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The Origins of Reinforced Concrete Interventions to Historic Structures in Turkey
No full textReinforced concrete interventions have been a critical issue for restorations in the field of conservation
since the early twentieth century. Until the twenty-first century, cement-containing
interventions could be seen in almost all restorations in Turkey. There are even examples of
monumental buildings whose structural systems have been converted to reinforced concrete.
However, in more recent years in Turkey, reconstructions with echoes of stylistic unity began to
emerge, with less of a focus on preservation and without consideration of the documentary value
of the reinforced concrete used in the strengthening interventions of the twentieth century. From
a structural viewpoint, it is necessary to assess whether mixed structures of reinforced concrete and
masonry work well. From a conservation viewpoint, despite negative perceptions of reinforced
concrete, these historic interventions have avoided confusion or falsification where the precise
original nature of the structure is unknown. With these remarks in mind, this study describes the
origins of reinforced concrete interventions in conservation in Turkey. It provides a general framework
of the concept of interventions for strengthening and preservation at the intersection of
reinforced concrete, earthquakes, codes, and conservation theories by tracking experiences with
reinforced concrete from the Ottoman Empire to the early years of the Republic of Turkey
Deputy manager in Ottoman law of waqf
No full textOsmanlı vakıf hukukunda mütevelli kaymakamının varlığı, vakfın devamlılığına ve tevliyet işlerinde aksaklığa mahal verilmeden gereği gibi yönetilme ihtiyacına hizmet etmektedir. Bazı devletlerde “nazır” veya “kayyım” gibi isimlerle ifade edilen vakfın idarecisi, Osmanlı hukukunda “mütevelli” olarak adlandırılır. Hukuki muamele ve davalarda vakfı temsil edip vakıf adına tasarrufta bulunmaya yetkili olan mütevelli, bazı hallerde vakfın işlerini hiç veya gereği gibi yerine getiremiyor olabilir. Bu halde, vakfın muhafazasıyla mükellef olan hâkim, zuhur eden ihtiyaca bakarak, sahip olduğu velayet yetkisi doğrultusunda vakfa bir “mütevelli kaymakamı” tayin eder. Bu çalışma, Osmanlı hukukunda kabul edilen görüşler ve mahkeme tatbikatı çerçevesinde, vakıf idaresinin sürekliliğinde kritik bir rol oynayan mütevelli kaymakamını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda onun vakıf idaresi içerisindeki konumu, benzerlerinden ayırt eden özellikleri, hukuki vasfı, mütevelli kaymakamının tayin edilmesine ihtiyaç duyulan haller, hakları, görevleri, yetkileri, sorumlulukları, göreve gelmesi ve görevinin sonlanması konu edilmiştir.The existence of the deputy manager (kaymakam-ı mütevelli or mütevelli kaymakamı) in Ottoman law of waqf serves the continuity of the waqf and the need for proper management without causing any disruption in management affairs. The manager of the waqf is called mütevelli in Ottoman law, where the manager is referred to as nazır (minister) or kayyım (custodian) in several countries. The manager is authorized to represent the waqf in legal transactions and lawsuits and to act on behalf of the waqf. But in some cases, the manager could not fulfill the duties at all or as required. In this case, the judge, responsible for safeguarding the waqf, appoints a deputy manager to the waqf in line with the custody authority the judge has, considering the need that arises. In this dissertation, I examine the deputy manager who played a critical role in the continuity of the waqf management within the framework of the views accepted in Ottoman law and court practice. In this context, I discuss this position within the waqf management, its distinguishing features from peers, legal qualifications, the situations in which the deputy manager needs to be appointed, rights, duties, powers, responsibilities, coming to office, and termination of the duty
Use of lipid-lowering drugs in restricted health access settings: Results from the Trends in Drug Utilization During COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey (PANDUTI-TR) study
