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The Ontology of Theosis: Insights from Maximus the Confessor
No full textThis article describes the ontological problem of theosis or deification in terms of two dimensions: the relationship between the finite and the infinite, and the relationship between human nature and sin. Both problems are clarified through the thinking of Saint Maximus the Confessor and his distinction between logos and tropos, that is, the constitutive nature of a thing and its existential mode of being. Theosis is presented not as a transformation of the human nature, but a transformation of our mode of being by its healing and elevation by divine grace. Maximus’ theological anthropology explains how the effects of sin should not be situated at the level of human nature but its mode of being. His conceptual distinctions may help to clarify the thought of Luther, at least as it is presented in the Finnish interpretation of Luther.This article describes the ontological problem of theosis or deification in terms of two dimensions: the relationship between the finite and the infinite, and the relationship between human nature and sin. Both problems are clarified through the thinking of Saint Maximus the Confessor and his distinction between logos and tropos, that is, the constitutive nature of a thing and its existential mode of being. Theosis is presented not as a transformation of the human nature, but a transformation of our mode of being by its healing and elevation by divine grace. Maximus’ theological anthropology explains how the effects of sin should not be situated at the level of human nature but its mode of being. His conceptual distinctions may help to clarify the thought of Luther, at least as it is presented in the Finnish interpretation of Luther
Personal and Social Trust in Contemporary Poland in the Light of Empirical Research
No full textThe importance of trust for the development of an individual, social relations and for the development of societies has been emphasised by social, psychological and educational theorists. Personal and social trust towards people is to a great extent bound with emotional involvement. People who are close to one another, especially relatives or friends assume that they act on similar principles. Such assumptions about personal relations make people more open, generous and optimistic. Social trust is gained in the course of various daily, professional and social experiences. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to demonstrates personal and social trust on the basis of the results of the surveys conducted by CBOS (Public Opinion Research Centre in Poland).The importance of trust for the development of an individual, social relations and for the development of societies has been emphasised by social, psychological and educational theorists. Personal and social trust towards people is to a great extent bound with emotional involvement. People who are close to one another, especially relatives or friends assume that they act on similar principles. Such assumptions about personal relations make people more open, generous and optimistic. Social trust is gained in the course of various daily, professional and social experiences. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to demonstrates personal and social trust on the basis of the results of the surveys conducted by CBOS (Public Opinion Research Centre in Poland)
The role of the theory of prototypes in moral thought
No full textIn this article I attempt to highlight and briefly analyze some problematic aspects of the theory of prototypes and its implications in moral thought. I focus on the issue of moral judgement and the impact of prototypicality on our understanding of moral concepts. The objective of the article is to indicate the significance of the new perspectives opened by the notion of prototype, but also to point out certain difficulties. Some of the problematic questions emerge from the very existence of the prototype structure of categories and concepts; other problems arise with reference to the proposed implications or postulates which are connected with the acknowledgement of the significance of prototypicality. Due to the recognition of the practical dimension of ethics, the main issues are presented through examples of concepts which are commonly used in everyday life, referring to political and social values, traits of character and emotions.In this article I attempt to highlight and briefly analyze some problematic aspects of the theory of prototypes and its implications in moral thought. I focus on the issue of moral judgement and the impact of prototypicality on our understanding of moral concepts. The objective of the article is to indicate the significance of the new perspectives opened by the notion of prototype, but also to point out certain difficulties. Some of the problematic questions emerge from the very existence of the prototype structure of categories and concepts; other problems arise with reference to the proposed implications or postulates which are connected with the acknowledgement of the significance of prototypicality. Due to the recognition of the practical dimension of ethics, the main issues are presented through examples of concepts which are commonly used in everyday life, referring to political and social values, traits of character and emotions
Saula Aarona Kripke’go teoria nazw własnych
No full textThe article discusses the problem of proper names in the approach of S. A. Kripke, which, in terms of analytical philosophy, constitutes an interesting, though not easy, issue. Kripke not only redefines the proper names by identifying them with rigid designators, but also argues against descriptorisms and becomes the creator of a new reference theory of proper names. His concept places great emphasis on the semantic aspect of proper names, which is a breakthrough in analytical research concerning with the semantic aspect of proper names.Artykuł porusza problematykę nazw własnych w ujęciu S.A. Kripkego, które na gruncie filozofii analitycznej stanowią interesujące, choć niełatwe zagadnienie. Kripke nie tylko redefiniuje nazwy własne, utożsamiając je z desygnatorami sztywnymi, lecz podaje także argumenty przeciw deskrypcjonizmowi oraz stwarza nową teorię referencji nazw własnych. W swojej koncepcji kładzie ogromny nacisk na semantyczny aspekt nazw własnych, co stanowi przełom w badaniach analitycznych podejmujących ich wymiar znaczeniowy
