University of Zagreb
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Limba română fața de celelalte limbi din Peninsula Balcanică
Get PDFRumunjski jezik pripada romanskoj skupini jezika, no istovremeno ima i neke zajedničke karakteristike s drugim jezicima balkanskog poluotoka, što ga čini članom balkanskog jezičnog saveza.
Značajke koje rumunjski ima u zajedništvu s drugim balkanskim jezicima (grčki, albanski, bugarski i srpski) oduvijek su bili predmet interesa za lingviste. Važno je naglasiti da ti jezici nisu genetski povezani; rumunjski je romanski jezik geografski izoliran od ostalih jezika, a
grčki i albanski neovisne su grane u velikoj indoeuropskoj obitelji. Rumunjski, grčki, albanski, bugarski i srpski dijele morfosintaktičke i leksičke značajke i imaju konkordancije na frazeološkoj i semantičkoj razini, koje su uvjetovane kulturnom i zemljopisnom blizinom, gospodarskim vezama među narodima, čestim graničnim pomacima na Balkanu, zajedničkom transhumanizmu i promjenama stanovništva. Tako su lingvisti dopustili da se ti jezici objedine u „balkanski jezični savez“.
U ovom radu želimo detaljnije objasniti značajke balkanskog jezičnog saveza, usredotočiti se na rumunjski jezik unutar te jezične zajednice te kroz rad na zadanom korpusu želimo pokazati zajedničke elemente u fonološkom i morfosintaktičkom smislu
Heritage protection as politics of memory
Get PDFBaština je politički pojam čije značenje oblikuju institucije države-nacije i akademije. Država-nacija svoj legitimitet temelji na predodžbi kolektivne povijesnosti, pri čemu baština služi kao mjesto sjećanja koje povezuje takav narativ. Spomenuti se proces realizira kroz političke tj. državne institucije u vidu institucija koje se bave zaštitom baštine, obrazovnih institucija, muzeje i slično, te akademskih institucija struka vezanih uz zaštitu baštine, poput povijesti umjetnosti te etnologije i kulturne antropologije. Na nadnacionalnom planu proces se odvija putem međunarodnih institucija posvećenih zaštiti baštine kao što je UNESCO. Ovaj rad proučava i daje osnovni pregled mehanizama kroz koje se konstruiraju baštinski narativi i analizu nacionalnih i međunarodnih institucija kroz koje se taj mehanizam odvijaHeritage is a political concept whose meaning is formed by institutions of the nation-state and academia. The nation-state bases its legitimacy on the concept of collective history, where heritage serves as a place of memory that connects such a narrative. The aforementioned process is realized through political, i.e. state institutions in the form of institutions dealing with the protection of heritage, educational institutions, museums and the like, as well as academic institutions of professions related to the protection of heritage such as art history, ethnology and cultural anthropology. At the transnational level, the process takes place through international institutions dedicated to heritage protection such as UNESCO. This paper explores and provides a basic overview of mechanisms by which heritage narratives are constructed and provides analysis of national and international institutions through which this mechanism takes place
Relationship between organizational support, conflicts at work and some aspects of work behavior
Get PDFCilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati odnos između interpersonalnih konflikata i nepoželjnog organizacijskog ponašanja te odnos između percipirane organizacijske podrške i odgovornog organizacijskog ponašanja. Također je ispitana uloga percipirane organizacijske podrške u odnosu između interpersonalnih konflikata i nepoželjnog organizacijskog ponašanja. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 360 ispitanika koji su zaposleni na trenutnom radnom mjestu u radnim organizacijama Republike Hrvatske minimalno godinu dana. Sudionici su ispunjavali set upitnika među kojima se nalazio Upitnik odgovornog organizacijskog ponašanja, Upitnik nepoželjnog organizacijskog ponašanja, Upitnik interpersonalnih konflikata i Upitnik percipirane organizacijske podrške. Rezultati su pokazali da postoji pozitivna povezanost interpersonalnih konflikata s nepoželjnim organizacijskim ponašanjem i njegovim aspektima te pozitivna povezanost percipirane organizacijske podrške s odgovornim organizacijskim ponašanjem i njegovim aspektima. Potvrđena je hipoteza o većoj povezanosti percipirane organizacijske podrške s organizacijskom komponentom odgovornog ponašanja u odnosu na interpersonalnu komponentu odgovornog ponašanja. Moderatorska uloga percipirane organizacijske podrške u odnosu između
interpersonalnih konflikata i nepoželjnog organizacijskog ponašanja nije potvrđena.The aim of this study was to examine the association of interpersonal conflicts at work and counterproductive work behavior (CWB). Also, we examined the association of perceived organizational support and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Moderating effect of perceived organizational support was examined in a relationship between interpersonal conflicts at work and CWB. The study included 360 participants employed in Croatia, who are employed for at least a year in the working organization at the current job position. Participants filled out a set of questionnaires, including Interpersonal conflict at work Scale, Scale of organizational citizenship behavior, Scale of counterproductive work behavior and Perceived organizational support questionnaire. The results show that interpersonal conflicts at work are in significant positive correlation with CWB and with its aspects. Also, perceived organizational support is in significant positive correlation with OCB and with its aspects. Perceived organizational support is more associated with organizational OCB than with interpersonal OCB. Results show that there is no significant moderating effect of perceived organizational support in a relationship between interpersonal conflicts and CWB
