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كتاب "إظهار الأسرار في النحو" للبركوي (981هـ): قراءة في تبويبه، وبنيته المعرفيَّة، ومقارنته ببعض المتون = The book "Revealing the Secrets of Grammar" by al-Birkawi (d. 981 AH): a reading of its organization, its cognitive structure, and its comparison with some educational texts
No full textيتناول هذا البحث كتاب (إظهار الأسرار في النحو) للإمام زين الدين البركوي (981هـ)، بوصفه أنموذجًا نحويًّا تعليميًّا ينتمي إلى المدرسة العثمانية، ويتميِّز بتبويبه الثلاثي: "العامل، والمعمول، والإعراب". وقد سعى البحث إلى تحليل هذا البناء من حيث مضمونه، ومنطقه في الترتيب، ومدى ارتباطه برؤية معرفية منهجية في تصوُّر القاعدة النحوية، متوسَّلا بالمنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وذلك بتتبُّع بنية الكتاب الداخلية وتحليل ترتيب أبوابه، ومقارنتها بما هو سائد في المتون النحوية الأخرى. وقد كشف البحث أن ترتيب البركوي لأبواب النحو لا يقوم على مجرد التيسير أو التنظيم الظاهري، بل يصدر عن رؤية تجعل من "العامل" نقطة انطلاق في التحليل النحوي، ثم تنتقل إلى بيان أثره في "المعمول"، وتنتهي إلى "الإعراب" بوصفه المظهر الخارجي لهذه العلاقة. وهو بذلك يعبِّر عن فهم متقدِّم لبنية الجملة العربية وفق رؤية وظيفية. وتؤكد نتائج البحث أن هذا الترتيب يعكس محاولة واعية لإعادة بناء المدخل التعليمي للنحو، بعيدًا عن التقسيمات التقليدية الشائعة، مما يجعل هذا المتن مثالًا مهمًّا يستحق الدراسة بوصفه شاهدًا على تحوُّل منهج التأليف النحوي في العصر العثماني.
***** This study examines the book Iẓhār al-Asrār fī al-Naḥw by Imam Zayn al-Dīn al-Barkawī (d. 981 AH), considering it as a pedagogical grammatical model belonging to the Ottoman school. The work is distinguished by its threefold organization: "the agent (al-ʿāmil), the acted upon (al-maʿmūl), and the grammatical inflection (al-iʿrāb)." The study aims to analyze this structure in terms of its content, logical arrangement, and its connection to a methodological epistemic perspective in the conception of grammatical rules.
The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, tracing the internal structure of the book, analyzing the sequence of its chapters, and comparing it with the common arrangements in other grammatical texts. The research reveals that al-Barkawī’s organization of grammatical chapters is not merely for convenience or superficial order; rather, it stems from a vision that places the "agent" as the starting point in grammatical analysis, then moves to illustrate its effect on the "acted upon," and concludes with "al-iʿrāb" as the external manifestation of this relationship.
This approach reflects an advanced understanding of Arabic sentence structure from a functional perspective. The study’s findings indicate that this arrangement represents a conscious attempt to reconstruct the pedagogical approach to grammar, moving away from the commonly used traditional divisions, making this text an important case worthy of study as evidence of the evolution of grammatical composition methods during the Ottoman period
Smart sukuk as a mechanism for developing and mobilizing waqf resources in the age of digital technology
No full textWaqf, an Islamic endowment dedicated to the welfare of society, holds
signi cant potential for contributing to socio-economic development.
However, many Waqf properties remain underutilized due to administrative,
nancial, and structural challenges. These issues hinder the transformative role
that Waqf can play in addressing contemporary socio-economic challenges,
particularly in many countries. Hence, the objective of this study is to explore
innovative and sustainable approaches for revitalizing Waqf assets through
the integration of digital technology particularly blockchain into Islamic
nancial instruments. By conducting alibrary-based qualitative research, this
paper critically reviews existing literature on traditional Waqf models, Islamic
nancial instruments such as Sukuk al-Intifa’, Sukuk Musharakah, and
cash Waqf-linked Sukuk, and emerging technological innovations including
blockchain-based smart Sukuk. The ndings reveal that while traditional
Islamic nancial instruments have made strides in improving Waqf utilization, they still face limitations related to governance, scalability, and operational
transparency. In contrast, blockchain-integrated smart Sukuk offer a more
robust, transparent, and decentralized framework for issuing and managing
Waqf-based investments. This approach not only facilitates the transformation
of idle Waqf properties into productive assets such as schools, hospitals,
and commercial buildings but also creates employment opportunities and
enhances asset value. As such, the Waqf-based smart Sukuk model emerges
as a forward-looking and sustainable mechanism for mobilizing resources and
ful lling the core objective of Waqf: the promotion of long-term social and
economic welfar
A theological comparative exploration of tolerance in Islam and Buddhism
Get PDFReligious tolerance is a fundamental ethical principle in both Islam and Buddhism, shaping interfaith relations, governance models, and societal harmony. While both traditions emphasize compassion, patience, and mutual respect, their doctrinal foundations of tolerance differ significantly. Islamic tolerance (tasāmuḥ) is rooted in Islamic monotheism (tawḥīd), divine law (sharīʿah) and prophetic teachings (ḥadīth), where interfaith coexistence is structured within legal and ethical frameworks. The Qur’an (2:256) affirms that “there is no compulsion in religion,” and historical precedents such as the Constitution of Medina institutionalized protections for religious minorities. Conversely, Buddhist tolerance (kṣānti) arises from a nontheistic spiritual path in which moral conduct is governed by karma rather than by divine commandments. Buddhism fosters patience and forbearance as essential virtues in the Bodhisattva ideal and meditative disciplines, emphasizing inner transformation rather than legal enforcement. By analyzing both primary religious texts and contemporary sources, this study highlights common values between Islam and Buddhism, advocating for deeper interfaith dialogue and academic research on universal principles of tolerance. Understanding Islamic and Buddhist tolerance offers valuable frameworks for fostering religious harmony and coexistence in a diverse worl
