University of Zagreb
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Narration der Krise: Die Weimarer Republik als politische, soziale und kulturelle Krise in den Werken von Fallada, Döblin und Kästner
Get PDFEs ist schon ein seltsamer Schicksalsschlag, hier nun zu sitzen und sich mit dieser einen bestimmten Epoche zu beschäftigen, die nun gerade nichts Geringeres als ihr hundertstes Jubiläum feiert.
Obwohl von feiern kann hier in diesem Sinne wirklich nicht die Rede sein. Es ist das Gedenken an eine Zeit, eine Epoche, die aus den Trümmern des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (auf)erstanden ist. Ein Schnitt in der Geschichte, welcher das Ende einer alten und die Geburt einer neuen Welt einläutete. Das lange neunzehnte Jahrhundert, wie es erstmalig vom Historiker Eric Hobsbawm benannt wurde in seiner gleichnamigen Büchertrilogie, neigt sich seinem Ende zu. Wir wurden Zeugen seiner zahlreichen Revolutionen, seiner Kriege und seiner radikalen Ideen. Ideen wie Freiheit, Gleichheit und Brüderlichkeit dessen Funke bald ganz Europa mit Hilfe eines gewissen Bonaparte, entflammen wird.
Die Krise manifestiert sich in der Literatur auf viele unterschiedliche Arten, doch keine ist so groß wie die des Stils und der eigenen Identität als Autor. Ständig sucht man nach Antworten, die man den modernen Leser mitteilen möchte, doch die Zeit ist zu knapp und zu kostbar.
Diese Krise wird erst durch das Publikum verinnerlicht. Immer wieder kommt die Frage auf, was man den modernen Menschen, den Leser noch zu bieten hat. Von Krieg und Armut resigniert, und zur gleichen Zeit von den technologischen Fortschritt umgarnt.
Massenmedien wie der Rundfunk und Kinofilm locken den Leser weg, und gleichzeitig dekonstruieren sie alle bis dahin geltenden Regeln der Ästhetik. Was soll man den Leser, den Arbeiter noch bieten in dieser rasanten Welt
Stavovi slijepih i slabovidnih učenika o važnosti učenja engleskog kao stranog jezika
Get PDFEnglish as a foreign language is a compulsory school subject for all learners across the European Union, including the special needs students. One such group are the visually impaired students. For visually impaired people, learning English might be challenging due to many obstacles they have to overcome because of their lack of vision, yet it can be extremely beneficial. Foreign languages open different possibilities for their future and the visually impaired students see language as one of the most important tools for finding their way around the world. The aim of this thesis was to study the attitudes of 29 visually impaired high school learners towards English as a foreign language, all of whom are students of the Center for Education and Rehabilitation Vinko Bek in Zagreb. The instrument used to investigate their attitudes was a semi-structured interview the results of which were then discussed according to the five research questions. The results have shown that the participants find English very useful because of its status as a lingua franca. They believe that they will use English in their future employment, however, most of them declare having limited knowledge of the English language. Furthermore, they expressed they enjoy their English lessons, but have many ideas on how to improve them and adapt them to their needs and desires. Most importantly, they feel completely alienated from everyday English and have very little knowledge about native speakers of English and their culture.Engleski kao strani jezik je obavezan školski predmet za sve učenike diljem Europske Unije, uključujući učenike s posebnim potrebama. Jedni od tih učenika su i učenici s oštećenjem vida. Učenje engleskog jezika za učenike s oštećenjem vida ponekad je izazovno zbog mnogih prepreka na koje nailaze i koje moraju prijeći, ali je također i veoma korisno. Strani jezici otvaraju brojne mogućnosti za budućnost tih učenika i oni vide jezik kao jedan od alata kojim se orijentiraju po svijetu. Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti stavove 29 srednjoškolskih učenika Centra za obrazovanje “Vinko Bek” prema engleskom kao stranom jeziku. Instrument koji se koristio je polu-strukturirani intervju, čiji su rezultati analizirani prema pet istraživačkih pitanja. Rezultati pokazuju kako ispitanici engleski jezik smatraju vrlo korisnim zbog njegovog statusa svjetskog jezika. Oni vjeruju da će koristiti engleski jezik na svom budućem poslu, ali većina njih smatra da slabo poznaje engleski jezik. Nadalje, sviđa im se njihova nastava engleskog jezika, ali imaju mnogo ideja kako bi ju mogli poboljšati i prilagoditi njihovim potrebama i željama. Najvažnije, oni su gotovo u potpunosti izolirani od svakodnevnog engleskog jezika i jako malo znaju o izvornim govornicima engleskog jezika i njihovoj kulturi
