O3) ve kükürt dioksit
(SO2) hava kalite parametrelerinin 2018-Mayıs 2024 periyodu
için zaman serileri Google Earth Engine bulut platformu
kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Parametre bazında incelenen zaman
serisi analizlerinde, UV, SO2, NO2 ve O3 parametrelerinde artan
bir eğilim tespit edilirken, CO parametresinde stabil bir eğilim
görülmüştür. Gerçekleştirilen istatistiksel analizler
doğrultusunda uçak trafiği verileri ile CO ve NO2 parametreleri
arasında pozitif korelasyonların (havalimanları özelinde sırasıyla
CO parametresi ile 0.48 ve 0.41, NO2 parametresi ile 0.66 ve
0.73) yanı sıra istatistiksel olarak anlamlı sonuçlar elde
edilmiştir.Airports meet a significant part of the transportation needs of
society. However, with the increase in urbanization, the areas
suitable for the construction of new airports have decreased,
and they have started to be built on rehabilitated areas or on
sea-filled areas. However, it is necessary to monitor the possible
damage of these structures, which are built by destroying the
natural ecosystem. In this context, one of the environmental
impacts to be monitored is air quality. Remote sensing enables
spatio-temporal analysis since they are not point-based data
sources and provide data at specific periods. In the study,
changes in air quality parameters at two new airports (Istanbul
Airport and Rize-Artvin Airport) were examined with time series
analysis. Time series of five air quality parameters (ultraviolet
aerosol index (UV), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide
(NO2), ozone (O3) and sulfur dioxide (SO2)) for the period 2018-
May 2024 were obtained using the Google Earth Engine cloud
platform with the Sentinel-5P satellite. In the time series
analyzes examined on a parameter basis, an increasing trend
was detected in UV, SO2, NO2, and O3 parameters, while a stable
trend was observed in CO parameter. In line with the statistical
analyses performed, positive correlations between aircraft
traffic data and CO and NO2 parameters (0.48 and 0.41 with CO
parameter, 0.66 and 0.73 with NO2 parameter, respectively, for
airports), as well as statistically significant results were
obtained
6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş depremleri sonrası mimari miras: tarihi yığma yapılar üzerine ön gözlemler
On February 6th, 2023, Kahramanmaraş province in Türkiye
experienced a powerful earthquake with a magnitude of 7.7 on
the Richter scale, followed by another significant earthquake
with a magnitude of 7.6. These seismic events resulted in
considerable loss of life, injuries, and extensive damage to the
region's historical masonry structures. The seismic vulnerability
of these structures, stemming from factors such as low strength,
inadequate seismic detailing, and limited ductility, contributed
to various forms of damage, including cracking, displacement,
and, in some cases, complete collapse under the seismic forces.
The objective of this study is to provide comprehensive field
research results of masonry historical structures situated in
various cities within the region impacted by the Kahramanmaraş
earthquakes occurred on February 6, 2023. The paper presents
the findings of reconnaissance studies, delving into the failure
mechanisms observed in masonry historical structures, with
specific attention to walls, domes, and minarets. The insights
gained from the earthquake damages will be valuable in
reducing the likelihood of future earthquake damage to these
structures2023 yılı 6 Şubat tarihinde, Türkiye'nin Kahramanmaraş ilinde
Richter ölçeğine göre 7.7 büyüklüğünde şiddetli bir deprem
meydana gelmiş, ardından 7.6 büyüklüğünde bir başka büyük
deprem daha yaşanmıştır. Bu sismik olaylar, çok sayıda can kaybı
ve yaralanmalara ve bölgedeki tarihi yığma yapılarda geniş çaplı
hasarlara neden olmuştur. Bu yapıların düşük dayanım, yetersiz
sismik detaylandırma ve sınırlı süneklik gibi etkenlerden
kaynaklanan sismik zayıflıkları, çatlama, yer değiştirme ve bazı
durumlarda tamamen yıkılma gibi çeşitli hasar türlerine yol
açmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş
depremlerinden etkilenen bölgedeki çeşitli şehirlerde bulunan
yığma tarihi yapıların kapsamlı saha araştırması sonuçlarını
sunmaktır. Makale, yığma tarihi yapılarda gözlemlenen hasar
mekanizmalarını, özellikle duvarlar, kubbeler ve minareler
üzerindeki etkilerini inceleyen keşif çalışmalarının bulgularını
paylaşmaktadır. Deprem hasarlarından elde edilen bu
çıkarımlar, gelecekte bu tür yapıların deprem hasarlarını
azaltmada önemli katkılar sağlayacaktır