Anđela Horvat's Conservation Work: Inventarisation, Valorisation, Categorisation and Preservation of Cultural Heritage
Get PDFCilj ovog diplomskog rada je prezentirati konzervatorski rad i načela Anđele Horvat, jedne od najistaknutijih konzervatora razdoblja aktivne zaštite spomenika u povijesti hrvatskog konzervatorstva. Nakon kratkog povijesnog pregleda razvoja konzervatorske misli u svijetu, s osvrtom i na hrvatsko konzervatorstvo, slijede poglavlja koja se pobliže bave radom Anđele Horvat. Poglavlja, umjesto kronološki, slijede redoslijed postupaka u zaštiti spomenika, u
kojima je Anđela Horvat ostavila svoj trag. Tako nakon povijesnog pregleda slijedi poglavlje posvećeno inventariziranju kulturne baštine u kojemu su obrađene autoričine putne bilježnice nastale tijekom njezinih brojnih putovanja poduzetih u tu svrhu, kao i autoričini tekstovi u
kojima progovara o ovoj problematici. Sljedeća dva poglavlja donose autoričina razmišljanja o valorizaciji i kategorizaciji spomenika kulture, dok su u zadnjem poglavlju obrađeni autoričini tekstovi konzervatorske tematike s ciljem predstavljanja njezinih stavova i načela u
zaštiti kulturne baštine
Croatian pastoral lyric poetry in 16th and 17th century Dubrovnik
Get PDFU radu je riječ o pastoralnoj lirici na hrvatskom jeziku napisanoj u Dubrovniku tijekom 16. i
17. stoljeća. Rad se sastoji od dvaju dijelova. Prvi dio teorijske je naravi i u njemu se propituju
značenje i povijest pojma pastorala, obrađuju se pjesnici koji su se okušali u pastoralnom žanru
te se donosi opis razvojnoga puta pastoralne lirike na hrvatskom jeziku, a napose one s
dubrovačkoga područja. U drugom dijelu analizira se dubrovačka pastoralna lirika 16. i 17.
stoljeća pisana hrvatskim jezikom, razvija se i opisuje njezina tipologija te se izdvajaju i opisuju
njezina karakteristična obilježja.
Teza rada je da dubrovačka pastoralna lirika na hrvatskom jeziku 16. i 17. stoljeća sadrži
sve najvažnije invarijantne osobine žanra, ali i neka varijantna obilježja. Cilj je rada odrediti
pojam pastorale i pastoralnosti u odnosu prema otvorenim teorijskim pitanjima, poput onoga o
poimanju pastorale kao žanra i modusa, na temelju dostupne literature odrediti i opisati osnovna
obilježja pastoralne lirike te, u konačnici, popisati, opisati i klasificirati dubrovačku pastoralnu
liriku 16. i 17. stoljeća pisanu hrvatskim jezikom u skadu s tim obilježjima. Pozornost se obraća
na sličnosti i razlike između dubrovačke pastoralne lirike 16. stoljeća i one 17. stoljeća te se
dubrovačka pastoralna lirika promatra u odnosu na antičku pastoralnu eklogu.
Pastoralna književnost bila je dijelom interesa hrvatske historiografije, no pastoralna
lirika nije bila predmet opsežnijih istraživanja. Na pastoralnu liriku gleda se kao na homogenu
cjelinu, kao na žanr u kojem se predočava idiličan život pastirica i pastira i koji je isključivo
ljubavne naravi po uzoru na antičku eklogu. Nakon usustavljivanja dubrovačke pastoralne lirike
na hrvatskom jeziku u 16. i 17. stoljeću i provedene analize korpusa može se zaključiti da je
ona bila heterogena, da je slijedila literarne konvencije, ali i da je u određenoj mjeri bila odraz
izvanliterarnih pojava, da se u velikoj mjeri oslanjala na antičke ekloške predloške, ali i da se
može govoriti o njezinim varijantnim osobinama. Također, Dubrovčani su napisali daleko više
pastoralne lirike nego što se to dosad mislilo, napose u 17. stoljeću.Pastoral poetry, and pastoral literature in general, has a long history. It flourished in the
antic world of Greece and Rome, in works of Theocritus and Virgil, but it managed to lose its
glow during the Middle Ages and then to be rehabilitated during the time of Renaissance, in
Dante’s, Petrarca’s and Boccaccio’s eclogues and Jacopo Sanazzaro’s Arcadia. The reason
pastoral poetry was rehabilitated during the Renaissance can be found in an increasing amount
of discomfort life in cites inflicted upon a Renaissance man. This discomfort pushed him to
desire to retreat into nature, to find an idyllic shelter, to seek harmony and eternal prosperity.
As all these can be found in pastoral poetry, in its concepts of Arcadia and Golden Age, it was,
in a way, an efficient means to cope with the troubles of everyday life in the growing cities.
Therefore, during the Renaissance, pastoral poetry was very popular in many European cities
and the situation was not at all different in the cities on the coast of Dalmatia and in The
Republic of Dubrovnik. The elements of pastoral poetry in Dubrovnik can be traced back to the
15th century and Džore Držić’s eclogue Radmio i Ljubmir, written in vernacular i.e. Croatian
and modelled according to Italian eclogue Egloga pastorale written by Baldassare Taccone.