Potential cytotoxic isolates of Spigelia anthelmia Linn. against T47D and WiDr cancer cells
Get PDFNatural products continue to provide valuable leads for anticancer drug discovery, yet limited studies have addressed the bioactive constituents of Spigelia anthelmia Linn. This research aimed to isolate and characterize cytotoxic metabolites of S. anthelmia using a bioassay-guided isolation approach. Sequential extraction, vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), and preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC) yielded a semi-purified fraction designated as Isolate A. Cytotoxicity was evaluated against T47D breast cancer and WiDr colon cancer cells using the MTT assay. Isolate A significantly reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner (ANOVA, p < 0.05), with IC₅₀ values of 166.92 ± 5.10 µg/mL (T47D) and 245.24 ± 6.25 µg/mL (WiDr), whereas doxorubicin exhibited IC₅₀ values of 40.05 ± 2.30 µg/mL and 3.57 ± 0.45 µg/mL, respectively. Flow cytometry with Annexin V–FITC/PI staining revealed a visible shift of cell populations toward early and late apoptotic quadrants, indicating apoptosis as the predominant mechanism of cell death. Spectroscopic characterization by FTIR, LC–MS, and NMR suggested that Isolate A is a phenolic/alkaloid-type compound (m/z 218 [M+H]⁺) containing hydroxyl, carbonyl, and heteroaromatic groups. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that S. anthelmia contains apoptosis-inducing metabolites with measurable cytotoxicity, supporting its potential as a natural source of anticancer leads and warranting further purification and mechanistic investigation. To our knowledge, this is the first study to combine bioassay-guided isolation, apoptosis profiling, and spectroscopic characterisation of S. anthelmia metabolites in T47D and WiDr cancer cells
Rapuhkah remaja kita?
No full textRemaja adalah potret masa hadapan sesebuah bangsa. Apa yang mereka fikirkan, amalkan dan perjuangkan hari ini akan mencorakkan rupa masyarakat pada esok hari. Namun, kebelakangan ini sering mendengar keluhan generasi remaja mudah putus asa, cepat terpengaruh dan sukar menghadapi tekanan hidup. Laporan demi laporan mengenai masalah sosial remaja terus membimbangkan masyarakat terutama berkisar perubahan sikap, nilai dan gaya hidup yang dilihat semakin rapuh berdepan arus modenisasi
Salivary microbiome in caries research: from classical concepts to future directions
Get PDFDental caries is a highly prevalent biofilm-mediated disease arising from complex interactions among oral microorganisms, diet, saliva, and host factors. Saliva is increasingly recognised as a practical and informative matrix for characterising oral microbial ecology and identifying biomarkers of caries risk. This narrative review synthesises historical and contemporary evidence on the salivary microbiome in caries research, with three aims: (a) to highlight early yet foundational work on salivary mutans streptococci and host factors, (b) to critically examine similarities and differences among recent 16S, metagenomic, and multi-omics studies linking salivary communities to caries, and (c) to discuss key future directions and translational potential. Early culture-based studies established strong associations between high salivary Streptococcus mutanscounts, low pH, and elevated caries experience, supporting saliva-based microbial screening as a feasible risk assessment tool. More recent microbiome-era work reveals broader salivary dysbiosis in caries, involving shifts in community composition, functional pathways, and host–microbe interactions, although findings beyond S. mutansvary across age groups, populations, and methodologies. Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses demonstrate that specific taxa, pathways, and salivary proteins and metabolites can serve as candidate biomarkers, and that salivary parameters, including flow rate and pH, significantly modulate microbial signatures. Nevertheless, progress islimited by methodological heterogeneity, reliance on cross-sectional designs, and under-representation of multi-kingdom and multi-omics integration. Future research priorities include protocol standardisation, longitudinal cohort studies, mechanistic multi-omics, identification of protective taxa, and application of machine learning to multi-dimensional salivary datasets. Ultimately, salivary microbiome research holds promise for precision caries prediction and minimally invasive, microbiome-informed prevention strategies that can be applied in personalised care as well as in wider public health programmes
Eating behaviour and social media addiction among secondary school students in Kuantan, Pahang
No full textSocial media has become integral to adolescents’ lives, shaping their eating behaviours through exposure to unregulated content. Visually appealing but energy-dense, lack of nutrient foods is frequently promoted, influencing adolescents at a formative stage of behaviour development. In Malaysia, the double burden of malnutrition persists alongside unhealthy eating habits. This study aimed to assess eating behaviours and social media addiction among secondary school students in Kuantan, Pahang.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 140 students aged 13 to 15 years at SMK Air Putih, Kuantan, Pahang, using convenience sampling. Data were collected through sociodemographic questions, anthropometric measurements, the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) and the Social Media Addiction Scale-Student Form (SMAS-SF).