Diminutivo em português e seus equivalentes em inglês
Get PDFThis thesis presents the semantic properties of diminutives in Portuguese by comparing them to their translation equivalents in English. It displays the polysemy of Portuguese diminutives and diminutives in general, and categorizes them according to their meaning. The data used for the analysis were taken from two contemporary Portuguese novels and their English translations. The exemplified diminutives are divided into categories according to their meaning; primary meaning – smallness, affectionate, pejorative, intensifiers, attenuation and pragmatic use.Esta tese tem como objetivo mostrar a natureza polissémica dos diminutivos em português, demonstrando isso através de exemplos de diminutivos de romances portugueses e das suas traduções para o inglês. Os dados do corpus serão baseados nos diminutivos extraídos de dois romances portugueses contemporâneos, ambos escritos por José Saramago, “Ensaio sobre a cegueira”, traduzido para o inglês por Giovanni Pontiero como “Blindness” e “A Caverna”, traduzido por Margaret Jull Costa como "The Cave". Primeiramente, discutiremos os múltiplos significados dos diminutivos. Os diminutivos são palavras habitualmente usadas para expressar pequenez, no entanto, este é apenas o seu significado principal. São também usados em muitas linguas para expressar afeição, significado pejorativo, desconsideração, servindo igualmente como intensificadores, etc. (Jurafsky 1996:535, Taylor 2003:173) Iniciamos com umaa parte teórica sobre os significados mais usados, como pequenez, afeição, depreciação, intensificação, atenuação, aproximação e o uso pragmático
Vitality of the Fiuman dialect ̶ current situation and perspectives at the beginning of the 21st century
Get PDFU ovome se doktorskom radu iznose rezultati empirijskoga istraživanja vitalnosti fijumanskoga
dijalekta (FD) – romanskoga idioma autohtone manjine koja od 15. stoljeća, a možda i duže, živi
na području grada Rijeke i okolice. Pod pojmom vitalnosti, koji su uveli Giles, Bourhis i Taylor
(1977), podrazumijeva se sposobnost jedne zajednice da u kontaktu s drugom zajednicom opstane
kao „zaseban entitet te očuva svoj jezik i identitetske značajke“ (Ehala, 2015, str. 1). Upravo je
stupanj vitalnosti od ključne važnosti za očuvanje nekoga jezika ili njegovo napuštanje u korist
dominantnoga koda, kakav je većinski hrvatski, ali i talijanski standard, u odnosu na manjinski
fijumanski. Rezultati se dosadašnjih istraživanja FD-a razilaze u ocjeni njegove vitalnosti: s jedne
strane upućuju na njegovo izumiranje (Lukežić, 1993; Rošić, 2002), a s druge na mogućnost
njegova očuvanja (Crnić Novosel i Spicijarić Paškvan, 2014; Spicijarić Paškvan i Crnić Novosel,
2014). Vitalnost se FD-a u radu utvrđuje kroz objektivne pokazatelje: demografske i statusne
čimbenike te čimbenike institucijske podrške fijumanskoj zajednici; oni se dovode u vezu sa
subjektivnim pokazateljima: procjenom o čimbenicima objektivne vitalnosti govornikā FD-a.
Koristi se mješoviti metodološki pristup, odnosno kombinacija kvalitativnih i kvantitativnih
metoda. Podatci su prikupljeni upitnikom na uzorku od 249 govornika FD-a različite dobi i
polustrukturiranim intervjuom s 34 govornika toga dijalekta. Analiziraju se sociodemografski
podatci o ispitanicima kao i podatci o demografskoj održivosti zajednice, međugeneracijskome
prijenosu FD-a, domenama njegove uporabe, institucijskoj podršci, identitetu govornika, njihovoj
motivaciji za poznavanje FD-a te stavovima prema FD-u, hrvatskome i talijanskome standardu.
Rezultati pokazuju da veći broj čimbenika utječe na vitalnost fijumanske zajednice i dijalekta.