The eclogue written by Džore Držić, whom historians of Croatian literature celebrate as the
founder of pastoral genre in the Croatian language, quite resembles Theocritus’s and Virgil’s
model of eclogue – two shepherds talking about friendship, love, duties, nature, village and the
city. As such, it has influenced the rest of the pastoral poetry written in Croatian. A considerable
amount of pastoral poetry was written in Dubrovnik during the 16th and 17th centuries, when
said genre was particularly popular. Unfortunately, the history of Croatian literature neither
pays a proper amount of attention to this fact nor it describes characteristics of this poetry
properly. The aim of the research presented in this doctoral thesis was therefore to
systematically describe defining characteristics of pastoral lyric poetry written in Croatian in
Dubrovnik during the 16th and 17th centuries (in this research, the term pastoral lyric poetry
refers to both pastoral lyric poems and eclogues, though some Croatian literary historians prefer
to observe the later through the lenses of pastoral drama).
The defining characteristics of the pastoral lyric poetry were identified by analysing a
corpus consisting of altogether 108 pastoral lyric poems and eclogues, of which 16 were written
in the 16th century and 92 in the 17th century. One part of the corpus consists mostly of unknown
and unpublished poems collected and transcribed within the project Panorama of Croatian
literature in 17th century Dubrovnik, by professor Milovan Tatarin from the Faculty of
Humanities and Social Sciences at Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek to whom am I sincerely grateful. That part of the corpus comprises mostly anonymous pastoral lyric poems
and several pastoral lyric poems written by Vladislav Menčetić, Gabrijel Crijević, Serafin Bunić
and Junije Rastić (some of them being previously published). Other parts of the corpus comprise
of previously published pastoral lyric poems and eclogues collected from various sources.
The main goal of the research presented in this doctoral thesis was to prove the
hypothesis that the pastoral lyric poetry written in Croatian in Dubrovnik during the 16th and
the 17th century has all the most important invariable properties characteristic of the genre but
that it also possesses some variable characteristic. In addition, the goal was to show that in
pastoral lyric poetry written in Croatian in Dubrovnik during the16th and 17th centuries one can
find the most common pastoral lyric sub-genres. To prove the hypothesis the following was
undertaken: a) an overview of the basic concepts connected to the term pastoral was given as
well as the description of the diachronic development of pastoral lyric poetry, b) terms pastoral
and pastorality were described and determined within the scope of terms genre and mode and
the term pastoral was determined with regards to terms bucolic, eclogue and idyll, c) the main
defining characteristics of pastoral lyric poetry were identified as based on the literature
overview, e) a corpus consisting of pastoral lyric poetry written in Croatian in Dubrovnik during
the 16th and 17th centuries was organized, f) the corpus was analysed, collected data was
interpreted and conclusions were drawn. The work undertaken and presented in this doctoral
thesis is organised in the following chapters: Introduction, Pastoral and pastorality, Pastoral
lyric poetry on Croatian soil, Croatian pastoral lyric poetry in the 16th century Dubrovnik,
Croatian pastoral lyric poetry in the 17th century Dubrovnik, Characteristic features of the
Croatian pastoral lyric poetry written in 16th and 17th century Dubrovnik, Conclusion and
Literature.
The opening chapter of the thesis, named Pastoral and pastorality immediately follows
the Introduction; it consists of seven separate parts and it thematises the diachronic
development of pastoral lyric poetry and provides an overview of the basic concepts appearing
in this doctoral thesis. The first part of the first chapter, entitled The meaning of the term
pastoral, deals with universal features of pastoral literature, with reasons of its popularity, with
opposing visions of pastoral lyric poetry by Réne Rapin and Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle
and with contemporary readings of pastoral (including anti-pastoral, post-pastoral, ecocriticism
and ecofeminism). The second part of the first chapter, entitled Terminological perplexity:
pastoral, bucolic, idyll, eclogue, is focused on the confusion those often synonymously used
terms raise as well as on their etymology and on their different and sometimes overlapping
definitions that can be found in the literature. The third part of the first chapter, entitled Before pastoral: the peculiarities of pastoral literature in the culture of the ancient world,
problematises different factors that may have influenced the development of pastoral literature,
from the similarities between otium and hedonism in pastoral literature and in Epicurean
philosophy to the influences of folk culture (from festivals and ritual hymns in honour of
Artemis, Dionysus, Pan and Silenus to the oral tradition of shepherds of that time). A special
attention is given to Theocritus and to the possibility that he might have been influenced by
various ancient thinkers, e.g. Aristotle, Aristophanes or Plato. The fourth part of the first
chapter, entitled Beginnings and development of pastoral literature, presents notable poets that
wrote pastoral lyric poetry – from Theocritus, Moschus, and Bion to Virgil, Titus Calpurnius
Siculus, anonymous author(s) of Eclogues from Einsiedeln, Marcus Aurelius Olympius
Nemesianus, Endelechius and Modoin of Autun. Development of the idea of pastoral in the
poetry of these poets is described, with the emphasis on the influence Theocritus and Virgil had
on them. The fifth part of the first chapter, entitled Rehabilitation of pastoral genre in the
Renaissance, tries to determine which factors could have affected revitalization of that genre
during the Renaissance in works of Italian authors such as Dante, Boccaccio and Petrarch, as
well as in works of many other authors of that time. The relation between man and nature along
with the relation between man and Christian religion is observed. Attention is paid to the
number of editions of Theocritus’s and Virgil’s works during the Renaissance. In the sixth part
of the first chapter, entitled Pastoral as a genre and pastorality as a mode, terms genre and
mode are discussed and terms pastoral and pastorality are interpreted in relation to those terms.
