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Factors Affecting Foreign Market Entry Strategies for Financial Institutions: A Case Study of Equity Bank Kenya
No full textProject Report Submitted to the Chandaria School of Business in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Masters in Business Administration (MBA)The purpose of the study was to determine the factors affecting foreign market entry strategies for financial institutions with a key focus on Equity Bank Kenya Limited. The study was guided by specific objectives that focused on: determining internal firm factors that affect foreign market entry for financial institutions; examining external factors that affect foreign market entry for financial institutions; and determining industrial factors that affect foreign market entry for financial institutions.
In this study, the research design used in this study was descriptive. The total population used in the study was all employees working at Equity Headquarters located in Upper hill Nairobi (836) in total. The sampling frame for this study was the complete list of all employees of Equity Bank Headquarters located in Upper hill, obtained from the organization’s human resource department. Stratified sampling technique was used to select the sample size for the study. The sample size for the study was 271 respondents as received from the formula used as shown on the methodology section. The study applied the use of primary data collection technique. This was achieved through the use of questionnaires. The study used quantitative data analysis. The study showed that internal factors had the ability to impact foreign market expansion strategies used by companies. The study revealed that Equity Bank (K) Limited’s strategy formulation process was linked to the organization’s long-term plans and was guided by the company’s vision, mission and objectives.
Their organizational culture facilitated their ability to adapt to both external and internal changes and the company had the ability to create sustainable change through the integration of changes in their organizational culture. The study showed that, the flow of organizational knowledge within the company and the encouragement from leaders who supported innovation and knowledge management initiatives facilitated the ability of the organization in entering new foreign markets.
The study revealed that external factors had the ability to impact foreign market expansion strategies. It showed that Equity Bank (K) Limited focused on the foreign rules and regulations established by law-makers before deciding on entering a foreign market. The company considered factors relating to: the freedom and protection of acquiring property and engaging in voluntary transactions, ability to assume a reasonable capacity for the expatriation of earnings from their international operations without unreasonable regulations or taxation and economically safe environments, before entering a foreign market.
The study concludes that these factors create different cultural values in different societies and their influences on the transfer of management practices among nations were a great influence on the organization’s intention to enter a new foreign market. The study showed that industrial factors had the ability to impact foreign market expansion strategies, and that the company managers’ ability to understand the effect of industry forces impacted their entry strategies. The study showed that the institution was affected by the threat of entering a new market by established companies as well as the presence of substitute products from rival firms. Equity Bank (K) Limited was influenced by the size and concentration of customers in the foreign market as well as the saturation of their domestic market.
The study recommends that to enter a new market, the firm should select markets that have less intense rivalry so as to avoid engaging in price wars. Globalization is a reality and is driving internationalization. Although there are challenges in going international, the study recommends that firms train and retrain their leaders to understand the external environment factors like the socio-culture, legal and technological in order to prepare adequately for a smoother process. The study recommends KBA and the government to organize various workshops and seminars that would expose the managers and policy makers of financial institutions to external factors that impact the internationalization procedures of financial institutions
The Joint Influence of Ethical Human Resource Practice, Ethical Investor Relations, Ethical Consumer Relations and Ethical Advertising on the Financial Performance of Listed Firms in Kenya.
No full textJournal ArticlePurpose: human resource practice, ethical investor relations, ethical consumer relations and ethical advertising on the financial performance of listed firms in Kenya.
