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Sex typing and androgyny: Further explorations of the expressive domain.
No full textPrevious research by S. L. Bem has indicated that androgynous individuals of both sexes display "masculine" independence when under pressure to conform as well as "feminine" nurturance when interacting with a kitten. In contrast, sex-typed individuals were low in one or both of these behaviors. The 2 studies reported here were designed to replicate the low nurturance of the masculine male and to clarify the unexpected finding that feminine females were low in both independence and nurturance. In the 1st study 84 undergraduates who had taken the Bem Sex Role Inventory interacted with a human infant, and in the 2nd study 84 new undergradutes listened to a lonely student. Taken together, study results conceptually replicate the low nurturance of the masculine male and demonstrate that the low nurturance of the feminine female does not extend to her interaction with humans. Finally, evidence is presented in support of J. T. Spence et al's (1975) distinction between "androgynous" individuals, who are high in both masculinity and femininity, and "undifferentiated" individuals, who are low in both of these characteristics
Drug use and school dropout: A longitudinal study.
No full textQuestioned 915 9th graders concerning their use of drugs. 13 mo later Ss who had dropped out of school as well as those still attending reported again on thier current drug practices. Results support previous findings by demonstrating greater use of most licit and illicit drugs by dropouts following their withdrawal from school. Furthermore, for almost every drug, the trend towards greater drug use within the dropout group was evident and equally strong before the dropout. There was, however, indication that dropouts were more likely to initiate some categories of drug use following dropout. Findings are discussed in terms of a "symptom" vs "cause" view of school dropout in relation to drug use. It is concluded that drug use functions as part of the constellation of contributing factors that precedes dropping out of school, but that dropout status itself may play a causal role in fostering self-identification and/or social group contacts which promote the development of drug abuse patterns