No full textBackground: COVID-19 restrictions prompted changes in chronic disease management and lifestyle modifications, potentially altering cardiometabolic indicators and lipid-lowering pharmacotherapy patterns. We aimed to assess lipid-lowering drug (LLD) utilization trends during COVID-19 restrictions. Methods: We obtained nationwide outpatient drug sales and prescribing data for 01.03.2018–31.12.2022 from IQVIA™ Turkey. We evaluated average monthly LLD consumption, their costs, and quarterly prescribing levels in three periods: \"before restrictions\" (BfR, 01.03.2018–31.03.2020), \"during restrictions\" (DuR, 01.04.2020–31.03.2022), and \"after restrictions\" (AfR, 01.04.2022–31.12.2022). Drug utilization was measured via \"defined daily dose/1000 inhabitants/day\" (DID) metric. Results: LLD utilization increased from 25.4 ± 3.1 DID in BfR to 36.2 ± 6.8 DID in DuR (p < 0.001), and to 42.6 ± 5.3 DID in AfR (p < 0.001 vs. BfR). Statin consumption significantly rose from 22.0 ± 3.0 DID in BfR to 31.6 ± 6.3 DID in DuR (p < 0.001), and further to 37.6 ± 4.7 DID in AfR (p < 0.01 vs. DuR). High-intensity statin consumption elevated by 115.9% in AfR compared to baseline (p < 0.001). Prescribing of LLDs decreased from 12.5 ± 0.6 DID in BfR to 7.2 ± 1.2 DID in DuR (p < 0.001), later reached 13.6 ± 3.8 DID in AfR (p < 0.001 vs. DuR), with prescribing for ongoing users following similar trend. Expenditure on LLDs increased from €8.4 m ± 0.9 m in BfR to €11.4 m ± 2.0 m in DuR (p < 0.001) and to €12.8 m ± 1.9 m in AfR (p < 0.001 vs. BfR). Conclusions: This study revealed a surge in consumption of LLDs in Turkey following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. This rise might be related to practices facilitating drug access, in addition to potentially greater adherence, or the necessity for more intense pharmacotherapy due to elevated cardiovascular risk
Optimization of the fan coil cooling system and the air source heat pump using a moderated mediation model
No full textThe data obtained from a heating and cooling system comprised of a fan coil unit integrated air source heat pump used in Istanbul, Turkey, as well as data on outdoor conditions, was analyzed in this study. The analysis was carried out with the help of the moderated mediation model, which is included as a process analysis in the \"Statistical Package for the Social Sciences\" application. In this study, a mathematical model of the moderated mediation model was created and the efficiency coefficients of the parameters effecting performance were calculated. It was discovered that the effect of medium and high relative humidity values on the outdoor temperature was about 4.81%. The heat pump fails to transmit heat to the environment outside as a result of medium and high relative humidity values increasing the outdoor temperature. As a result of this it has been found that relative humidity values have a negative effect on the water temperature entering the fan coil unit by approximately -1.18%. This result of the study shows that the outlet water temperature of the fan coil unit does not adequately cool the rooms in the summer. It has been discovered that while wind velocity negatively affects performance affecting parameters, low relative humidity values have no effect on them
The soft power factor in Turkey’s relations with Bangladesh
No full text“Yumuşak Güç” kavramı, uluslararası ilişkilerde, bir ülkenin kültürel, ideolojik, ve diplomatik araçlar kullanarak diğer ülkeler üzerinde etki yaratma kapasitesini ifade eder. Türkiye’nin kalkınma odaklı insani yardım projeleri ve Türk dizilerinin etkisi, bu kavramın Bangladeş gibi Müslüman nüfusun yoğun olduğu ülkelerde somut bir şekilde nasıl uygulandığını ve etkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı, Bangladeş toplumunda Türkiye’nin kullandığı yumuşak güç araçlarının faaliyetleri üzerine ışık tutmak ve Türkiye’nin yumuşak güç politikalarının ülkedeki etkisini ve başarısını incelemektir. Özellikle Türkiye’nin kalkınma odaklı insani yardım projeleri ve kültürel ihracatının, bu ülkede nasıl bir etki yarattığını ve Türkiye’nin uluslararası alandaki imajını nasıl şekillendirdiğini analiz etmeyi hedeflemektedir. Çalışma, yumuşak gücün teorik çerçevesini kullanarak, Türkiye’nin bu stratejileriyle elde ettiği güven ve uzun vadeli etkilerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Böylesi bir yumuşak güç politikası ve stratejisinin etkili bir şekilde iletilmesi, yeni “Türk hikayesinin” dünya genelinde güvenilir bir liderlik pozisyonuna yükseldiğini ve bu rolün giderek daha belirgin hale geldiğini göstermektedir.The concept of “Soft Power” refers to a country’s ability to influence other nations through cultural, ideological, and diplomatic means in international relations. The impact of Türkiye’s development-focused humanitarian aid projects and Turkish TV series demonstrates how this concept is effectively applied and impactful in countries with predominantly Muslim populations, such as Bangladesh. In this context, the purpose of this study is to shed light on the activities of the soft power tools used by Türkiye within Bangladeshi society and to examine the impact and success of Türkiye’s soft power policies in the country. Specifically, the study aims to analyze how Türkiye’s development-oriented humanitarian aid projects and cultural exports have influenced this country and shaped Türkiye’s international image. By utilizing the theoretical framework of soft power, the study seeks to evaluate the trust and long-term effects that Türkiye has achieved through these strategies. The effective communication of such a soft power policy and strategy indicates that the new “Turkish narrative” is rising to a reliable leadership position globally and becoming increasingly prominent in this rol