Methodology: Primary data was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire. Secondary data was collected from both the listed firms in the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE), and information from the sector regulator, the Capital Markets Authority (CMA). The target population of this study was 64 companies listed in the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) with consistency being evaluated between the years 2011 to 2015. Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS). The study did a joint regression test for the combined effects of ethical human resource practices, ethical advertising practices, ethical consumer practices and ethical relation practices. In the regression, it was established that, acting jointly, these practices have a positive relationship with the financial performance of listed firms.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: This study recommends that listed firms need to religiously adhere to conducts of ethical leadership. The departments of human resource should at all time implement their human resource policies with great caution as their mandates, as outlined in the HR policy, influence their organizational performance. The marketing departments should uphold zero tolerance to unethical advertising practices. Also, a feedback platform needs to be included in all advertisements so that profitability is achieved. To the consumers, quality is of priority. Listed firms should formulate ways of always adhering to provision of quality services to consumers. On ethical investor relations, there is need to involve truthful disclosure of information,especially regarding financial statements of the firms. Truthful disclosure of information will uphold investor trust, and subsequently inject more incentives (majorly in the form of financial) for the benefit of the firms. Overally, the study recommends that, by practicing ethical leadership, the firms’ financial performance will greatly improve. The study also suggested that ethical leadership practices should be replicated in non-listed firms and in government agencies
Factors That Influence the Growth of E-Commerce in Nairobi Kenya
No full textA Research Project Report Submitted to the Chandaria School of Business in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Masters in Business Administration (MBA)The purpose of the study was to investigate the factors that influence the growth of e-commerce in Nairobi, Kenya. The study sought to provide answers on the effect of internet coverage on e-commerce businesses in Nairobi, Kenya. It also looked at the various modes of payments and how this affected the growth of the various e-commerce businesses. Finally, the study looked at various buyer related factors and the effect on e-commerce businesses growth in Nairobi.
This study adopted a cross-sectional survey design as it is instrumental in collecting data from a population of interest at one point in time. The study was descriptive in nature. In addition, a survey study was used because it enables the researcher to have an in-depth understanding of the research problem across the online businesses. The total sample constituted 30 respondents which is the general rule thumb for small populations. The study collected primary data using questionnaires comprising of both open-ended and close-ended questions. The questionnaire method is cost-effective, quicker, eliminates researcher’s bias and is convenient to the respondent as it allows for flexibility. The target respondents were the business owners or senior business managers; this was because they were most likely to have the information being sought after in this study.
The study revealed that introduction of 4G had an average influence on the growth of E-commerce, majority of customers were opting to trade using their mobile phones, customers were now easily installing applications in their phones, all processes were being done online and that it was becoming easier to interact with customers online.
The respondents indicated that there was a slow take up of Mbanking mode of payment, they rarely used internet banking, they frequently used cash on delivery as a mode of payment, they frequently used mobile money transfer. The usage of Debit and Credit cards had a tie between average usage and less frequently use. Most of the respondents mostly used PayPal as a mode of payment and hardly used cheques to make payments.
According to the study on average most of the customers in the e-commerce industry were employed. They were then followed by those in self-employment who were then followed by students and the least was the unemployed. The results indicated that on average most of the customers in the e-commerce industry were looking for the best product to purchase, then the latest or newest product in the market and an experience. On average advertisement in the press and media was the most effective method to reach to potential and existing customers while search engines were the second most effective marketing strategy.
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Following the study, it can be concluded that majority of the consumers were making orders using their mobile phones and that they most likely installed the application of the firm from which they ordered from. Further, that Internet had become key in communication between the various E-commerce firms and the consumers and that all the transactions were being done online. Finally, that consumers were increasingly becoming comfortable to make their purchases online.
The study also concludes that there is a low usage of electronic modes of payment when using E-commerce platform. This might be because of bad experiences from previous transactions which then makes the consumers skeptical of using electronic modes of payments. Further that, consumers preferred to use payment on delivery methods which include mobile money transfer and cash payments. Maybe the adoption of electronic payment might also be accepted if it is done after delivery of the purchased goods.
A conclusion that was also drawn from the study is that, majority of the consumers of E-commerce were employed followed by the self-employed. Thus, E-commerce transactions had a higher attraction to elites. This are the individuals who had the finances to spend, had access to the internet and most likely did not have the luxury of time to go to the shops and make purchases. They therefore quickly made their orders online and had them delivered at their door steps.