Unatoč snažnoj emocionalnoj povezanosti ispitanika s FD-om te postojanju međugeneracijskoga
prijenosa, opadanje razine znanja FD-a među mlađim govornicima, uporabe, instrumentalne
motivacije i broja govornika te skroman angažman ustanova upućuju na njegovo postupno
napuštanje. U radu se predlažu konkretne mjere za preusmjeravanje toga procesa i očuvanje FD-a
za čiju je provedbu nužno zajedničko djelovanje pojedinaca i ustanova, te manjinske i većinske
zajednice.The Fiuman dialect is an autochthonous minority Romance language spoken for centuries in the
Croatian city of Rijeka and its surroundings, in what is today a Croatian-language dominant
environment. There is evidence that it has been uninterruptedly spoken as one of the two indigenous
languages of the city of Rijeka (the other being Croatian Chakavian) from the 15th century onwards
(Rošić, 2002); it is possible, however, that it was used even earlier, in the Roman period. Because
of the historical and political changes in Rijeka in the mid-20th century, today Fiuman is spoken by
a relatively small minority group living in several city neighbourhoods (Lukežić, 1993), as a result
of which its maintenance has been questioned (Lukežić, 1993; Rošić, 2002). Todayʼs Fiuman
speakers are mainly bilingual or multilingual speakers of Fiuman, standard Italian and standard
Croatian or one of its substandard varieties (Badurina & Matešić, 2008; Lukežić, 2008). Standard
Italian is also a minority language in Croatia, but as the official language of Italian minority
nurseries, schools and other institutions, its position is much more stable. Fiuman maintenance thus
depends on sustaining the diglossic relationship with standard Italian on the one hand and standard
Croatian on the other. This doctoral thesis aims to determine the current degree of vitality of
Fiuman and the possibilities for its future maintenance.
Ethnolinguistic vitality, introduced by Giles, Bourhis and Taylor (1977), is the ability of a group
to maintain its existence as “a collective entity with a distinctive identity and language” (Ehala,
2015, p. 1). In the situations of language contact between two (or more) speech communities of
unequal status, it is more probable that minority groups with higher vitality will survive as
distincitve entities and maintain their language, while low vitality groups are prone to assimilation
with majority groups (Giles et al., 1977). It is the degree of vitality that is a key determinant of
language maintenance (LM) or language shift (LS) in favour of the dominant language. The term
LM is used to describe a situation in which a minority language persists in some or all domains of
life despite the presence of the dominant or majority language. On the other hand, more or less
gradual abandonment of the minority language and its substitution with the dominant or majority
language leads to LS (Pauwels, 2004, 2016).
Based on previous studies, it is difficult to determine the actual position of Fiuman with respect to
LM or LS. The studies have mostly dealt with the descripition of Fiuman grammatical properties and vocabulary (Bató, 1993/1999; Berghoffer, 1894/1999; Bidwell, 1967; Blecich & Tamaro,
2015; Bratulić, Đurđulov, Blecich, & Kraš, 2015; A. Depoli, 1913; G. Depoli, 1928/1999; Folena,
1968–1970; Gottardi, 2004, 2007; Lukežić, 1993; Mestrovich, 2001; Pafundi, 2011; Rošić, 2002;
Samani, 2007; Spicijarić Paškvan, 2018). Only recently has the interest of linguists shifted to FD
vitality, that is, LS and LM (Crnić Novosel & Spicijarić Paškvan, 2014, 2015; Drljača Margić,
Kraš, & Smiljanić, 2015; Lukežić, 2008; Spicijarić Paškvan & Crnić Novosel, 2014). The results
of the studies into the maintenance of Fiuman have yielded contradictory results by indicating both
LS (Lukežić,1993; Rošić, 2002) and LM tendencies (Crnić Novosel & Spicijarić Paškvan, 2014;
Spicijarić Paškvan & Crnić Novosel, 2014). According to these studies, Fiuman is a sociolect, with
a declining number of speakers, spoken in private domains and informal situations in the
institutions of the Italian minority of Rijeka.
In the present study, the question of Fiuman vitality has been addressed by investigating two of its
aspects. According to Giles et al. (1977), vitality can be objective (OV) and subjective (SV). OV
is measured by looking into three groups of factors: 1) demographic factors (size of the group, birth
rate, endogamy, exogamy, immigration, emigration, geographical distribution and the proportion
of community members), 2) institutional support factors (the level of power in business, industry,
administration, education, mass media, culture and sports) and 3) status factors (social prestige,
socio-historical status and the prestige of the language and culture). SV, as viewed by Bourhis,
Giles and Rosenthal (1981), implies community membersʼ subjective perceptions of OV, and it is
considered decisive for group behaviour in LM. The present study aims to investigate both
objective and subjective vitality factors.