Results
Mean scores for eating behaviours were 20.86±8.17 (restrained eating), 22.18±8.56 (emotional eating) and 25.35±7.35 (external eating), with external eating being the most prevalent. Social media addiction levels were classified as non-addicted (15.0%), low addicted (37.1%), moderately addicted (45.0%) and highly addicted (2.9%).
Conclusion
External eating was the most common behaviour, followed by emotional and restrained eating. Most students were moderately addicted to social media, while only a small proportion were non-addicted. These findings underscore the need for greater awareness of healthy lifestyles and targeted interventions to mitigate social media addiction while promoting healthy eating habits
Classification of public open spaces
Get PDFof Public open spaces that meets modern requirements for comfort and sustainable development. The study employs a comparative analysis of existing scientific approaches, field observations, morphological examination of the urban fabric, and typologization of spatial structures. Methods of systematization, graphic-analytical modeling, and content analysis of project materials were applied. This methodological framework enables the identification of recurring spatial patterns and functional distinctions across different POS types. The proposed classification highlights key groups of Public open spaces based on functional specialization, scale, and degree of integration within the urban environment. Distinct spatial structures were identified, along with their characteristic features and formative factors. The findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to POS development that considers spatial organization, social usage scenarios, and broader urban planning context. The study also acknowledges limitations related to insufficient statistical data and variations in terminology across research sources. Overall, the results demonstrate the importance of creating a unified classification capable of improving the planning, design, and management of open public spaces. The insights gained may inform future urban planning strategies and serve as a foundation for further research
Highly Immersive Programme (HIP): the challenges faced by ESL teachers in rural schools
Get PDFThe Highly Immersive Programme (HIP) is an initiative introduced by the Ministry of Education Malaysia (MOE) to enhance pupils’ English language proficiency. Implemented under the Malaysia Education Blueprint (2013–2025), HIP promotes language acquisition through immersive activities and increased exposure to English in both formal and informal settings. This qualitative study explores the challenges faced by ESL teachers in implementing HIP in rural Malaysian schools. Employing a multiple case study design, the research involved semi-structured focus group interviews with 15 ESL teachers across five rural schools. Additional data collection methods included responses via Google Forms and photographic documentation of HIP activities. Findings indicate that ESL teachers encounter several critical challenges, including limited teaching resources, low parental involvement, students' limited English proficiency, and the burden of planning and executing HIP activities amidst an already demanding workload. These challenges significantly impede the programme’s effectiveness in improving pupils’ English skills. The study highlights the need for comprehensive support for teachers, such as increased resource allocation, initiatives to foster parental engagement, and measures to reduce teacher workload. Effective collaboration among school administrators, teachers, parents, and community stakeholders is essential to overcoming these barriers and ensuring the successful implementation of HI
Pembiakan dan penanaman: Teruntum putih (Lumnitzera racemosa)
Get PDFBuku pembiakan dan penanaman Pokok Teruntum Putih diterbitkan sebagai satu usaha untuk mendokumentasikan pengetahuan dan kaedah pembiakan Teruntum Putih atau nama saintifiknya Lumnitzera racemosa secara vegetatif melalui kaedah tut. Spesis ini merupakan antara komponen penting dalam ekosistem bakau yang berperanan besar dalam kestabilan pesisir, perlindungan habitat marin, serta penyerapan karbon semula jadi. Oleh itu, penerbitan buku ini diharapkan dapat menyokong usaha konservasi Teruntum Putih melalui penanaman semula secara terancang dan berkesan, terutamanya di kawasan yang telah terganggu dan mengalami kemerosotan habitat. Dengan memperkenalkan kaedah pembiakan yang praktikal dan mudah dilaksanakan, diharapkan lebih banyak pihak termasuk komuniti setempat, penggiat alam sekitar, pelajar, dan agensi kerajaan dapat terlibat secara langsung dalam program pemeliharaan dan pemuliharaan spesis ini. Naskah ini juga diharap dapat menjadi rujukan asas bagi mereka yang ingin memahami kepentingan pemeliharaan spesies bakau serta membina kesedaran tentang keperluan untuk melindungi dan memulihkan warisan semula jadi negara. Semoga ilmu yang dikongsikan di dalam buku ini dapat dimanfaatkan demi kelestarian alam sekitar untuk generasi akan datang