The study recommends a continuous improvement of the internet and its usage knowledge and skills as this goes a long way in growing the E-commerce industry in whichever location this occurs. The government and the various stakeholders involved should thus continue to support the growth of internet and its infrastructure across the board as this will ensure a steady and continuous growth of E-commerce
Factors Affecting Business Processing Outsourcing Strategy: A Case Study East Africa Breweries Limited
No full textA Research Project Proposal Submitted to the Chandaria School of Business in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Award of the Degree of Master of Business Administration (MBA)The general purpose of this study was to determine factors affecting business processing outsourcing at East Africa Breweries Limited. The study was guided by three research questions which are: how does organizational culture affect implementation of business processing outsourcing in East African Breweries Limited? How does the management style affect implementation of business processing outsourcing in East African Breweries Limited? and how does the service provider affect implementation of business processing outsourcing in East African Breweries Limited?
A descriptive research was used. The research used questionnaires to collect data. The target population was 835 respondents from East African Breweries Limited. 418 questionnaires were distributed and only 400 were filled and returned. Data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS and the results were presented in figures and tables.
Findings based on the first research question revealed that majority of respondents agreed that they are aware of organizational culture, organizational culture affects implementation of business process outsourcing. However there was uncertainty on relationship the organization has with their service provider affects business processing outsourcing implementation, employees adopt well to change, and employees believe change is inevitable. In addition, respondents disagreed that organizational culture is compatible with service provider’s culture and organizational culture is considered before outsourcing.
Findings based on the second research question established that there was uncertainty on management have the right capabilities and is committed to handle business processing outsourcing implementation, management offers guidance to employee and handle disputes arising. However, respondents disagreed that the organization has experienced difficulty in obtaining organizational support on outsourcing activities.
Findings based on the third research question revealed that there was uncertainty on distance of service provider location from that of East African Breweries Limited affects service delivery, organization has mechanism in place that create conducive environment for knowledge transfer, service providers have invested time to ensure a good relationship with the organization, organization has changed vendors as a result of performance and service provider objectives are aligned with the firm’s objectives,. However, respondents disagreed on capability of service providers has resulted into competitive advantage for the and service provider understands the firm’s business operation and environment well
The study concluded that the organization has organizational culture but the employees are not aware. In addition, before outsourcing the organizations considers their culture and ensures that decisions are in line with their culture. However, the relationship that the organization has with its service providers affects the implementation of business processing outsourcing and employees do not adopt well to change. East African Breweries Limited does not have the right managers, who are committed and have required capabilities to handle implementation of business processing outsourcing, manage dispute during the implementation process and negative outcome has resulted due to outsourcing. The organization does not have mechanism in place to easily transfer knowledge; service providers have not created time to ensure that they have a good relationship with East African Breweries Limited hence leading to East African Breweries Limited changing vendors.
The study recommended that East African Breweries Limited should ensure its culture and service providers culture are compatible, involve employees in the implementation, managers are committed, offer guidance, include employees in the implementation process, have easy access to their service provider, ensure that their objective is in line with service providers objective outsource service providers that are able to perform task effectively and understand East African Breweries Limited business operation and environment. It is recommended that a similar study should be done to identify if factors identified affects other company during business processing outsourcing and also to identify other factors that affects business processing outsourcing
Human Security and Japanese Foreign Policy towards Africa
No full textThesis Submitted To the School Of Humanities and Social Science in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for Master of Arts Degree (International Relations)end of the Cold War, marked by the shift from a bipolar to multipolar security order, prompted a significant change in Japan’s relations with Africa. New political and economic challenges, which have been accelerated by the process of globalization, have forced Japan to adjust its foreign policies accordingly- especially in the African context. The primary goal of this study is to analyze how the concept of human security has influenced Japan’s foreign policy towards Africa since 1998. The study focuses on Official Development Assistance (ODA) and peacekeeping through the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations in Africa. The methodological nature of this study is mixed design. Secondary sources are used. This study makes use of the two contending theoretical perspectives in the security paradigm, namely neo- realism and the human security approach.