The relationship between self-compassion levels and team cohesion levels of football players playing in professional leagues; a research in Ankara province
No full textAmaç: Ankara ilinde profesyonel düzeyde futbol oynayan erkek sporcuların öz-anlayış seviyeleri ile takım birlikteliği seviyeleri arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymak amaçlanmaktadır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma kapsamında profesyonel liglerde oynayan futbolcuların özanlayış seviyeleri ile takım birlikteliği arasındaki ilişki, olasılıklı olmayan kota örneklemi yöntemiyle katılımcılara uygulanmıştır. Araştırmanın sınırlamaları arasında profesyonel (lisanslı) futbolcu olma ve Ankara iline ait bir takımda yer alma şartı bulunmaktadır. Hipotezler, 7 Ankara kulübünde oynayan (çeşitli seviyelerde) 157 katılımcıya uygulanmıştır. Kullanılan iki ölçeğin de geçerliliği ve güvenirliliği sınanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, Excel ve SPSS programları ile analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma için, Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Etik Kurulu’ndan 19.09.2022 tarihinde, 88 onay sayısı ile izin alınmıştır. Bulgular: Kulüplerdeki bireysel katılımcı sayıları 18 ile 24 arasında değişiklik göstermektedir. Bu açıdan baktığımızda homojen bir dağılımdan söz etmemiz mümkündür. Ölçeklerin uygulanması sonucu elde edilen güvenirlilik düzeylerine (Cronbach Alfa) baktığımız zaman, minimum 0,70 maksimum 0,86 değerlerine eriştiğimiz görülmektedir. Öz Anlayış Ölçeği ile Takım Birlikteliği Ölçeği arasındaki ilişkinin analizine bakıldığında orta düzeyde bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Çalışma kapsamında öz-anlayış ve takım birlikteliği kavramları, literatürdeki bilgiler ışığında detaylı olarak irdelenmiştir. Her kavram kendi içinde bir özerkliğe sahiptir. Her ne kadar özerklik unsuru olmasına karşın öz-anlayış, takım birlikteliğinin düzeyi üzerinden doğrudan bir etkiye sahiptir. Öz-anlayış öncelikle bireyin iyilik hali ve işlevselliği özelinde dinamik bir unsur konumundadır.Objective: It is aimed to reveal the relationship between self-compassion levels and team cohesion levels of male athletes playing professional level football in Ankara province. Material and Methods: Within the scope of the research, the relationship between selfcompassion levels of football players playing in professional leagues and team cohesion was applied to the participants by non-probability quota sampling method. The limitations of the research include the condition of being a professional (licensed) football player and taking part in a team belonging to Ankara province. Team Cohesion Inventory and Self-Compassion Scale were used to collect data. The hypotheses were applied to 157 participants playing (at various levels) in 7 Ankara clubs. The validity and reliability of both scales were tested. The results were analyzed with Excel and SPSS programs. Results: The number of individual participants in the clubs varies between 18 and 24. In this respect, it is possible to talk about a homogeneous distribution. When we look at the reliability levels (Cronbach's Alpha) obtained as a result of the application of the scales, it is seen that we reached a minimum value of .70 and a maximum value of .86. When we look at the analysis of the relationship between the Self Understanding Scale and the Team Cohesion Scale, a moderate relationship was found. Conclusion: Within the scope of the study, the concepts of self-understanding and team cohesion were examined in detail in the light of the information in the literature. Each concept has an autonomy in itself. Although it is an element of autonomy, self-comprehension has a direct impact on the level of team cohesion. Self-compassion is primarily a dynamic element in terms of the individual's well-being and functionality
A global survey on the use of the international classification of diseases codes for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease
No full textBackground: With the implementation of the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) and the publication of the metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) nomenclature in 2020, it is important to establish consensus for the coding of MAFLD in ICD-11. This will inform subsequent revisions of ICD-11. Methods: Using the Qualtrics XM and WJX platforms, questionnaires were sent online to MAFLD-ICD-11 coding collaborators, authors of papers, and relevant association members. Results: A total of 890 international experts in various fields from 61 countries responded to the survey. We also achieved full coverage of provincial-level administrative regions in China. 77.1% of respondents agreed that MAFLD should be represented in ICD-11 by updating NAFLD, with no significant regional differences (77.3% in Asia and 76.6% in non-Asia, p = 0.819). Over 80% of respondents agreed or somewhat agreed with the need to assign specific codes for progressive stages of MAFLD (i.e. steatohepatitis) (92.2%), MAFLD combined with comorbidities (84.1%), or MAFLD subtypes (i.e., lean, overweight/obese, and diabetic) (86.1%). Conclusions: This global survey by a collaborative panel of clinical, coding, health management and policy experts, indicates agreement that MAFLD should be coded in ICD-11. The data serves as a foundation for corresponding adjustments in the ICD-11 revision.
Keywords Global survey · MAFLD · ICD-1
Protective effect of baicalin on cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress and morphologic damage in testis tissue
No full textThe purpose of this study is to examine the effect of baicalin on cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced testicular damage in rats. Twenty-eight Wistar albino rats were assigned to the control, baicalin, CP, and CP+Baicalin groups. A single dose of CP (200 mg/kg) was induced intraperitoneally (i.p.) in the CP and CP+Baicalin groups. Baicalin (100 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was administered in the baicalin and CP+ Baicalin groups for 6 days. After sacrification, the testes, epididymis and blood samples were taken. Testis tissues were investigated for general morphology, proliferating, and apoptotic cells. Oxidative stress parameters in testis tissue and hormone levels in serum were examined by biochemical analysis. Sperm analysis was performed on smear samples obtained from the epididymis. In CP + Baicalin group, decreases in both the number of abnormal spermatozoa and degeneration of seminiferous tubules were observed compared to the CP group. Also, decreased apoptotic cells and increased proliferative cells were detected in these seminiferous tubules. Furthermore, the treatment with Baicalin reversed the changes observed in the markers of oxidative damage including malondialdehyde, total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index, and markers of the antioxidant defense system including glutathione, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and catalase except for glutathione s-transferase (GST) in testicular tissue. Decreased serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone related to CP significantly improved in CP + Baicalin group. Conclusion: Baicalin attenuates CP-induced testicular damage by inhibiting oxidative stress possibly due to its antioxidant properties. Considering on the proposed beneficial effects of Baicalin against testicular damage induced by CP, it might have the potential to be a promising agent for male infertility related to chemotherapy
Management of staple line leaks after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: Single-center experience
No full textObjective: In obesity surgery, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is a frequently applied method. However, there are certain complications. Leakage is one of the most serious complications after surgery, causing postoperative morbidity and sometimes mortality. There is no consensus about management of leaks after LSG. In our study, we aimed to present our experience on the management of LSG leaks. Patients and Methods: Patients who underwent LSG between 2010-2017 in a tertiary university hospital were analyzed retrospectively. Demographic characteristics, endoscopic and surgical interventions, morbidity, and mortality rates of patients diagnosed with LSG leak were analyzed from prospectively recorded data. Results: Leak was observed in 11 (2.15%) of a total of 510 LSG patients. Six (54%) patients were diagnosed as acute and 5 were early leaks. Stent was applied to most of the patients (72%) with or without surgical exploration. The average length of stay in hospital was 21 days. Mortality was observed in 2 patients. Conclusions: Consequently, leakage after LSG is a complication that requires multimodal therapy. Surgical treatment combined with endoscopic intervention may increase success
Kademeli Koşu Protokollerinin Tepe Oksijen Tüketimi ve Kas İçi Oksijen Doygunluğu Üzerindeki Etkisi
No full textAim: The aim of this investigation was to examine the impact of two different running protocols
on peak oxygen consumption (VO2max) and regional intramuscular oxygen saturation (SmO2)
levels in one highly trained runner.