What is crucial for the vitality of a certain community and its language are the continuous
intergenerational transmission of the communityʼs language and culture, sustainable demography,
active institutions, social cohesion and emotional attachment to the collective identity (Ehala,
2015). However, these factors might be challenging to measure. A fairly good estimation of the
group vitality, according to Smith, Ehala, and Giles (2017), can be provided by a language
endangerment assessment instrument, such as Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption
Scale EGIDS (Lewis, 2009; Lewis, Simons, & Fennig, 2016), along with basic demographic data,
data on speakersʼ self-reported language use in different domains and their assessment of the
vitality. In this study the following vitality factors were taken into consideration: 1) demographic
data; 2) intergenerational transmission; 3) the use of Fiuman in different language domains; 4) institutional support to Fiuman; 5) speakers’ (language) identity; 6) speakers’ motivation for
knowing Fiuman and 7) attitudes towards Fiuman, standard Croatian and standard Italian, as well
as towards Fiuman maintenance.
The data were obtained using a mixed-method approach, comprising qualitative and quantitative
research methods. A total of 249 Fiuman speakers, recruited by means of snowball sampling,
completed the Fiuman Language Questionnaire (Bratulić, Drljača Margić, & Kraš, 2017),
comprising closed- and open-ended questions. The questionnaire elicited the participants’
sociodemographic data (age, gender, former and current residence, level of education) as well as
information about their language biography, Fiuman proficiency, use of Fiuman in different
domains, motivation for knowing Fiuman, (language) identity, and attitudes towards Fiuman,
standard Croatian and standard Italian. The data obtained by means of the questionnaire were
complemented by the data gained via semistructured interviews with 34 Fiuman speakers. Both the
questionnaire and the interviews were conducted in standard Croatian or standard Italian, according
to the participants’ preferences. The participants were divided into six age groups (Levinson, 1986)
for the purposes of exploring possible intergenerational differences.
The results suggest that LS has already started among Fiuman speakers. In spite of speakers’ strong
emotional attachment to Fiuman as part of their ancestry, cultural heritage and identity, they
increasingly opt for Croatian. Although intergenerational transmission seems to persist, the number
of active speakers is decreasing and so is the use of Fiuman in different domains. The qualitative
data analysis, conducted mainly on the interview data, shows that the historical changes in the 20th
century had an impact on speakers’ attitudes towards Fiuman and their motivation for knowing and
using it, and resulted in an increased use of Croatian. Political, ideological, economic and other
changes after the Second World War led to a massive emigration of Fiuman speakers from Rijeka
and a large-scale immigration of Slavic-speaking population, both of which, together with today’s
negative demographic trends, resulted in the reduction of Fiuman use. Nowadays Fiuman is spoken
in private domains among family members and friends, and in informal and sometimes formal
situations within the Italian national minority institutions. Institutional support is mainly given to
standard Italian, while Fiuman seems to lack adequate support. Fiuman is absent from the public
use and the mass media, which publish and broadcast in standard Italian. Standard Italian is also
taught in nurseries and schools, which admit an increasing number of Croatian-speaking children.
As a result, children speak Croatian among themselves in these institutions. One of the most revealing findings, however, is that Fiuman is increasingly used in its written form on the Internet
and social networks, which have been recognised as a potential platform for its maintenance. The
results also suggest that Fiuman vitality relies more on intergenerational transmission and speakers’
attachment to the collective identity than on the use of Fiuman in different domains, institutional
support and positive demographic trends. Fiuman speakers are mainly multilingual and regard
Fiuman as their mother tongue. Their use of Fiuman is primarily driven by integrative reasons,
such as maintaining close family relations and community cohesion, and not instrumental ones.
Their attachment to Fiuman and the Fiuman community is strong and deeper than their attachment
to Croatian and Italian; however, younger generations report lower Fiuman proficiency and less
frequent use of Fiuman, and attach more importance to being part of the dominant Croatian
community.