Honeybee parasitic diseases and pests in Konya province
Bu çalışma, Eylül 2023-Eylül 2024 tarihleri arasında Konya ili bal arılarının paraziter hastalık ve zararlılarının yaygınlığını belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla, beş farklı ilçedeki 64 arılığın her birinden 6 arı kolonisi muayene edilmiştir. Herbir koloniden alınan 50 erişkin bal arısı numunesi Nosema spp., Malpighamoeba mellificae, Acarapis woodi, Tropilaelaps spp., Varroa destructor ve Braula coeca yönünden incelenmiştir. Toplanan erişkin arı örnekleri 70%’lik etil alkolde muhafaza edilmiştir. Nosema sporlarını M.mellificae kistleri ve diğer mantar sporlarından ayırt etmek için safranin-metilen mavisi boyama metodu kullanılmıştır. Acarapis woodi enfestasyonunu belirlemek amacıyla prothoracic tracheae stereo mikroskop altında incelenmiştir. Erişkin arılardaki mevcut ektoparazitleri toplamak amacıyla çalkalama tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. Ana arısız ve zayıf kolonilerden mevcut güve kelebeği larva ve erişkinleri toplanmıştır. Laboratuvar şartlarında larvalardan erişkin kelebekler elde edilmiştir. Tür teşhisleri ilgili kaynaklardan yararlanılarak yapılmıştır. Çalışma süresince 384 bal arısı kolonisi muayene edilmiş, kolonilerin % 9,4 ’ünde Nosema spp., % 2,6’sında Malpighamoeba mellificae+Nosema spp. (miks enfeksiyon), % 23,7 ’sinde Varroa destructor ve
%2,9’unda petek güvesi tespit edilmiştir. Karınca, kulağakaçan ve yaban arısı gibi diğer zararlılar % 1,3 oranında saptanmıştır. Çalışma süresince Varroa destructor‘ün en yaygın parazit olduğu tespit edilmiştir.The study was carried out from September 2023 to September 2024 in the five districts of Konya province to investigate the prevalence and distribution of honeybee parasites, pests and predators. For this purpose, 64 apiaries in five different locations were selected, and 6 bee colonies in each apiary were examined. Also, 50 Adult honeybees for a sample collected from the each colony were examined for Nosema spp., Malpighamoeba mellificae, Acarapis woodi, Tropilaelaps spp., Varroa destructor and Braula coeca. The sample bees were preserved in 70% ethanol until laboratory analysis. To distinguish Nosema spores from M.mellificae cysts and other fungal spores, the safranin-methylene blue staining method was used. The morphological technique that involves examining the prothoracic tracheae under a microscope was used for detection of Acarapis woodi infestation. Shaking methods was used for collecting external parasites from adult bees. Larvae and adults wax moth were collected from Queenless and weak hives. Adult butterflies were obtained from larvae under laboratory conditions. Species identification of the collected ectoparasites was made using relevant sources. During this study, 384 honeybee colonies were examined. Out of 384 bee colonies, the overall prevalence of Nosema spp., Nosema spp. + M. mellificae (mix infection) and Varroa destructor was 9,4
%, 2,6 % and 23,7 %, respectively. The overall prevalence of wax moth was 2,9%. Other predators (ant, European earwig and European wasp) were observed in 1,3 % of the colonies. The research indicates that Varroa destructor is the major parasites that affect honeybees in the study area
A comparative study on early childhood teachers’ views on children’s rights in the digital world: examples from Turkey and England
Bu araştırmanın amacı Türkiye’de ve İngiltere’deki okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin dijital dünyada çocuk haklarına ilişkin görüşlerinin karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesidir. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden karşılaştırmalı durum çalışmasının gerçekleştirildiği bu araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Afyonkarahisar İl Milli Eğitim Müdürlüğü’ne bağlı, 36-72 aylık çocukların devam etmekte olduğu bağımsız üç ayrı anaokulunda görev yapmakta olan 6 öğretmen ve İngiltere’de yine 36-72 aylık çocukların devam etmekte olduğu Eğitim Bakanlığı’na bağlı üç ayrı devlet anaokulunda görev yapmakta olan 6 öğretmen olmak üzere araştırmaya katılmaya gönüllü toplam 12 öğretmen oluşturmuştur. Araştırmanın verileri görüşme formları ve doküman incelemesi yoluyla toplanmıştır. Karşılaştırmalı durum çalışmasının aşamaları doğrultusunda, Türkiye’deki ve İngiltere’deki öğretmenlerin dijital dünyada çocuk haklarına yönelik görüşleri arasında karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır. Ortak ve farklı temalar ve alt temalar doğrultusunda iki durum arasındaki benzer ve farklı yönler ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Türkiye’deki ve