An important part of the analysis is Japan’s middle powership and why it has chosen human security as its niche diplomacy in the new security order. The findings of this study suggest that the reasons for this are, firstly that Japan has had to justify its continuing ODA cuts to Africa over the last decade, as well as its pacifist stance on peacekeeping, which sees it refraining from directly intervening in conflict situations. Other key findings of this study are that Japan’s motives for providing ODA to Africa prior to 1989 were mainly economic in nature and that diplomatic relations were limited. What also emerged from this study is that Japan’s most prominent foreign policy goals include a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council, establishing itself as a prominent global player both in political and economic realms, and securing favorable relations with states whose resources are vital to its expanding economy. Japan’s more recent relations with Africa can also be characterized by its multilateral approach, particularly through organizations such as the United Nations and the African Union. Important initiatives such as the Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD) have also played an important role in promoting African development. However, its future success will depend on coordinating TICAD with human security as a common goal.
The implications of the findings of this study are that Japan will have to formulate a more coherent foreign policy on security, especially towards Africa. Secondly, since Japan is no longer the ODA giant that it used to be, it will have to find new ways of defining its relationship with Africa, particularly in terms of TICAD and the G8. Future research could expand the analysis to an investigation of Japan’s ODA disbursements to all Africa countries. Additional attention should also be given to Japan’s foreign policy in terms of peacebuilding, and how the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) is formulating these policies. Lastly, more research can be conducted on human security in general, and other aspects of it that are promoted through Japan’s foreign policy
Relationship of Employees Morale and Retention within Higher Learning Institutions in Kenya: A Case of Cooperative University College of Kenya
No full textJournal ArticleThe main purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of motivation on staff retention in the workplace within higher learning institutions, with focus on Cooperative University college of Kenya (CUCK). Research questions included the following: How does compensation influence employee job retention at CUCK? How does employee training influence employee job retention at CUCK? How does employee recognition influence employee job retention at CUCK? Descriptive research design was adopted in this study. Descriptive research was used to obtain information concerning the current
status of staff motivation as the phenomena to describe what existed with respect to motivation variables or conditions in CUCK. The target population consisted of 90 CUCK employees who included lower cadre employees, lecturers, heads of departments, coordinators and head of units, and top management of the organization. In order to identify the sample elements, stratified sampling was adopted for the heads of departments, lecturers, and heads of units because they could provide the same information. A sample size of 45 respondents was employed. This represented50% of the sample frame. Data collection was done using a standard self-administered
questionnaire which was distributed to the respondents. Data analysis was by way of descriptive statistics in terms of the mean, mode, median and frequencies. Data presentation was in form of frequency tables, mean, and graphs. The findings established that majority of respondents felt that money played an important role as key motivation variable that improves employee job retention. Others confirmed that, although still positive, indicated a lesser degree of positive response to the fact that annual performance bonuses, salary and wages, and monthly target based incentive schemes are regarded as having a positive impact on employee job retention. The results further revealed that, monetary motivation was the only motivation that motivated employees. The results also stressed that monetary motivation can only be regarded as a short-term motivator. It was also revealed that there exists training and development opportunities at CUCK, majority of the respondents agreed that potential promotional opportunities are based one’s training. At CUCK career development is what motivates employees to stick within the institution. Additionally, respondents agree that CUCK has offered them opportunities to use their own initiatives, CUCK has offered employees more responsibility as a result of the trainings attended. CUCK has offered them excellent training opportunities to broaden the functions of their job while CUCK has offered them frequent training that have enhanced the feeling of accomplishment
they get from their job and finally CUCK had had excellent training opportunities to assist their staff advance their career.