Ciało i cielesność w świecie wirtualnym na przykładzie reklamy, sztuki i mediów społecznościowych (wybrane problemy)
Get PDFThe purpose of the article is reflection on the body and corporeality appearing on the Internet. This topic is subordinated to contemporary ideologies, so it sets the way of thinking of modern people, new trends, fashions, activities and functioning of the entire axiological system. The body and corporeality are subject to contemporary ideologies: the ideology of consumerism, the ideology of individualism, the ideology of fun and ludicity, the ideology of everyday life and the ideology of transparency. The body presented in the advertisement, the body in art based on Stelarc’s cases and the body presented on the Porcelain Butterflies portal were selected for analysis. The considerations are accompanied by ethical and axiological reflection.Celem referatu jest refleksja na temat ciała i cielesności pojawiająca się w Internecie. Temat ten podporządkowany jest współczesnym ideologiom, więc wyznacza sposób myślenia ludzi współczesnych, nowe trendy, mody, działania i funkcjonowanie całego systemu aksjologicznego. Ciało i cielesność podlega współczesnym ideologiom: konsumpcjonizmu, indywidualizmu, zabawy i ludyczności, codzienności i transparencji. Do analizy wybrano ciało przedstawiane w reklamie, ciało w sztuce na podstawie przypadków Stelarca oraz ciało przedstawione na portalu Porcelanowych Motyli. Rozważaniom towarzyszy refleksja etyczna i aksjologiczna
Narratives about Cyborgization in the Context of Technoevolution
Get PDFThe article is devoted to cultural narratives about cyborgization, in which the relationship between man and cyber machine is described. In this new approach, the machine becomes part of the human body, allows man to improve the quality of life, but also can complement human natural abilities with new (“artificial”) competences. The author of the article analyses the problem of three cultural narratives regarding human cyborgization. These three narrative models are engineering-pragmatic, biological-evolutionary and cultural-humanistic. They constitute the contemporary social imaginarium on the subject of technoevolution and the relationship between man and cyber machine. The author of the article, on the example of Andy Clark’s concept of the natural cyborg, verifies the thesis whether agreement is possible between these narratives. The issue of social acceptance for cyborgization is particularly important in the context of technological progress and questions about the essence of man and technology in the light of new opportunities offered by modern biotechnology and robotics with the view of improving the quality of human life.Artykuł poświęcony jest narracjom kulturowym na temat cyborgizacji, w których zostaje opisana relacja między człowiekiem i cybermaszyną. W tym nowym ujęciu maszyna staje się częścią ludzkiego ciała, pozwala człowiekowi na poprawę jakości życia, ale może także uzupełnić ludzkie naturalne zdolności, wyposażając go w nowe („sztuczne”) kompetencje. Autor artykułu poddaje analizie problem trzech kulturowych narracji kulturowych dotyczących cyborgizacji człowieka. Te trzy modele narracji to narracja inżyniersko-pragmatyczna, biologiczno-ewolucyjna i kulturowo-humanistyczna. Stanowią one współczesne imaginaria społeczne na temat technoewolucji i związku człowieka z cybermaszyną. Autor artykułu na przykładzie koncepcji naturalnego cyborga Andy’ego Clarka sprawdza tezę, czy jest możliwe porozumienie między tymi narracjami. Kwestia społecznej akceptacji dla cyborgizacji jest szczególnie ważna z punktu widzenia postępu technologicznego oraz pytania o istotę człowieka i techniki w odniesieniu do nowych możliwości, jakie daje współczesna biotechnologia i robotyka w kontekście poprawy jakości naszego życia
Unresolved Childhood Abuse and Neglect in Adulthood: the Emotional Aspect in Relational Family Therapy
Get PDFChildhood family abuse or neglect is a traumatic relational experience with potentially long lasting impact on one’s psycho-organic and interpersonal world. The purpose of our qualitative research was to deepen the understanding of negative trauma impact on adults’ emotional world and to find the ways of recovery through Relational Family Therapy. Seven adults with the history of childhood abuse or neglect participated in the research. The results pointed out potential difficulties in identifying, naming and understanding emotions, differentiating past emotions from the present ones, distinguishing one’s own emotions from the projected ones, issues with experiencing the diversity of emotions, and difficulties with emotion regulation and management. Positive changes in these areas were observed in Relational Family Therapy. The findings of this research are a contribution to the understanding of specific emotional problems of adults with the history of childhood abuse or neglect as well as to therapeutic interventions that could lead to recovery.Childhood family abuse or neglect is a traumatic relational experience with potentially long lasting impact on one’s psycho-organic and interpersonal world. The purpose of our qualitative research was to deepen the understanding of negative trauma impact on adults’ emotional world and to find the ways of recovery through Relational Family Therapy. Seven adults with the history of childhood abuse or neglect participated in the research. The results pointed out potential difficulties in identifying, naming and understanding emotions, differentiating past emotions from the present ones, distinguishing one’s own emotions from the projected ones, issues with experiencing the diversity of emotions, and difficulties with emotion regulation and management. Positive changes in these areas were observed in Relational Family Therapy. The findings of this research are a contribution to the understanding of specific emotional problems of adults with the history of childhood abuse or neglect as well as to therapeutic interventions that could lead to recovery