İngiltere’deki okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin çocukların dijital ortamlarda görüşlerini ifade edebilmeleri için gerekli koşulların sağlanmadığını düşündükleri sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Öğretmenlerin uygulama, oyun, web siteleri gibi dijital ortamların çocuklar için güvenli bir şekilde hazırlanmadığı ve çocukların dijital ortamda korunması için alınacak çevrim içi güvenlik önlemleri konusunda yetişkinlerin yetersiz bilgiye ve sınırlı bilgiye sahip oldukları ortak görüşüne sahip oldukları belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca öğretmenler çocukların dijital ortamda korunması için alınacak çevrim içi güvenlik önlemleri konusunda yetişkinlerin yetersiz bilgiye ve sınırlı bilgiye sahip oldukları ortak görüşündedir. Türkiye’deki ve İngiltere’deki öğretmenlerin dijital dünyada çocuk haklarını farklı şekilde tanımladıkları ve dijital ortamlarda çocuk hakları ile ilgili farklı uygulamalar gerçekleştirdikleri görülmüştür. Türkiye’deki öğretmenler yol gösterici ve model olma rolünü sergilediklerini ifade ederken, İngiltere’deki öğretmenler ebeveyn eğitimi, gözlem takip ve çocukları bilgilendirme gibi süreçler gerçekleştirdiklerini belirtmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında gerçekleştirilen doküman analizi sonucunda da her iki ülkede de çocukların dijital haklarını korumak amacıyla yasal düzenlemelerin olduğu, çocukların dijital güvenliğini sağlamak amacıyla her iki ülkedeki ilgili kurum ve kuruluşlar tarafından farklı içerikte rehberlerin hazırlandığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.The aim of this research is to comparatively examine the views of preschool teachers in Turkey and England regarding children's rights in the digital world. The study group of this research, in which a comparative case study, one of the qualitative research methods, was carried out, consists of 6 teachers working in three independent kindergartens affiliated with Afyonkarahisar Provincial Directorate of National Education, where children aged 36-72 months attend, and 6 teachers working in three separate kindergartens, where children aged 36-72 months attend, in England. A total of 12 teachers volunteered to participate in the research, including 6 teachers working in three different state kindergartens affiliated with the Ministry of Education. The data of the research were collected through interview forms and document review. In line with the stages of the comparative case study, comparisons were made between the views of teachers in Turkey and England regarding children's rights in the digital world. Similar and different aspects between the two situations were revealed in line with common and different themes and sub-themes. It was concluded that preschool teachers in Turkey and England think that the necessary conditions are not provided for children to express their opinions in digital environments. It has been determined that teachers have a common opinion that digital environments such as applications, games and websites are not prepared safely for children and that adults have insufficient and limited knowledge about online security measures to be taken to protect children in the digital environment. In addition, teachers are of the common opinion that adults have insufficient knowledge and limited knowledge about online security measures to be taken to protect children in the digital environment. It has been observed that teachers in Turkey and England define children's rights in the digital world differently and implement different practices regarding children's rights in digital environments. While teachers in Turkey stated that they played the role of guiding and modeling, teachers in England stated that they carried out processes such as parent training, observation, follow-up and informing children. As a result of the document analysis carried out within the scope of the research, it was concluded that there are legal regulations in both countries to protect the digital rights of children, and that guides with different contents have been prepared by the relevant institutions and organizations in both countries in order to ensure the digital safety of children
FROM STOIC MEMENTO MORI TO DIGITAL IMMORTALITY: MODERN QUESTS AND TRANSHUMANIST TENDENCIES IN THE FACE OF DEATH