Finally, the findings revealed that, majority of the respondents were in agreement about how employee recognition contributes to employee retention. In the same regard respondents agreed that there exist employee training opportunities at CUCK. It was further revealed that they received informal praise from their superiors. Similarly, respondents agreed that they received formal praise from their bosses. It was further revealed that respondents received symbolic gifts such as dairies, calendars, notebooks, caps, badges and tshirts, were mentioned as well as daily newspapers.
It is recommended that the needs of employees should be seriously considered when designing and implementing a motivation system to motivate staff to remain in the organization. The first step would be to determine the stage of the life cycle that majority of the employees fall. Once this has been established, the hierarchy of needs in terms of importance within this life cycle phase must be determined. From the conclusions of this study it is clear that compensation should be included in motivation schemes. In addition, CUCK should continue using training to motivate employees, as this was to satisfy their needs since it is necessary for the career growth. Similarly, the study recommended that, there was need for CUCK to conduct frequent workshops and capacity building seminars so as to ensure that employees have something to keep them loyal to the organization. The study finally recommended that CUCK should conceptualize the use of informal praise by superiors, symbolic gifts, and writing monthly magazines where good performers are mentioned, and employee of the month awards in order to motivate employees to perform better. Secondly the study recommended that, that it is important for CUCK to involve all the employees when determining the performance standards
An Evaluation of the Cost and Benefits of Applied Cosmetics Industry Marketing Best Practices: A Case Study of the Kenyan Market
No full textA Research Project Submitted to the Chandaria School of Business in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Business Administration (MBA).The purpose of this study was to develop an evaluation of the cost and benefits of applied cosmetics industry marketing best practices in Kenya. The study was guided by the following research questions; what are the commonly applied marketing strategies in the Kenyan cosmetics industry? What are the cost implications of the applied marketing strategies in the Kenyan cosmetics industry? And what are the gained benefits of the applied marketing strategies in the Kenyan cosmetics industry?
The study had a descriptive research design. Primary data was collected from respondents in Nairobi, Kiambu, and Nakuru. The target population consisted of manufacturers and wholesalers in the cosmetic industry. The required data was collected through a closed ended questionnaires from a sample size of 150 respondents but only 104 questionnaires were filled and returned. The study data was collected over a two weeks period through visiting cosmetic product manufacturers and wholesalers and supplying the owners and attendants with the study questionnaires. Finally, the obtained study data was analysed statistically. The research process started by developing a questionnaire according to the research questions. The researcher sought permission from Chandaria School of Business to carry out research. A pilot study was carried out to test the reliability of the data collection instrument. After data collection, the filled questionnaires were first checked to ensure they did not have any errors. The data was then coded, cleaned, analysed, and interpreted accordingly. The study had both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results were presented in tables, graphs, and pie-charts. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel.
The first research question was; what are the commonly applied marketing strategies in the Kenyan cosmetics industry? The study found that majority of the respondents at 73% strongly agreed that mass media advertisement strategy is the most used marketing strategy by cosmetics product manufacturers and outlets. The results from the study confirmed that organizations in the cosmetic industry have mass media advertisement strategy, product placement advertisement strategy, celebrity marketing strategy, and sales force strategy as the cosmetic industry best applied marketing practices.
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The second research question was; what are the cost implications of the applied marketing strategies in the Kenyan cosmetics industry? The study revealed that majority of the respondents at 58% were neutral about the costs of any marketing strategy and 52% strongly agreed that celebrity marketing strategy is the most cost intensive. Most of the respondents at 55% agreed that sales force strategy has the highest training costs. The study also revealed that celebrity marketing strategy and sales force strategy are the most costly marketing strategies compared to the other marketing strategies.
The third research question was; what are the gained benefits of the applied marketing strategies in the Kenyan cosmetics industry? Majority of the respondents at 81% strongly agreed that mass media advertising strategy helps in taping new markets. Most of the respondents at 74% strongly agreed that mass media advertising builds trust and customer loyalty. 81% of the respondents strongly agreed that mass media advertising encourages consumers to adopt a product. The results revealed that mass media marketing strategy is the most beneficial marketing strategy.
