Traektoria Nauki
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Fighting Resistance With Data: Leveraging Digital Surveillance to Address Antibiotic Misuse in Nigeria
Full text linkAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a growing public health challenge in Nigeria. The pervasive misuse of antibiotics, insufficient regulatory frameworks, and inadequate surveillance systems exacerbate this issue. The existing methods for antibiotic monitoring are fragmented and inefficient, hindering the ability to detect real-time resistance patterns. This review delves into the role of digital surveillance technologies in combating AMR, taking advantage of electronic medical records (EMRs), mobile health (mHealth) applications, AI-powered analytics, and cloud-based databases to enhance data collection, prescription tracking, and policy interventions. Research conducted in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including India and Kenya, demonstrates digital tools' efficacy in addressing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Despite these advantages, Nigeria continues to face significant challenges related to data privacy, infrastructure limitations, financial sustainability, and a digital divide between urban and rural regions. Addressing these limitations requires implementing strategic investments in health technology, establishing robust regulatory frameworks, and fostering multi-sectoral collaboration among government agencies, private sector stakeholders, healthcare institutions, and research organisations. In this review, we strongly advocate for an approach that integrates a data-driven antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance system, facilitating real-time monitoring and policy-driven strategies. Nigeria can enhance antibiotic stewardship, mitigate resistance, and protect public health by evolving into a robust digital health ecosystem
Designing Global Tax Strategies: Offshore Jurisdictions, Double Tax Treaty Use, and Corporate Value
Full text linkAs businesses increasingly expand across borders, navigating international tax systems has become both a challenge and an opportunity. Many companies overlook or underutilise legally available tax planning mechanisms - such as Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs) and offshore jurisdictions - that could help reduce tax burdens and generate long-term value. This study explores whether and how multinational enterprises (MNEs), particularly those operating from Georgia, can lawfully use such tools to enhance their financial performance without breaching regulatory boundaries.The research employs a qualitative methodology based on five comparative scenarios drawn from actual business cases. These cases examine different cross-border structures involving permanent establishments, treaty and non-treaty jurisdictions, and low-tax regimes. The methodology uses secondary sources, including national legislation, international tax conventions, and OECD guidelines. Financial outcomes are evaluated based on tax savings allowed by using different legal options. Cash flows from savings are discounted to calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of the impact of various tax strategies.The findings demonstrate that a strategic and legally compliant approach to tax planning can create substantial value. The research validates that offshore jurisdictions offer a legitimate avenue for significant tax savings, provided they are structured with proper economic substance and adhere to the arm's length principle. Furthermore, the study confirms the critical role of DTAAs in mitigating the risk of double taxation, thereby reducing financial burdens and fostering international business expansion. The analysis of the permanent establishment concept reinforces this, highlighting how DTAAs can be leveraged to optimise tax outcomes. The research provides practical guidance for businesses and policymakers aiming to create a more efficient and stable fiscal environment
Impact of Sales Promotion on Organisational Performance: A Case Study of Unilever Nigeria Plc
Full text linkThis study examines the impact of sales promotion on organisational performance, using Unilever Nigeria PLC as a case study, to determine how promotional strategies influence company growth, customer awareness, and profitability. The research employed a mixed-methods approach, with primary data collected through structured questionnaires administered to 40 randomly selected management and staff members. The data were analysed using chi-square statistical tests at a 0.05 significance level. Results show that 97.5% of respondents confirmed that sales promotion increased company turnover, with 75% reporting sales increases of 41-60% during promotional periods, 80% confirming improved product awareness, 82.5% demonstrating effectiveness in attracting potential customers, and 90% acknowledging enhanced profitability in both short-term and long-term periods. Chi-square analysis (X² = 64.7 and X² = 102.25, both exceeding the critical value of 9.488) confirmed that sales promotion significantly increases product awareness and attracts potential customers. The study concludes that sales promotion has a direct, positive relationship with organisational growth indicators, including market share, profitability, and customer acquisition, establishing it as a crucial strategic tool for achieving competitive advantage in the Nigerian consumer goods sector
Environmental Impact Assessment of Abattoir Wastewater