This study examines how the way humans confront death, one of the fundamental questions of existence, has been transformed in the digital age from a philosophical perspective. The principles of memento mori (remember death) and amor fati (love your fate) found in ancient Stoic philosophy argue that death is an element that gives meaning to life; however, technological advances today, particularly transhumanist and posthumanist approaches, view death as a problem to be overcome technically. In this context, the quest for digital immortality, combined with the desire to transcend biological limitations, is producing radical solutions in areas such as consciousness transfer, artificial intelligence, and neurotechnology. The study examines how modern humanity's perception of death has changed, particularly through digital immortality practices such as the BLUE-PRINT movement, and evaluates the tension between ancient philosophical approaches and contemporary technological utopias. As concepts such as the meaning of being human, ethical boundaries, time, and destiny are re-examined in this new context, the study also opens up a discussion on the possibilities and limitations of confronting death in the digital age
Nature-based activities and mental well-being in adults: a study on perceived health outcomes
Background Nowadays, nature-based sports activities stand out as an essential factor that positively affects individuals' psychological well-being beyond supporting their physical health. Physical activities in the natural environment can support individuals' mental well-being by reducing their stress levels, increasing their life satisfaction, and strengthening their psychological resilience. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the effect of perceived health outcomes from nature-based sport activities on adults' mental well-being.Method A relational screening model was employed with 350 adult participants (183 male, 167 female) engaged in nature-based sports such as skiing, snowboarding, mountaineering, and paragliding in Kocaeli, T & uuml;rkiye. Participants were selected using a convenience sampling method. Data were collected through a personal information form, the Perceived Health Outcomes of Recreation Scale, and the Mental Well-Being Scale. Both scales demonstrated high reliability in this study (Cronbach's alpha = 0.93-0.94 for health outcomes; alpha = 0.93 for mental well-being). Normality was verified through skewness and kurtosis values. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, correlation, regression, cluster, and univariate analyses conducted using SPSS 23.Results It was determined that there was a positive relationship between perceived health outcomes and mental well-being. In addition, it was observed that perceived health outcomes have a positive effect on mental well-being and predicted mental well-being by approximately 24%. In particular, it was determined that adults who regularly participate in nature-based sports have higher levels of mental well-being in groups with high levels of perceived health outcomes.Conclusion It can be stated that regular participation in nature sports creates a positive effect on mental well-being by increasing the level of perceived health outcomes. It can be stated that regular participation in nature sports creates a positive effect on mental well-being by increasing the level of perceived health outcomes. Therefore, promoting accessible and inclusive nature-based sports programs in communities, workplaces, and educational settings is recommended to support public mental and physical health
The Anthelmintic Activity of Nepeta racemosa Lam. Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Sheep: Rosmarinic Acid Quantification and In Silico Tubulin-Binding Studies
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) inflict significant economic losses on sheep and goat farming globally due to reduced productivity and the development of anthelmintic resistance. Sustainable control strategies are urgently needed including the exploration of medicinal plants as safer alternatives to chemical anthelmintics. This genus of plants is used for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic activities of Nepeta racemosa Lam. MeOH extract, n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-buthanol (n-BuOH) and aqueous (H2O) subextracts, and quantify rosmarinic acid in the active extract by the HPLC method, and perform in silico molecular docking studies of rosmarinic acid to examine its binding interactions with tubulin. The anthelmintic activity of the plant extracts on gastrointestinal nematode eggs and larvae (L3) of the sheep was assessed using in vitro test methods such as the egg hatch assay and larval motility assay, conducted over a 24 h period (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 