The study concluded that four strategies namely; mass media advertising, celebrity marketing, product placement, and sales force are the commonly used marketing strategies. Specifically, the most used marketing strategy by cosmetics product manufacturers and outlets is mass media advertisement strategy. However, the most effective and preferred marketing strategy is sales force strategy. This shows that most organizations in the cosmetic industry may be using mass media advertisement strategy but they feel sales force strategy maybe the most effective marketing strategy. Based on the costs and benefits analysis on both, it is concluded that mass media advertising and sales force strategies are the ideal strategies for the industry. Celebrity marketing strategy was found to be the most cost intensive marketing strategy compared to product placement strategy, sales force strategy, and mass media advertising strategy.
The study recommends that organizations should have a combination of different marketing strategies that complement each other to increase effectiveness of the marketing strategies. Organizations should also evaluate the costs of each marketing strategy and use the most cost-effective one. This is the marketing strategy that has the highest return on investment. The study recommends that further studies should be developed to evaluate the interrelationship between different strategies applied by the cosmetics industry
Breast Cancer Coverage in Kenyan Newspapers: Investigating a Prevention Agenda
No full textThesis Submitted to the School of Science and Technology in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts in Communication StudiesThe media is a key avenue through which the general public receives health information. In the wake of the growing breast cancer pandemic in Kenya, it is crucial to understand the extent of the newspaper coverage after passing of the cancer legislation in Kenya in 2012. The purpose of this research was to investigate the extent of coverage of breast cancer in view of the cancer control continuum in two leading Kenyan newspapers between 2013 and 2016 and determine the existence of a prevention agenda. Informed by the agenda-setting theory, the study sought to establish (a) the distribution of published article genres (news, feature and opinion) that discussed the status of the breast cancer issue in the two sampled newspapers, the Daily Nation and The Standard (selection), (b) the distribution of published breast cancer articles (month, year) in the two publications newspapers between 2013-2016 (salience), and (c) the frequencies of the five elements of the cancer control continuum (detection, diagnosis, treatment, survivorship and prevention) with special attention to prevention in breast cancer coverage contained in the two newspapers (agenda). The study employed the content analysis research design to study 340 articles that mentioned breast cancer. The articles were selected using the simple random sampling technique. Cohen’s Kappa inter-coder reliability coefficient of.82 was observed, seen as acceptable. Findings indicate that the Daily Nation had significantly more articles (247 or 73%) on breast cancer than the Standard (93 or 27%). The year with the lowest number of articles (76) was 2013 while 2015 had the highest (101). Moreover, October (cancer awareness month) had the highest number of articles (84 or 24.71%) and April the lowest (14 or 4.12%) in the four years studied (2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016). The study established that the coverage agenda was inclined towards treatment as it had the highest number of occurrences (476 or 28% mentions), followed by diagnosis (462 or 27% occurrence), detection (392 or 23% mentions), prevention (209 or 12% occurrence) and the
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lowest coverage was on survivorship (161 or 9% occurrences). The study therefore established an insufficiency of coverage of prevention messaging about breast cancer. Overall, both papers gave secondary prevention more coverage (170 or 57.43%) than primary prevention. The Standard had more primary prevention emphasis (68 mentions) than the Daily Nation (58 mentions). Finally, coverage received moderate salience as most articles fell under the feature genre (239 or 70% of the articles), followed by news genre (79 or 23% of the articles), and the least used genre was opinion genre (22 or 6%). The study offers some recommendations to the media, health practitioners and campaign developers. The two newspapers under consideration need to increase their coverage of the all the elements of the cancer control continuum throughout the year not only when it is considered newsworthy to provide coverage during the breast cancer awareness month of October. Particular attention should be given to the primary prevention of breast cancer over its treatment in order to contribute to the reduction of the growing incidence of the disease in the larger unaffected but at-risk population. Conversation needs to give prominence to the prevention of breast cancer in other forms of mass media, alternative media and community platforms. This study contributes to media agenda-setting knowledge that Kenyan newspapers have are yet to fully embrace the cancer prevention agenda. Future studies may examine whether a similar breast cancer coverage thread runs in other types of Kenyan media. Further research may assess the impact of breast cancer preventive content found in newspapers on various target audiences.