Methods: VO2 and SmO2 were measured simultaneously during a gradually ascending running
protocol and a Bruce protocol. VO2 was measured by breath-by-breath spiroergometer gas
analysis system (ZAN®, Germany), and SmO2 was measured from both gastrocnemius muscles
using a wireless near-infrared spectroscopy device (BSXinsight®, USA). The correlation
between VO2 and SmO2 data was determined by Pearson correlation coefficients over the test
stage mean values. The change of VO2 and SmO2 within each stage was determined by firstdegree polynomials.
Results: Peak VO2 in the Bruce protocol (4640 ml/min) was higher than peak VO2 in the
running protocol (4390 ml/min), but no difference was observed in end-test SmO2 decreases.
There were highly significant negative correlations between VO2 values and SmO2 values (r=-
0.960-0.990, p<0.001). SmO2 values measured in the right and left gastrocnemius muscle
decreased similarly in both protocols (r=0.993, r=0.987, p<0.001).
Conclusion: Central and peripheral physiological processes of oxygen consumption are not
always congruent, and the test protocol exert an influence due to the complex interplay of
physiological and biomechanical factors.Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, üst düzey antrenmanlı bir koşucuda, iki farklı koşu
protokolünün zirve oksijen tüketimi (VO2max) ile bölgesel kas içi oksijen satürasyonu (SmO2)
üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir.
Yöntem: Kademeli artan koşu protokolü ve Bruce protokolü esnasında VO2 ve SmO2 eş
zamanlı olarak ölçülmüştür. VO2, her nefeste spiroergometre gaz analiz sistemi (ZAN®,
Almanya) ile ölçülürken SmO2, kablosuz yakın kızılötesi spektroskopi cihazı (BSXinsight®,
ABD) kullanılarak her iki gastroknemius kasından ölçülmüştür. VO2 ve SmO2 verileri arasında
ilişki, test kademe ortalamaları üzerinden Pearson korelasyon kat sayıları ile belirlenmiştir. Her
bir kademe süresince VO2 ve SmO2 değişimi 1. derece polinomlarla belirlenmiştir.
Bulgular: Bruce protokolünde zirve VO2 (4640 ml/dk) değeri koşu protokolü zirve VO2 (4390
ml/dk) değerine göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur, ancak test sonu SmO2 düşüşleri arasında fark
gözlenmemiştir. VO2 değerleri ile SMO2 değerleri arasında negatif yönde çok yüksek düzeyde
anlamlı ilişki mevcuttur (r=-0,960-0,990, p<0,001). Her iki protokolde sağ ve sol
gastroknemius kasında ölçülen SmO2 değerleri benzer şekilde düşüş göstermiştir (r=0,993,
r=0,987, p<0,001).
Sonuç: Oksijen tüketiminin merkezi ve periferik fizyolojik süreçleri her zaman uyumlu değildir
ve test protokolü, fizyolojik ve biyomekanik faktörlerin karmaşık etkileşimi nedeniyle bir etki
oluşturur