Full text linkAbattoir wastewater, generated during the slaughter process, contains a complex mixture of pollutants that pose significant environmental and public health risks. These pollutants include organic matter, nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, pathogenic microorganisms, heavy metals, and antibiotics, which can lead to surface and groundwater contamination, soil degradation, and adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystems. This review aims to provide an overview of the composition and characteristics of abattoir wastewater, highlighting its significant environmental challenges. The paper also examines Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) methodologies for assessing and managing these risks, with a focus on wastewater treatment practices. Researchers discuss both traditional and advanced treatment methods, highlighting their effectiveness while also identifying the gaps and limitations they present. Case studies from various countries, including Nigeria, India, Brazil, the European Union, and the USA, are reviewed to illustrate both successes and challenges in wastewater management practices. The paper explores sustainable and eco-friendly solutions, including circular economy approaches, zero liquid discharge systems, and waste-to-energy models. This study outlines research gaps, future directions, and policy recommendations, emphasising the need for integrated treatment systems, real-time monitoring, and greater community engagement in wastewater management
Consumer Behaviour in the Gig Economy: Implications for Traditional Labour Market
Full text linkThe gig economy is fast evolving, typified or characterised by short-term, flexible and task-based digital platforms. This paper investigates how consumer behaviour in the gig economy affects traditional labour markets, focusing on structural shifts in employment and changes in labour market dynamics. It gives an overview of the gig economy, which has experienced rapid growth in transitioning towards flexible, short-term employment arrangements through platforms enabled by digital technologies. The study also highlights the different types of gig platforms, such as ridesharing, freelance marketplaces, and on-demand services, by elaborating on their specific feature and business models. The study reinforces that consumer buying behaviour in the gig economy predicts convenience, cost-effectiveness, and speed of service delivery. The study also indicates that the gig economy has significant implications on the labour market dynamics since new forms of employment challenge regular job security, benefits, and worker rights. These findings support that while the gig economy provides greater flexibility to workers, it also creates more significant issues related to income instability and removing traditional labour protection. The challenges associated with the gig economy are also investigated, including regulatory obstacles, poor or insufficient worker protection, and the long-term viability of gig platforms in light of rising competition. The study concludes that although the gig economy provides new opportunities for consumers and workers, it also involves many challenges that must be thoroughly deliberated and mitigated by policymakers and industry representatives
Protection of Housing Consumers Against Losses Due to Transfer Management of Limited Liability Companies According to Positive Law in Indonesia
Full text linkThis study analyses consumer protection during a company management transfer and explores the legal actions housing consumers can take if they experience losses. This type of research uses normative legal research. The approaches employed in this study are legislative, conceptual, and comparative. The technique of collecting legal materials, or secondary data, in this study involved examining the literature on legal materials, including primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Based on the results of the survey, PT Halona as a housing developer that harms consumers through construction obstacles or additional burdens must provide compensation by Article 19 of the Consumer Protection Law and the principle of strict liability, which requires companies to offer compensation or replacement of goods/services of equal value, without being able to avoid responsibility, even without the intention of causing harm. Consumers can take two types of legal actions when a developer causes them harm: they can implement preventive measures to avoid further losses and pursue dispute resolution through either non-litigation or litigation channels. Non-litigation channels include mechanisms such as arbitration, conciliation, and settlement through the Consumer Dispute Resolution Agency (BPSK), which is faster and cheaper. At the same time, litigation through the courts provides legal certainty, albeit at a higher cost and with increased time and effort. UUPK provides consumers with the freedom to choose the most suitable settlement mechanism
The Impact of Employees' Performance on Organisational Productivity: A Case Study of Unilever Brothers Nig. Plc