The seventh part of the first chapter, entitled Characteristic features of pastoral lyric poetry,
puts forward a list of the most representative characteristics of pastoral lyric poetry.
The second chapter, entitled Pastoral lyric poetry on Croatian soil, brings an overview
of the literature on the pastoral lyric poetry written within the history of Croatian literature; it
also presents an overview of poets who wrote a pastoral lyric poetry or who at least partly used
pastoral motives in their poetic works. This chapter seeks to find out when did pastoral motives
become present in the literature of Dalmatian cities and in the literature written in Dubrovnik,
both in vernacular and other languages. It also seeks to explore connections between the status
summerhouses had in Dubrovnik at that time (16th and 17th century), the emergence of arts
society and raising interest in the pastoral lyricism.
The following chapters of the thesis are named Croatian pastoral lyric poetry in 16th
century Dubrovnik and Croatian pastoral lyric poetry in 17th century Dubrovnik and they are
the central part of this thesis. They start with tables listing poetry included in the analysis. All
listed poems and eclogues are numbered and for each the information on the author and on the source is given. For unpublished poems and eclogues collected by professor Milovan Tatarin
information on their physical location is given. In the tables, poems and eclogues are organised
according to the authors and according to the source. However the analysis presented in the
chapters classifies and groups all poems and eclogues according to their thematic properties.
As some of the poems are heterogeneous in the themes and motifs they depict, they can belong
to two or more groups (however, they are analysed in detail only once). Furthermore, in analysis
of poems or eclogues, accent was put not only on the motifs and themes, but the narrative voice
as well as their structure were taken into account.
In the 16th century, there were not a lot of poets in Dubrovnik who indulged themselves
in writing pastoral lyric poetry in Croatian language – at this point of Dubrovnik’s literary
history, only Džore Držić and Dinko Ranjina are known as being productive in that genre.
Altogether, they wrote 13 pastoral lyric poems and 3 eclogues, mostly in double rhymed twelvesyllable verses and in impersonal or personal narrative voice. Pastoral lyric poetry of that time,
i.e. pastoral lyric poetry by Džore Držić and Dinko Ranjina, can be divided into five groups –
pastoral-love poetry, pastoral-sensual poetry, pastoral panegyric, pastoral elegy, and pastoral
eclogue. Love is the most prominent topic and pastoral-love poetry is therefore the most
commonly written. In pastoral-love poetry a shepherd was inconsolable and he lamented over
his unhappy love situation and over a cold and merciless heart of a shepherdess. There was not
a single pastoral poem or an eclogue about love in which shepherdess has an active speaking
role. In pastoral-sensual poetry, more precisely only in one poem which belongs to this group,
a shepherd watches a nude shepherdess and talks about his desire for her. The main
preoccupation of a shepherd in pastoral panegyric is to celebrate the nature, more precisely
water (one of the most important aspects in life of a shepherd and his flock). In pastoral
panegyric, a citizen is celebrating life and habits of shepherds as well. In pastoral elegy an
element of mourning is present, irrespective of whether the loss of a beloved person is being
mourned by a shepherd, with whom the nature sympathises (pathetic fallacy), or the
misfortunate destiny of a couple in love is revealed through the eyes of a female narrator. Motif
of death could have been known to the Dubrovnik’s authors of the 16th century from
Theocritus’s and Virgil’s eclogues where the death of shepherd Dafnis is lamented. Although
conversation among shepherds was a frequent topic in antic eclogue, there is only one example
of pastoral eclogue written in Croatian in 16th century Dubrovnik with this topic present, and it
is the eclogue Radmio i Ljubmir by Džore Držić. Also, contrary to the ancient eclogue, singingmatch between two shepherds is not present in pastoral eclogues written in Croatian in 16th
century Dubrovnik. However, with the exception of Ljubmir i Radmio, it was not usual that a shepherd had a name and that the name was of ancient background, e.g. Damon, Tirsi or Mopso.
Shepherdesses did not have names and they did not have active speaking roles.