Re-contextualising Catholic School Religious Education: Educating Young People Spiritually, Morally and Religiously for the 21st Century
Get PDFPhilip Phenix’s (1964) book Realms of meaning: A philosophy of the curriculum for general education started the ever growing movement concerned with how school education might help young people in their search for meaning, purpose and values in times of rapid cultural change. Today, in globalised, digital, secularised culture, the importance and urgency of this role have never been greater. Religious Education, with core curriculum status in Catholic schools, has both credentials and precedents for studying directly the contemporary human quest for meaning to help resource the spirituality of young people, no matter what their religious disposition. But a ‘course correction’ is needed for the discourse of Catholic Religious Education which has ‘drifted’ almost so exclusively into ecclesiastical terminology that its educational credibility as a valuable spiritual/moral school subject has been eroded, creating an ever widening discontinuity with the realities of the classroom and young people’s spirituality. A more outward-looking and less Catholic-centric emphasis would help, without neglecting commitment to the faith tradition. While concerned with the Australian Catholic sector, the article may well have relevance to other countries and contexts.Philip Phenix’s (1964) book Realms of meaning: A philosophy of the curriculum for general education started the ever growing movement concerned with how school education might help young people in their search for meaning, purpose and values in times of rapid cultural change. Today, in globalised, digital, secularised culture, the importance and urgency of this role have never been greater. Religious Education, with core curriculum status in Catholic schools, has both credentials and precedents for studying directly the contemporary human quest for meaning to help resource the spirituality of young people, no matter what their religious disposition. But a ‘course correction’ is needed for the discourse of Catholic Religious Education which has ‘drifted’ almost so exclusively into ecclesiastical terminology that its educational credibility as a valuable spiritual/moral school subject has been eroded, creating an ever widening discontinuity with the realities of the classroom and young people’s spirituality. A more outward-looking and less Catholic-centric emphasis would help, without neglecting commitment to the faith tradition. While concerned with the Australian Catholic sector, the article may well have relevance to other countries and contexts
Between the dogmatic and magical formula. Ecumenical perspective
No full textThe present article concerns the question of the formulas which both religion and magic use. Although even if they often sound identical, their understanding and their role are radically different. The article consists of four parts. The first part provides examples of Christian magical papyri dating from the first centuries, which show the use of both the New Testament as well as the terms and dogmatic formulas in the magical texts. The second part gives examples of the Fathers of the Eastern and the Western Church in their common criticism of magic. The third part examines differences in the understanding of dogmatic formulas between Christianity and magic. Finally, conclusions of ecumenical character are formulated.Artykuł podejmuje problematykę formuł, którymi posługuje się religia i magia. Choć niejednokrotnie brzmią one identycznie, to jednak ich rozumienie i rola są diametralnie różne. Artykuł składa się z czterech części. W pierwszej są podane przykłady chrześcijańskich papirusów magicznych z pierwszych wieków, które rejestrują wykorzystanie zarówno Nowego Testamentu, jak i terminów i formuł dogmatycznych w formułach magicznych. Druga przywołuje ojców Kościoła Wschodu i Zachodu w ich wspólnej krytyce magii. W trzeciej zaprezentowane są różnice w rozumieniu formuł dogmatycznych między chrześcijaństwem a magią. Na koniec sformułowane zostały wnioski o charakterze ekumenicznym
Problem niezależności refleksji dramatycznej Józefa Tischnera od myśli teodramatycznej Hansa Ursa von Balthasara
No full textIn this article we address the problem of the independence of the dramatic thought of J. Tischner and theodramatic reflection of H. U. von. Balthasar. We show that both authors, despite some resemblance in general approach and certain similarities in some specific aspects, develop their (theo)dramatic thought independently from each other. In case of Balthasar, one can talk about total independence from Tischner. In case of Tischner, we analyze the examples of formal dependence of his texts on Balthasar (courtesy citing, terminological borrowings) and we show that this dependence has a purely marginal character and concerns only the last two years of his life. As a corollary we formulate a thesis about „non-causal simultaneity” regarding the contribution of both authors to the development of the so-called dramatic current, referring this way to the analogical phenomenon that Balthasar himself discussed in the context of the precursors of the dialogical current.W niniejszym artykule podejmujemy problem niezależności myśli dramatycznej Józefa Tischnera oraz refleksji teodramatycznej Hansa Ursa von Balthasara. Wykazujemy, iż obaj autorzy, pomimo zbliżonego podejścia ogólnego i pewnych podobieństw w niektórych aspektach szczegółowych, rozwijają swą myśl (teo)dramatyczną niezależnie od siebie. W przypadku Balthasara można mówić o całkowitej niezależności od Tischnera. W przypadku Tischnera analizujemy przykłady formalnej zależności jego tekstów od Balthasara (cytowanie grzecznościowe, zapożyczenia terminologiczne) i wykazujemy, iż zależność ta ma charakter czysto marginalny i dotyczy jedynie ostatnich dwóch lat jego życia. We wniosku formułujemy więc tezę o „nieprzyczynowej równoczesności” dotyczącą wkładu obu autorów w rozwój tzw. nurtu dramatycznego, nawiązując w ten sposób do analogicznego zjawiska, o którym pisał sam Balthasar w kontekście prekursorów nurtu dialogicznego