24). All extracts exhibited 100% effectiveness in the egg hatch inhibition assay, regardless of concentration (50-1.5625 mg/mL). The EtOAc subextract shows the highest effectiveness at 79.66%, followed by the MeOH extract at 74.00%, water at 64.00%, n-hexane at 67.00%, and DCM at 61.00%, and the lowest effectiveness is observed with n-BuOH at 51.66% in the larval motility assay. The major compound of EtOAc extract, the most active extract of N. racemosa, was determined as rosmarinic acid and its amount in the extract was determined as 14.50 mg/100 mg dry extract. The amount of rosmarinic acid in the MeOH extract was found to be 0.21 mg/100 mg dry extract. n-Hexane, DCM, n-BuOH, and H2O extracts' rosmarinic acid content was lower than the LOQ value. As tubulin plays an important role in the mechanism of anthelmintics, the major compound of the most active extract (NR-EtOAc) rosmarinic acid was docked onto the colchicine-binding site of the tubulin (5OV7) protein. Rosmarinic acid showed a similar activity spectrum to the anthelmintic drug albendazole. The discovery of low-cost and low-toxicity anthelmintic compounds is very important
Coupling agent modified MGSA ceramic powder filled PTFE composite materials: High thermal conductivity and low dielectric loss of substrate materials for microwave high frequency and high-speed communication
Polymer-ceramic composite substrates have been widely focused and used in recent years due to the 5th generation high frequency and high-speed communication. C9H14O3Si (Z6124) modified Mg 1.99 Ga 0.01 Si 0.99 Al 0.01 O 4 (MGSA) ceramic powder filled with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites were prepared by casting and vacuum hot-pressing methods. The surface hydrophobicity of the particles and the interfacial compatibility of the composites were improved by using Z6124 coupling agent. Compared with the pure PTFE, the 55 wt% Z6124 modified MGSA particles filled PTFE composite board showed a high dielectric constant of 3.5 and lower dielectric loss of 9 x 10-4@10 GHz as well as a thermal conductivity of 0.734 W/mK, which is three times order than that PTFE @0.2 W/mK. Based on the above experiments, simulations of their dielectric properties and thermal conductivity were carried out with COMSOL Multiphysics. The results show that the 65 wt% MGSA particles construct the best thermal conductivity path filled PTFE composite board, which is consistent with the experimental results. All these properties indicate that Z6124 modified MGSA particle filled PTFE composites are potential materials for microwave substrate applications.Guangxi Science and Technology Major Project [Guike AA24263001]; The leading geese research and development planning project of department of science and technology of Zhejiang province [2023C01183]; Natural Science Foundation of China [52161145401, 51672063]This work was supported by the leading geese research and development planning project of department of science and technology of Zhejiang province (No.2023C01183) , Guangxi Science and Technology Major Project (Task Number: Guike AA24263001) and Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.52161145401, 51672063)
Investigation of Corrosion Behavior of High Entropy Alloy Coated Ductile Iron by Electro Spark Deposition (ESD) Method
In order to increase the service life of ductile iron (DI) components, various coating methods are used to improve surface properties such as hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. In recent years, the electrospark deposition (ESD) method has become a preferred surface coating process. This is due to its numerous advantages, including simple equipment and ease of use, strong metallurgical bonding, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. In this study, a high-entropy alloy was produced on unalloyed ductile iron using the ESD method at different voltages. The microstructures of the high-entropy alloy-coated ductile iron were examined, and properties such as micro hardness, layer thickness, and corrosion resistance were evaluated. To characterize the microstructure and composition of the coatings, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses were performed. The results showed that the corrosion resistance of the Ductile iron coated with the high-entropy alloy increased. The best corrosion resistance and homogeneous coatings were obtained at upper voltages.AKU-Scientific and Research Project Commission [22, FEN.BIL.29]This study was supported by AKU-Scientific and Research Project Commission (project no. 22.FEN.BIL.29)