During the 17th century pastoral lyric poetry in Croatian was written in Dubrovnik by
the following poets: Horacije Mažibradić, Ivan Bunić Vučić, Vladislav Menčetić, Ignjat
Đurđević, Gabrijel Crijević, Serafin Bunić, and Junije Rastić. Additionally, a considerable
number of poems and eclogues was written by anonymous poets. In total, 68 pastoral lyric
poems and 24 pastoral eclogues were written during the 17th century, mostly in eight syllables
verses, rhyming couplet and alternate rhyme, and in impersonal or personal narrative voice. The
pastoral lyric poetry of that time can be divided into seven groups: pastoral-love poetry,
pastoral-sensual poetry, pastoral-moralizing poetry, pastoral-misogynous poetry, pastoralcomical poetry, pastoral lamentation and pastoral eclogue. Just as during the 16th century, poets
showed the most interest in pastoral-love poetry. However, a relatively large number of
pastoral-love poems exhibits thematic pluralism. In other words, these poems are not
homogeneous and they do not consist only of a lament for an unrequited love. In pastoralsensual poetry shepherdesses and shepherds showed affection towards each other but there was
no explicit depicturing of a sexual intercourse. It is interesting to observe that in such poetry
not only men were seducing women, but that women were proactive too, which is a rather
peculiar fact when the position of a woman in 17th century Dubrovnik society is taken into
account. It is unusual for misogyny to enter the pastoral world, a world in which love and
women are usually glorified. Although there is not a lot of pastoral poetry of this kind written
in Croatian in Dubrovnik during 16th and 17th centuries, misogyny is worth to mention as it
managed to enter into the pastoral world – a world essentially incompatible with such views
and attitudes. In pastoral-comical poetry a mockery of classic patterns of love seduction is
present. Though comical in pastoral was sometimes associated with persiflage of themes and
motives in petrarcistic poetry, a more thorough reading of the Theocritus and Virgil shows that
a similar comic disconsolate lover and a similar comical tone can be found even in the antic
eclogue. In pastoral lyric poetry in Croatian written in Dubrovnik during the 17th century
pastoral lamentation is present too – in contrast to the pastoral elegy, in which one’s death is
mourned, in this type of poetry the central theme is a nostalgic look towards the better past,
aurea aetas. Finally, in the 17th century pastoral eclogues were far more popular in Dubrovnik
than a century ago. In them, two or often more than two characters talk (most often two
shepherds or a shepherd and a shepherdess) or a character feigns a conversation with someone.
Even though conversation among shepherds as a theme was present in pastoral lyric poetry
written in Dubrovnik during the 16th century, a century later singing-matches between two shepherds and conversation in general was not that frequent theme. In pastoral lyric poetry
written in Croatian in Dubrovnik during the 17th century most common names for shepherd
were Radmio, Ljubmir and Ljubdrag, and for the shepherdesses Ljubica, Rakle/Raklica,
Dzorka/Zorka, Dzorislava/Zorislava, Zagorka and Sunčanica.
The chapter entitled Characteristic features of the Croatian pastoral lyric poetry written
in 16th and 17th century Dubrovnik summarizes and presents data collected through analysis of
pastoral lyric poetry included in the corpus. Each included poem or eclogue was analysed
according to 248 different properties, which can be divided into several groups: a)
characteristics of the character of the shepherd, b) characteristics of the character of the
shepherdess, c) occurrence of other characters in a poem or an eclogue and their characteristics,
d) occurrence of mythological creatures in a poem or an eclogue and their characteristics, e)
characteristics of space in a poem or an eclogue, f) characteristics of time in a poem or an
eclogue, g) occurrence of animals in a poem or an eclogue and their characteristics, h)
characteristics of activities mentioned in a poem or an eclogue, i) state of mind and the body
and abstract concepts, j) thematic properties of a poem or an eclogue, k) formal features of a
poem or an eclogue. The aim of this part was to identify specific features of pastoral lyric poetry
written in Croatian in Dubrovnik during the 16th and the 17th centuries and the following
conclusions were drawn: 1) more pastoral lyric poetry was written during the 17th then during
the 16th centuries, 2) pastoral lyric poems in Croatian were more often written then eclogues in
Croatian, 3) pastoral lyric poetry written in Croatian in Dubrovnik during the 16th and the 17th
has all the most significant invariable properties characteristic of the genre but it also has some
specific characteristics, 4) deviations from the antic pastoral poetry (in themes and motifs) are
present in pastoral lyric poetry written in Croatian in Dubrovnik during the 16th and 17th
centuries, 5) although the most prominent topic was love and although the pastoral-love poetry
was the most commonly written, pastoral lyric poetry written in Croatian in Dubrovnik during
the 16th and 17th centuries was not thematically homogenous and the most common pastoral
lyric sub-genres are present.