Taking the multilingual character of today’s Fiuman speakers into consideration as well as the fact
that multilingualism itself does not necessarily lead to LS, some directions for reversing the LS in
the case of Fiuman and boosting Fiuman maintenance in the future have been given. They primarily
involve increasing the number of active speakers by sustaining intergenerational transmission and
the use of Fiuman in different domains. Furthermore, the importance of stronger instrumental
motivation, higher awareness of the benefits of multilingualism and more positive attitudes towards
Fiuman has been underlined. Providing greater institutional support to Fiuman maintenance has
also been suggested. Both individuals and institutions, as well as the minority and the majority
community, are expected to extend efforts to restore and increase Fiuman vitality
La vérité de l’être et le caractère langagier de la pensée
Get PDFU ovome diplomskom radu razmatra se povijesnofilozofijski razvoj pitanja jezičnosti mišljenja i jezičnog očitovanja istine bitka od Platona i Aristotela preko Kanta i Hegela do
Nietzschea i Heideggera. Ispituje se jezična proizvodnja smisla, odnosno istina bića i pokazuje se da smisao nije moguć izvan i neovisno o jeziku. Time, govor pretpostavlja udaljenost i razliku između govora i onoga o čemu govori. U biti govora je, dakle, prisutno stanovito udvostručavanje
uslijed kojega se ono o čemu se govori proizvodi u svojoj smislenosti i istini, istovremeno se pokazuje i stvara, očituje i otkriva. Cilj je pokazati da jezik nije tek sredstvo izražavanja mišljenja, označavanja bića i sporazumijevanja, nego mjesto preobražaja govorom zahvaćenog bića.Le présent mémoire examine le développement philosophico-historique de la question du caractère langagier de la pensée et de la représentation de l’être de Platon à Aristote jusqu’à Nietzsche et Heidegger, en passant par Kant et Hegel. La production langagière de sens, à savoir
la vérité de l’étant, est interrogée afin de montrer que le sens n’est pas possible en dehors et indépendamment du langage. Ainsi, le discours présuppose une distance et une différence entre la parole elle-même et ce dont il est question en elle. Dans l’essence même du langage est donc
présent un certain dualisme sur la base duquel ce dont il est question dans la parole est produit en sa cohérence et en sa vérité, et en même temps qu’il est montré et créé, il se manifeste et se révèle. L’objectif est de montrer que le langage n’est pas un instrument qui sert à exprimer la pensée, un outil de communication qui désigne l’étant, mais le lieu d’une transformation de l’étant par la
parole
Psihološka karakterizacija odabranih likova u prozama Ladislava Fuksa
Get PDFTema ovog rada su psihološke karakteristike odabranih likova u prozama Ladislava Fuksa. Osim opisa samih simptoma, postupaka, ponašanja i navika tih likova, opisani su i uzroci koji im prethode, prije svega traumatska situacija te društveno-političke okolnosti koje služe kao okidač stanju uma likova. Psihološka stanja likova analizirana su iz perspektive Freudove psihoanalize koja ljudsku psihu dijeli na svjesno, predsvjesno i nesvjesno, čije međusobno neslaganje dovodi do duševnog sukoba koji se, kako je to bilo i opisano, može fizički manifestirati. Zbog teškog suočavanja sa stvarnošću, opisani likovi koriste razne načine bijega od nje. Budući da likovi posežu u nesvjesni dio radi stjecanja svojevrsne zaštite od stvarnog svijeta, došli smo do zaključka da je taj nesvjesni dio vrlo važan jer određuje karakter likova.This paper outlines the psychological characteristics of certain characters in Ladislav Fuks’ fiction. In addition to the description of the symptoms, actions, behavior and habits of the characters, the causes that precede them are also described, especially the traumatic situation and socio-political circumstances that serve as a trigger to the characters. The psychological state of the characters is analyzed from the perspective of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which states that the human psyche is divided into a conscious, subconscious and unconscious part, whose mutual disagreement can lead to mental conflicts that can later be manifested physically. Because of their problems with facing the reality, the characters use various methods to escape from it. Since the characters turn to the unconscious part of their minds for the purpose of obtaining a kind of protection from the real world, we have come to the conclusion that the unconscious part is very important because it determines the personality of the characters
Zur Rolle des Nibelungenliedes in der deutschen Geschichte und seine Didaktisierung im DaF-Unterricht
No full textIn der Diplomarbeit „Zur Rolle des Nibelungenliedes in der deutschen Geschichte und seine Didaktisierung im DaF-Unterricht“ wird die Geschichte, Rolle und Rezeption des Nibelungenliedes, sowie seine Integrierung in dem DaF-Unterricht dargestellt.