Full text linkIn today's increasingly competitive global environment, effective compensation management has emerged as a strategic imperative for attracting, motivating, and retaining talent. This study investigates the relationship between compensation practices and employee performance at Unilever Nigeria Plc, a leading multinational operating in Nigeria's fast-moving consumer goods sector. Drawing on both primary and secondary data, the research explores how employees perceive financial and non-financial incentives and how these perceptions affect motivation, job satisfaction, and productivity. A structured questionnaire was administered to 40 respondents selected via convenience sampling, supplemented by interviews with HR personnel. The findings, supported by descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis, reveal a statistically significant association between compensation and employee motivation. Notably, 62.5% of participants agreed that their current compensation influences their productivity, while 65% valued non-financial rewards such as recognition and development opportunities. However, weaker perceptions of fairness in performance-linked rewards and appraisal transparency indicate areas for strategic improvement. The study underscores the importance of integrating financial and intrinsic motivators into a coherent, equitable compensation system that supports employee engagement and organisational effectiveness. Practical recommendations are offered to align reward strategies with employee expectations, reinforce trust, and foster sustainable performance in the Nigerian business context
Applications of Dermatoglyphics in Early Childhood Education: A Review
Full text linkThis study investigated dermatoglyphics applications in Nigerian early childhood education through a mixed-methods approach. Research examined correlations between fingerprint patterns and learning abilities in 720 children (ages 3-8), assessed educator awareness through surveys of 840 professionals, analyzed existing implementations, and identified implementation challenges. Findings revealed significant correlations between specific dermatoglyphic features and learning domains—whorls and high ridge counts associated with mathematical and visual-spatial abilities, while loops correlated with verbal-linguistic strengths. Most educators (76.2%) showed interest despite limited awareness (23.7%). Current applications exist primarily in elite private institutions, raising equity concerns. Implementation challenges include resource limitations, knowledge gaps, cultural factors, and ethical considerations regarding deterministic interpretation. The research supports dermatoglyphics as a potentially valuable complementary assessment approach when implemented within culturally appropriate, ethically sound frameworks. Recommendations include policy development, phased implementation, teacher training initiatives, and further research on longitudinal validity and culturally appropriate applications. The study contributes Nigeria-specific correlational data, cultural contextualization frameworks, and practical implementation guidance for educational stakeholders
Student Development Management in Improving Achievement in Secondary Schools
Full text linkThis study aims to analyse the planning, implementation, and supervision of student achievement coaching at SMP Negeri 2 Lingsar. The research approach used is a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through interviews, observations, and documentation. The data analysis technique used in this study refers to the Miles, Huberman, and Saldana data analysis model. The research findings indicate that achievement coaching planning is conducted in a participatory manner, beginning with the identification of student needs through a questionnaire at the start of the school year. The programs prepared include intracurricular and extracurricular activities based on student interests and talents. The implementation of achievement coaching involves various parties, including teachers, principals, and extracurricular instructors, with structured learning strategies and good organisation. Evaluation is carried out periodically every three months, through activity reports and direct monitoring by the principal. The supervision applied is based on the principles of educational management, but there are still obstacles such as limited student transportation and a lack of parental support. Overall, achievement coaching has been implemented systematically and strategically, although further evaluation and development are still needed to improve the effectiveness of the program
Deep Learning Approaches to Identify Subtle Anomalies in Prenatal Ultrasound Imaging
Full text linkThis research investigated deep learning approaches for detecting subtle anomalies in prenatal ultrasound imaging. Congenital anomalies affect approximately 6% of births worldwide, with detection rates for subtle defects varying significantly based on operator expertise. A multi-institutional dataset comprising 12,450 prenatal ultrasound examinations from three tertiary care centres was employed to develop and evaluate multiple deep learning architectures, including modified convolutional neural networks, generative adversarial networks, autoencoders, and feature fusion approaches. The ensemble approach, which combines these architectures, achieved an overall accuracy of 91.4% and 89.8% accuracy for subtle anomalies, specifically substantially exceeding previous benchmarks. Feature visualisation confirmed that models focused on anatomically appropriate regions when making predictions. Performance varied across anomaly categories, with cardiac defects presenting the most significant challenges. The research identified meaningful relationships between model confidence and clinical significance, with higher sensitivity for anomalies requiring immediate intervention. Expert evaluation confirmed that models occasionally detected subtle findings that were missed during routine interpretation, suggesting a potential complementary role between automated systems and human expertise. The findings demonstrate significant progress toward addressing the challenges of subtle anomaly detection in prenatal ultrasound while identifying important directions for future refinement