The thesis ends with Conclusion in which characteristics of the pastoral lyric poetry
written in Croatian in Dubrovnik during the 16th century are compared to the pastoral lyric
poetry written in Croatian in Dubrovnik during the 17th century. Furthermore, stated two groups
of pastoral lyric poetry are compared to the antic role models. Finally, in Literature a
comprehensive list of all the used sources and literature is provided
A magyar és a német nyelv igekötőinek összehasonlító elemzése
Get PDFTema ovog diplomskog rada jest poredbena analiza mađarskih i njemačkih prefiksa. Rad je napisan na mađarskom jeziku i tematski je podijeljen na četiri dijela. Prvi je dio uvod u kojem se objašnjavaju koncepcija i ciljevi rada te geografska lokacija dvaju jezika i njihov povijesni razvoj. Drugi je dio usporedba mađarskih i njemačkih prefiksa iz povijesne perspektive. U tom dijelu uspoređuje se razvoj najstarijih i još danas najčešće upotrebljivanih njemačkih i mađarskih prefiksa iz morfološke, sintaktičke i funkcionalne perspektive u raznim razdobljima razvoja dvaju jezika. Razlog za to jest činjenica da u oba jezika postoji vrlo velik broj prefiksa pa zbog toga nije bilo moguće obuhvatiti sve njih ili većinu njih u ovom radu. Treći je dio usporedba mađarskih i njemačkih prefikasa u suvremenom jeziku. U ovom dijelu uspoređuju se glagolski prefiksi dvaju jezika iz morfološke, sintaktičke razine i razine aspektualnosti. Pritom se u morfološkom dijelu uspoređuju karakteristike poput udvostručivanja prefiksa, samostalna uporaba mađarskih prefiksa, uporaba različitih prefikasa uz isti glagol, izostavljanje prefiksa u mađarskom te pojavljivanje punoznačnih riječi u svojstvu prefiksa u njemačkom jeziku. sintaktička usporedba prefiksa uglavnom je usmjerena na odvajanje prefiksa u mađarskom i njemačkom jeziku. U pogledu aspektualnosti i akcionalnosti usporedba je uglavnom usmjerena na akcionalnost. Razlog za to jest činjenica da u njemačkom jeziku glagolski prefiksi nisu sredstvo za izražavanje aspekta, već isključivo akcionalnosti, dok u mađarskom oni služe i za izražavanje aspekta i za izražavanje akcionalnosti. Unatoč tome, dio poglavlja o aspektualnosti i akcionalnosti ipak je posvećen mađarskim prefiksima u svojstvu sredstva za izražavanje aspekta zbog važnosti koju aspekt igra u razumijevanju akcionalnosti te zato što ponekad nije jednostavno razlučivanje aspekta i akcionalnosti. Zadnji je dio rada zaključak u kojem su sažeti zaključci pojedinih poglavlja te problemi koji su se pojavili tijekom njegove izrade. Pojedinačna poglavlja podijeljena su na uvodni dio nakon čega slijedi opis pojedinih karakteristika mađarskih prefiksa, zatim pojedinih karakteristika njemačkih prefiksa te na kraju usporedba sličnosti i razlika između analiziranih karakteristika U pogledu metoda najčešća metoda bila je usporedba raznih osobitosti mađarskih i njemačkih prefiksa u tematskom kontekstu. Također, brojni su opisi potkrijepljeni primjerima. Kada su u pitanju njemački primjeri, njima su dodani mađarski prijevodi, dok mađarski primjeri nisu prevedeni na njemački. Primjeri su uglavnom iz literature. Korištena literatura sastoji se od raznih jezičnih priručnika i povijesnih gramatkia, a središnju ulogu prilikom opisa akcionalnosti i aspektualnosti igrali su doktorska disertacija Krešimira Sučevića-Međerala Semantička analiza sustava glagolskih prefiksa u mađarskom jeziku (iz perspektive govornikâ hrvatskog jezika) te članak o mađarskom aspektu Orsolye Žagar Szentesi Aspektualnost u mađarskom – uloga objekta u formiranju rečeničnog aspekta
Late medieval stećak necropolises of Western Herzegovina
Get PDFU radu se donose rezultati terenskih i drugih istraživanja nekropola stećaka na području
zapadne Hercegovine. Odabirom teme nastojalo se prikupiti što više podataka o nekropolama
na navedenom području konzultirajući znanstvenu i stručnu literaturu u kojoj se naišlo na
nepotpune, a nerijetko i netočne navode o lokalitetima. Pristupilo se analizama nekropola,
formalno-tipološkim analizama nadgrobnih spomenika, natpisne i reljefne građe. Empirijski
podatci postignuti revizijama terena poslužili su kao temelj za propitivanje postojećih
paradigmi i prezentiranje drugačijega viđenja sepulkralne kulture bosanskohercegovačkog
srednjovjekovlja.
Suvremeni arheološki standardi pokazuju tendenciju prema nedestruktivnim metodama
istraživanja i teorijskim perspektivama u arheologiji putem kojih se dolazi do posve novih
arheoloških interpretacija. Svrha tako postavljenih istraživanja bio je pokušaj da se što bolje
razumije srednjovjekovna sepulkralna kultura, proces nastanka stećka i smještaj nekropole u
prostoru. Interpretacije ne bi bile moguće bez konzultiranja literature iz teorijskih pristupa u
arheologiji, točnije koncepata arheologije prostora i krajolika. Pri tome se nastojalo odstupiti
od ustaljenih formi i obrazaca prostornog rasporeda nekropola te ukazati da odabir mjesta za
ukop pokojnika nije determiniran samo ekonomsko-funkcionalnim parametrima, nego da se u
istraživanjima treba više osloniti na kontekst nastanka nove prakse pokapanja tijekom srednjeg
vijeka te sagledati stećak kao skulpturu u prostoru. Naglasak je stavljen na doživljaj
monumentalne forme nadgrobnoga spomenika kakav je stećak te interakciju između objekta i
onoga tko ga promatra u danom kontekstu.
Istraživanjem lokaliteta i njihovoga odnosa prema putovima, naseljima i prirodnom
okruženju pokušalo se doći do novih spoznaja o tome kako su te populacije percipirale krajolik.
Došlo se do određenih spoznaja koje zasigurno neće biti uzete kao zakonitost, ali će biti
inovacija u izučavanju.