Keywords: agenda-setting, breast cancer coverage, cancer prevention, cancer control continuum, Kenyan newspaper
The Predictors of Body Image Dissatisfaction among Undergraduate Students at the United States International University (USIU), Nairobi, Kenya
No full textA thesis report submitted to the School of Humanities and Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in Clinical Psychology (MA clinical Psy)Utilizing a sample of 114 undergraduate students studying at the United States International University-Africa, this study analyzed the factors that impacted on body image dissatisfaction among young adults in Kenya. The study was anchored on the specific objectives to measure the level of body image dissatisfaction, investigate the presence of the negative consequences of body image dissatisfaction among undergraduate students, test for the effects of individual and socio-cultural factors on body image dissatisfaction, and to assess for gender differences in the predictors of body image dissatisfaction. A quantitative design was utilized for the study. Data were collected through a self-administered structured questionnaire and analyzed utilizing the SPSS software version 24 with beta (β) coefficients as the main test statistic. The results showed that those studied had low levels of both body image consciousness and dissatisfaction and that, overall, they were free from the negative consequences of body image dissatisfaction. Regression analysis revealed that, further showed that only 4 of 8 individual factors, none of the socio-cultural factors and only 1 of 4 control variables evaluated were significant predictors of body image dissatisfaction. The regression model explained 72.1 percent of the variance in body image dissatisfaction. Analysis along gender lines revealed that while some of the same factors were significant predictors of body image dissatisfaction for both males and females, some differences existed in how the various factors impacted on the body image dissatisfaction of the two sexes. The explained variance for males was 81.1 percent while that for females was 66.6 percent. It was concluded that, among others, the factors that have been utilized as predictors of body image dissatisfaction in Western countries also apply to the Kenyan situation
Decision Making Process in Tanzania’s Foreign Policy towards the East African Region: The Role of Julius Kambarage Nyerere
No full textThesis Submitted To The School Of Humanities And Social Science In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirement For The Degree Of Masters Of Arts In International RelationsPost colonial African states were characterized by leaders with larger than life personalities that embodied foreign policy. Leadership style therefore influenced the decision making process of any foreign policy objective. The study examines the role of Julius Kambarage Nyerere in the decision making process of Tanzania foreign policy towards the East African region. Primarily, it is a descriptive analysis of individual influence in decision making process of foreign policy. The pragmatic approach Nyerere pursued domestic policies such as, socialism, self reliance, and equality and justice were the driving force behind foreign policy interaction towards Kenya and Uganda. Pursuit of pan-Africanism, nonalignment and anti-colonialism made Tanzanian foreign policy progressive and dynamic within the region. The study also examines Nyerere’s idiosyncratic variable and its impact in the decision making of Tanzania foreign policy to determine constrains and preferences. This study seeks to understand the rationale of the foreign policy outcome, through the conceptualization of individual decision making models and theories including rational actor model, expected utility theory, cybernetic theory and poliheuristic theory. The study analyses the crisis point in the interaction of Tanzania towards the East African region including, Nyerere’s refusal to recognize Uganda government under Idd Amin because of his close friendship with President Milton Obote. The dynamism in that interaction led to closing Tanzania-Kenya border in 1978. The study examines continuity or change of Tanzania foreign policy after Nyerere’s administration. This is to determine his legacy and impact in Tanzania domestic and foreign interaction with her East African neighbors after his administration