Der erste Teil der Arbeit fokussiert sich auf die Fragen zur Entstehung und Verbreitung des Nibelungenliedes, sowie seiner Rolle in verschiedenen Zeitepochen der deutschen Geschichte, nämlich im Mittelalter, Romantik und Nationalsozialismus. Dazu wird auch auf heutige Funktion des Epos eingegangen, wobei das Nibelungenlied mit verbundenen historischen und mythologischen Themen der touristischen Vermarktung dient.
Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird das Nationalepos mit Themen, die den heutigen Schülern interessant sein können, in Verbindung gebracht. Es werden Gründe zum Gebrauch des Nibelungenliedes im Unterricht erläutert. Danach wird das Nibelungenlied als Unterrichtstoff für den DaF-Unterricht im kroatischen Hochschulsystem vorgezeigt
The salience of topology in verbal and pictorial representations of PVs in EFL learners
Get PDFThe aim of this thesis is to look at the salience of topology in strategic meaning construal of English particle verbs in the Mexican and the Croats’ verbal and pictorial representations. We conducted a qualitative analysis on a subcorpus of 30 questionnaires taken from the Learner Corpus collected by Geld (2009a). Theoretical framework and analytical tools were taken from Geld (2009b). We also analysed the development of strategic construal in three individual participants. Thus, individual case studies are also presented.
In the theoretical part of this thesis we will focus on strategic meaning construal of particle verbs (PVs), previous research done on the Learner Corpus (Geld 2009a) and provide brief description of the procedure, categories, and most important findings regarding the differences between the PVs containing light and heavy verbs and particles out and in.
The particle-verb analysis is separated into two parts – the PVs containing light verbs and the PVs containing heavy verbs. Each particle verb is analysed individually, and examples of both the verbal answers and pictorial representations are provided. Five categories important for this research are – topological determination, compositional meaning, lexical determination, (visual) paraphrase, and misinterpretation.
The case studies are three participants – two Croats and one Mexican. Verbal answers and pictorial representations are analysed separately followed by discussion and conclusions
Bunjevci: migrations, traditional heritage, identities
Get PDFThe book consists of nine chapters. The first chapter deals with the impact of migration on the cultural heritage and identity of the Croatian (sub)ethnic group Bunjevci. Next chapter focuses on their rights to belong to the Croatian nation in the region of Bačka (province of Vojvodina, Serbia) within the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes between the two World Wars. The following chapter deals with the local community of the Bunjevci, who settled in Croatia at different times in the 20th century. The aim of the next chapter is to introduce certain characteristic features of life in extended families of the Bunjevci in the different regions they have inhabited since the 17th century. The next two chapters deal with Dužijanca, the celebration marking the end of the harvest among Bunjevci in Bačka and the role of ritual traditional clothing in the revitalization of annual customs and rituals. The next two chapters focus on certain specific phenomena in wedding customs of the Bunjevci in the context of the Southeastern Europe. In the final chapter the author gives concluding remarks on the possible origin of the Croatian (sub)ethnic group of Bunjevci. (službena stranica Izdavača
Pronominalformen bei Frauen und Männern
Get PDFSprache und Sprachgebrauch sind heutzutage ein oft besprochenes Thema, mit dem sich Wissenschaftler, aber auch andere Menschen aus vielen Untersuchungsfeldern beschäftigen. Darunter sind besonders Pronominalformen ein heikles Thema, mit dem sich Feministinnen und die Bewegung für soziale Gerechtigkeit befassen. Viele von ihnen sagen, dass es keine Unterschiede zwischen Frauen- und Männersprache gibt oder dass sie sozial bedingt sind. Deswegen wurden einige Studien durchgeführt, besonders in der englischen Sprache, damit es klarer wird, ob es tatsächlich Unterschiede gibt.
Diese Untersuchung wird sich mit Pronomen befassen. Analysiert werden verschiedene Textsorten, damit der Korpus vollständiger und komplexer wird. Textsorten werden für sich selbst analysiert, geteilt in Fiction- und Non-Fictiontexte und auf Frauen- und Männersprache untersucht. Da aber viele später erwähnte Thesen ein Resultat von vieljährigen Untersuchungen und Beobachtungen sind, ist es zu erwarten, dass einige davon hier nicht bestätigt oder angefochten werden können. Zudem ist die Technologie für die folgende Analyse begrenzt