U zaključku disertacije naglašava se kako budućnost istraživanja leži u
interdisciplinarnom pristupu te analizama arheoloških podataka dobivenih terenskim radom
koje, sukladno napretku epistemološke misli, trebaju biti popraćene teorijskim pristupima u
arheologiji 21. st., čime se otvara mogućnost interpretacije na drugačijoj razini.This thesis presents the results of field research conducted on various necropolises of
medieval tombstones, also known as stećci, throughout Western Herzegovina, and is the
compilation of the author’s findings. The term stećak relates to the medieval tombstone carved
on almost whole territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its bordering areas: central and
southern parts of Croatia and western parts of Serbia and Montenegro. According to the field
research conducted in the 20th century, there are more than 70,000 tombstones on 3,300
necropolises, appearing in the following basic forms: horizontal slabs, blocks, sarcophagus,
pillars and crosses. New necropolises have been registered during field research conducted in
a past couple of years.
In choosing this topic, the author’s aim was to collect as much as possible information
on the necropolis in the given area by consulting scientific and professional literature, in which
incomplete and inaccurate information were sometimes provided (Arheološki leksikon Bosne i
Hercegovine, Tom 3; Stećci, Kataloško-topografski pregled by Š. Bešlagić). The objectives
pursued relate to the synthesis of medieval tombstones necropolises found on the territory of
city of Široki Brijeg, and Grude, Ljubuški and Posušje municipalities. The largest number of
medieval tombstones relates to the forms of slabs and blocks. The author analysed each
necropolis and conducted formal typological analyses of the medieval tombstones, its
inscriptions and reliefs. In comparison to the data in scientific literature, field research results
showed the differences in the number of medieval tombstones necropolises and tombstones as
well. Mainly, they are located near by the rivers, fileds, roads that were used in previous
archaeological periods, settlements, tumuli, prehistoric ruins and mountain areas. The author
noted damages of the tombstones especially in Posušje municipality, but also devastation of
several necropolises in Western Herzegovina caused by nature or human interventions. Field
research resulted in the observed analogies of tombstones in Široki Brijeg and Mostar, Stolac,
Čitluk and Nevesinje areas. The relief motives noted on stećci in Ljubuški municipality are
similar to those on the medieval tombstones registered in Vrgorac, Makarska, Ploče and
Imotski. The author also registered similarities in typology and iconography of medieval
tombstones in Posušje area and tombstones in Imotski, Kupres and Cetina area.
Empirical data obtained by field research were used as a basis for questioning the
existing paradigms on the topic and presenting a different view on sepulchral practices and rituals of the medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina. The final analyses showed that there are more
than 180 necropolises with 2,100 medieval tombstones in Western Herzegovina region, even
though there is always possibility to register new necropolises. It is also important to emphasize
that Bijača necropolis, located in Ljubuški municipality, is on the UNESCO’s world Heritage
list since 2016.
Due to the nomination of medieval tombstones necropolises on the UNESCO's world
Heritage list, there has been a lot of interest for their scientific valorisation. Scientific discourse
on stećci is presented in different disciplines such as archaeology, history, art history, religion,
philosophy, anthropology, literature, etc. However, understanding of the iconography and
inscriptions on stećci, as well as their cultural context, remained inconclusive. Thereby, there
was a need to review the existing interpretations.
Contemporary archaeological standards tend to use non-destructive research methods
and theory perspective in archaeology leading to different archaeological interpretations. In
order to avoid omissions and to obtain data on the necropolis, available non-destructive field
research methods, interviews with the local residents, maps and satellite imageries were used.
The purpose of this research was to try to understand the medieval sepulchral practices as well
as the process of stećak building and the geographic placement of each necropolis in relation
to its surroundings. The author also paid more attention to a human perception of space.
Interpretation would not be possible without consulting existing literature on the theoretical
approach in archaeology, or more precisely archaeological concepts on space and landscape.
The aim was to move away from the established forms and patterns of the spatial layout
of the necropolis and to point out that selection of burial locations of the deceased was not
determined solely by economic-functional parameters (processual archaeology), but that the
research should rely more on the context of the emergence of the new burial practice during
the Middle Ages and consider the stećak as sculpture in space. New scientific approach have
led to knowledge of space/landscape as multidimensional, e.g. understanding that besides
geographical dimension, space can be viewed through its ideological, symbolic, religious,
social, identity and other dimensions (post processual archaeology). Therefore, the author
designed new interpretative framework, according to which, the reliefs and inscriptions on
stećci have been viewed as artefacts. Those artefacts were incorporated in the form of medieval
tombstones located in space, and as such, they could have ideological, religious, identity,
temporal, and symbolic dimensions that are projected on space. It should also be noted that the
largest number of relief motifs are crescent, star, solar symbols, different shapes of cross,
human figures, heraldic motifs, animals and etc., mainly carved in bas relief. Emphasis is placed on the individuals’ experience of these monumental forms and
intrinsically sculptural tombstones, as well as the relevant relationship between these
tombstones, the observer and the surrounding landscape. It should not be forgotten that the
perception of a human in the modern age is certainly different from that of our medieval
ancestors.
Exploring the locations of each burial ground in relation to the paths, settlements and
natural surrounding environment was essential. The aim was to consider how these
communities perceived and interacted with their landscapes, how and why they buried their
dead in such specific and, in the edges of fields, in the old used pathways, areas which were
difficult to be reached and similar. The tendency of burial on archaeological sites from earlier
periods and iconographic repertoire of steċak are interpreted as links to surviving cults and
beliefs. Using prehistoric tumuli as their burial sites, medieval populations gave a new
symbolic shape to the space. Perhaps they wanted to preserve the remembrance of the deceased,
to identify with them, or they aspired to be closer to God and therefore used tumuli that are
mainly situated on the elevations, as their burial places.
Having regard that the interpretations on Romanic, gothic and byzantine art influences
on stećci dominate in contemporary literature, it is necessary to discuss the local artistic
expression and to develop new methodologies that would enable new interpretative framework.
In the author's opinion, none of those influences should be neglected. Instead they have to be
taken into consideration as well as the influences of art and beliefs of prehistoric and later
archaeological populations. Findings will certainly not be taken as legitimacy but will be
considered as innovation in the study.
Presented data are the results of the field research and, in the context of research and
research future, constitute an inseparable segment of defining the final interpretation of the
spatial location of stećak necropolis of Western Herzegovina. The scientific contribution of the
thesis are also the maps of necropolises distribution area and foto documentation obtained
during field work.
Taking into consideration lack of archaeological excavation of the necropolises in
Western Herzegovina as well as anthropological analyses of human remains, certain issues
such is wealth, way of life of those buried under the stećak tombstones, health condition, family
ties and so on, still remain in question.
In the thesis, it had been emphasised that the future of the research lays within interdisciplinary
approach and analyses of the archaeological data obtained by the filed research, which, according to the progress of epistemological thought, should be accompanied by theoretical
approaches on the archaeology of the 21st century, thus opening the possibility of interpretation
at different level
Civilizacija doline Inda
Get PDFTematika ovog diplomskog rada bavi se civilizacijom doline Inda. S obzirom na opširnost teme, glavni dio rada obuhvaćaju poglavlja o vrhuncu civilizacije i njezine značajke. Civilizacija koja je trgovala sa civilizacijama na Zapadu, bilježi svoj vrhunac od otprilike oko 2600. – 1900. godine prije Krista. Na vrhuncu svoje moći prostirala se na području današnjeg znači da je pokrivala površinu od današnjeg zapadnog dijela Indije, Pakistana i Afganistana, što je čini jednom od najvećih drevnih civilizacija. Iako se razvijala na tako velikom području, o njoj se zna vrlo malo zbog nedostatka pisanih izvora te se saznanja o ovoj civilizaciji najvećim dijelom temelje na arheološkim istraživanjima.
Gradovi poput Harappe, Mohenjo – dara, Lothala i Dholavire, koji su se uzdignuli na vrhunac moći civilizacije, sačinjavat će bit našeg područja razmatranja u diplomskom radu. Nadalje, rad sadrži poglavlja o religijskom i svjetovnom životu te gospodarstvenom i trgovačkom svijetu kao jednim od glavnih obilježja civilizacije doline Inda
A Multimodal Analysis of Cosmetics Advertising
Get PDFAs one of the major theory within cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor helps us understand how we shape our thoughts and actions and how meaning is construed. This paper analyses cosmetics advertisements employing the Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis and also, aims to show how conceptual metaphor helps to identify messages presented in the advertisements. The paper analyses 10 TV make up advertisements from 8 different brands, all of which have women as their target audience. Due to the fact that conceptual metaphor isn’t limited to linguistic expressions and can, therefore, be realized non-verbally, the analysis of the selected advertisements is multimodal. Visual and auditory elements have been analysed in order to see how multimodality is used to convey the selling point of the product coded into a conceptual metaphor
Traduction d’un extrait et l’analyse traductologique de « Péplum » d’Amélie Nothomb
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu ponuditi ću svoju verziju prijevoda romana » Péplum « Amélie Nothomb, te traduktološku analizu istoga. Analiza se temelji na traduktološkim
postupcima koje su u svojoj knjizi Stylistique comparée du français et de l’anglais. Méthode de traduction predložili Jean-Paul Vinay et Jean Darbelnet. Pokušati ću izdvojiti i objasniti što više primjera, te opravdati svoje prevoditeljske odluke. Moj cilj je shvatiti odnose koji
upravljaju proces prijevoda sa francuskog na hrvatski jezik, te prepreke s kojima ću se susresti u tom procesu, te na taj način dokumentirati pokušaj iznalaženja rješenja, to jest prijevoda.Dans cette thèse de master nous allons proposer une traduction d'un passage du livre « Péplum » d'Amélie Nothomb, ensemble avec une analyse traductologique de notre traduction. L’analyse se fondera sur les sept procédés de la Stylistique comparée du français et de l’anglais. Méthode de traduction de Jean-Paul Vinay et Jean Darbelnet. J’essayerai relever de nombreux exemples et justifier mes choix de traduction. Le présent mémoire de master a pour
but de comprendre les phénomènes qui dirigent le procès de la traduction du français au croate, et les obstacles au cours de ce procès, et comme ça essayer de documenter la recherche d’une solution, c’est-à-dire, d’une traduction